DESIGNING A PATCH ANTENNA FOR DOPPLER SYSTEMS
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1 DESIGNING A PATCH ANTENNA FOR DOPPLER SYSTEMS
2 Doppler Requirements for Antennas Range Determines power consumption Defines frequency band R max = 4 P t GσA e 4π 2 S min Narrow Bandwidth Tolerance range for reflected signals is relatively low for Doppler systems f c f Doppler
3 Antenna Miniaturization Consumer Electronics Light weight, low volume, thin profile Low fabrication cost Microwave ICs
4 Microstrip Antennas Radiating Patch Dielectric Insulator (ε r 10) Ground Plane Size conducive to GHz frequencies We require a simple, low range antenna
5 Types of Microstrip Antennas There are many types of microstrip antenna. They vary in shape, size, and construction The four main categories of microstrip antenna are microstrip patch antennas, microstrip dipoles, slot antennas, and microstrip travelling-wave antennas We will discuss the most commonly used type: the rectangular microstrip patch antenna
6 Types of Microstrip Antennas microstrip patch antennas microstrip dipoles slot antennas Not antennae!
7 Rectangular Patch Antenna Like a normal patch antenna but rectangular! Most common microstrip form factor due to streamlined design and manufacturing. Easy to control various factors such as input impedance, center frequency and bandwidth. Often used in phased arrays to produce small beam width, high directive gain antennas.
8 Design Parameters Construction Conductive strip for transmission Dielectric substrate Conductive ground plane Shape Effects the antenna gain efficiency Size Varies based on desired frequency Substrate type Permittivity and thickness of substrate affect impedance and efficiency
9 Substrate A dielectric material Typically PCB or alumina are used PCB for cost reasons, alumina for dielectric constant control Parameters in selection of substrate Thickness Dielectric constant The thickness and dielectric constant affect the characteristic impedance and the radiation efficiency of the antenna
10 Antenna Dimensions Shape of patch antennas have an important effect on many attributes of the antenna, including: o o o o Length: o Width: o o Resonant Frequency Radiation Pattern Input Resistance Bandwidth determines resonant frequency f c = c 2L has a minor effect on resonant frequency and radiation pattern affects input resistance and bandwidth ε r
11 Radiation Pattern Radiation pattern refers to the direction dependence of radiation from the antenna Important in determining radiation characteristics such as beam width and gain
12 Radiation Pattern There are many design choices which change how a radiation pattern appears. For a patch antenna, the main effectors are: The length of the patch The shape of the patch The ground plane cutting off radiation behind the antenna This picture shows a typical radiation pattern for a square patch antenna
13 Radiation Characteristics Radiated Power: Total power emanating from the antenna. Measurement of radio frequency energy in watts. Directive Gain: Measures the directional properties of the antenna versus an omni-directional antenna Directivity: The maximum directive gain Beamwidth: The angle between the half-power (-3 db) points. It s the direction dependence of the antenna As Beamwidth increases, directive gain decreases
14 Polarization defined as the phase correlation between the orthogonal components of a traveling electromagnetic wave, with plane phasors E x 0 α x and E y 0 α y three types of polarization: linear, cylindrical, elliptical determines the amount of power received by an antenna Matched Polarization Max Power (Plane Wave Solution for Electric Field)
15 Linear Polarization Linearly polarized waves and antennas have in-phase orthogonal electric field components ( α x α y = 0 or ± π ) Common design Single feed point Less design overhead Very effective for fixed polarization systems Example: TV transmissions are horizontally polarized AM/FM transmissions are vertically polarized
16 Circular Polarization Circularly polarized waves and antennas have out-of-phase orthogonal electric field components ( α x α y = ± π 2 ) Can handle polarization diversity 2+ feedpoints High complexity Can be used to receive any linearly polarized signal
17 Circular Polarization Two types of circular polarization: LHCP and RHCP LHCP: ( α x α y = + π 2 ) RHCP: ( α x α y = π 2 )
18 Feed Point Inset Quarter-Wave Coupled Probe Aperture
19 Dielectric Cover Advantages: Protection from environmental conditions Superstrates can increase the gain of an antenna Often used for handset receivers Disadvantages: Radiation efficiency is decreased Effects must be taken into account in the overall design
20 Dielectric Cover Other Effects: Increase in dielectric constant causes Decreases in Resonance frequency Impedance of patch Characteristic impedance of feed lines Increase in antenna gain
21 Microfabrication Design is put into a CAD program to develop a mask for fabrication Polymer pellets are melted and compressed to form a substrate layer Metal (usually Cu) is evenly coated onto the substrate Photoresist is then coated onto the surface and exposed to UV light after mask image is applied to surface PCB is then dipped in a acidic solution to etch out the wanted pattern for the metal layer Lastly, the substrate is rinsed and baked to anneal the conduction metal.
22 Fabrication No-chemical milling process (used at MSU) FR4 laminate with width of.06 and 1oz. of copper on both sides Design put into CAD software CAD files are used to define the layout and the unwanted copper is physically milled out by a prototyping machine
23 Testing
24 Testing Network Analyzer Spectral distribution Reflection coefficient measurement (Γ) Z Z L L Z Z C C 1 SWR 1 SWR 2 Smith chart Input impedance
25 Testing Vector Voltmeter Measures magnitude of voltages and their corresponding phase Allows us to quickly determine gain using vector magnitudes
26 Anechoic Chambers
27 QUESTIONS?
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