Application of Random PWM Technique for Reducing EMI
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1 International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences 2013 Available online at ISSN X / Vol, 6 (9): Science Explorer Publications Application of Random PWM Technique for Reducing EMI Abdolreza Esmaeli 1 andzahra Kohshari 2 1.Plasma Physics and Nuclear Fusion Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran. 2. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, MaziarUniversity, Nour, Iran *Corresponding Author aesmaeli@aeoi.org.ir ABSTRACT: A pulsewidth modulation (PWM)-controlled active filter generates harmonics at the switching frequency and its multiples in the RF range, and the concentrated power spectrum may produce electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems. In this paper, the random PWM (RPWM) technique is applied in orderto spread the noise spectrum over a wide range, thus, considerably reducing the amplitudes of these harmonics and the consequent EMI problems. To study the operation of active filters, the case of an ac/dc converter along with a power-factor corrector is considered as a nonlinear load and a series active filter, respectively.a line impedance stabilization network is used to study the RF noise emanating fromthe converter. A noise model to study the EMI emission is presented and used in this paper. Theoretical analysis of the RF noise power spectrum is carried out in orderto demonstrate the advantages of the RPWM technique over conventional PWM. Experimental results confirm the validity of the theoretical calculations and simulation results, and demonstrate the effectiveness of applying the RPWM technique in reducing the RF noise level. Keywords: Common-mode voltage, electromagnetic interference (EMI) filters, RPWM, three-phase voltage-source pulsewidth modulated (PWM) inverters. INTRODUCTION THE PWM inverter as shown in Fig. 1, is the inherent noise source that makes abrupt voltage transitions (high ) accompanied by switching actions (Skibinskiet al. 1999,Esmaeli, 2010). Coupled with thestray capacitance of the load machine the high frequency current is generated, which can affect the operation of nearby equipments due to the conducted and radiated electromagnetic interference (EMI) (Tihanyi, 1995, Williams 1996). As the semiconductor technology progresses power devices are getting faster to reduce the switching loss and to increase the controllability of the system, but the increase of is accompanied by the increase of the EMI level. Especially the leakage current by the common-mode voltage of the PWM inverter is the primary concern of the conducted and radiated EMI. Because the high frequency leakage current at the motor returns through the earth ground, its circulation loop is relatively large compared with that of the normal-mode current. This large circulation loop plays as a role of the antenna for the radiated EMI.This paper focuses on integration of a small-sized speciallydesigned passive EMI filter into a voltage-source PWM inverter operated at a carrier or switching frequency as high as 15 khz. The motivation of this research is based on the well-known fact that the higher the carrier or switching frequency, the smaller and the more effective the EMI filter. The integration of the EMI filter makes both line-toneutral and line-to-line voltages sinusoidal as if the inverter were an ideal variable-voltage, variable- frequency power supply when viewed from the motor terminals. Hence, it is possible to solve all of the EMI issues caused by high-frequency common-mode and normal-mode voltages. Experimental results obtained from a 5-kVA laboratory system confirm the viability and effectiveness of the specially-designed passive EMI filter. This paper also includes a design procedure for the EMI filter. The random PWM (RPWM) technique is a novel method to distribute the power spectrum of noise over a wide frequency range and reduce the amplitudes of highfrequency harmonics (Standard EN 55014,Verdelho and Marques1994,Krah and Holtz, 1994, Cichowlas et al., 2005). This method has been used to reduce the mechanical vibration (Azcondo et al. 2005) or acoustic (Cichowlas et al., 2005) and electrical (Jovanovic and Jang 2005) noise ofconverters. In this work, the RPWM technique is used to overcome the EMI problems that are caused by the high-frequency harmonics in the conventional PWM-controlled active filters. After a short introduction on various RPWM techniques, the topology of the converter that is under study and the method that is applied for noise emission measurements are presented. This converter is used to show the effect of the RPWM control technique. The results of this
2 study, however, can be used for other types of active filters. In this paper, a new active common-mode EMI filter is introduced in order to mitigate the conducted common-mode EMI. It can provide the sufficient attenuation under the limited LC product and there is a promising possibility of its application regardless of the working voltage of the system. Its analysis and experimental verification will be given in this paper. PROPOSED METHOD Figure1 shows the basic concept of the proposed active common-mode EMI filter (ACEF). The circuit is based on the topology using the current sensing and compensation.the noise source is the PWM inverter in Fig. 1 and the input filter can be an additional passive filter, which gives additional insertion loss. Figure 1. Basic concept of proposed ACEF. The series-connected common-mode choke works as the common-mode current sensing element by the additional winding. The high frequency current that passes through generates the high frequency flux in the common-mode choke, which makes the high frequency voltage at the input terminal of the trans-conductance amplifier. The output of the amplifier is connected to the output capacitor that is used for the current injection to the earth ground. In this filter circuit, the injected current cannot be circulated within the system without using the coupling capacitor because the closed loop cannot be made. Thus is used to provide the low-impedance path of the high frequency common-mode current for the internal circulation. The supply voltage of the filter circuit is used to give the bias voltage to the amplifier. At low frequency the impedance of is large enough to isolate the bias voltage from the main voltage. in Fig. 2(a), which may affect the total conducted EMI including the PWM inverter and the proposed ACEF. Besides the high-frequency noise produced by the PWM inverter can be transmitted to the control electronics via the coupling capacitors with the same manner. Thus the filter supply should provide sufficient low impedance to decouple such high-frequency noises. Coupling capacitors also can be connected to ac input lines of the system as shown in Fig. 2(b) and it is possible to construct a separate input filter stage. The same idea can be extended to the 3-phase applications, which is shown in Fig. 2(c) and (d). To calculate the power spectrum of the converter input current when applying the RPWM strategy and comparing it to the PWM case, consider that a fixed normalized signal X, having constant value of x, is given as the input to an RPWM modulator. The result of the comparison of X and a varyingslope triangular carrier wave is shown in Fig. 3. The RPWM output wave that is shown in Fig. 3(b) determines the switchinginstants for the switch of the boost converter, as shown in Fig. 2. As a result, Fig. 3(b) will also represent the voltage waveform across the switch vq. If the slope of the triangular wave is constant, i.e., t1 = t2 = t3 =. 8321
3 Figure 2. Configurations of proposed ACEF: (a) ACEF using dc-bus coupling, (b) ACEF using ac line coupling for singlephase application, (c) ACEF using dc-bus coupling, and (d) ACEF using ac line coupling for three-phase application. Figure3. (a) Random-slope triangular wave in RPWM. (b) Normalized output of the RPWM modulator. SIMULATIONRESULTS Figure4 shows the configuration of the experimental system. (PCB) for an input filter is installed separately from the PWM inverter PCB. The input filter is composed of the ACEF and additional passive filtering elements. A single-phase LISN is used to provide the stable source impedance at the high frequency as shown in Fig. 1 and the peak detector is used in the measurement of the conducted EMI spectrum (Tihanyi, 1995,Williams 1996, Standard EN 55014, 1993). Waveforms of leakage currents and the conducted EMI spectrum of the system without any EMI filter are shown in Fig. 5,6 Because there is no Y-capacitor, the motor leakage current generated by the switching of thepwminverter is directly reflected on the input common-mode current as shown in Fig. 5(a). The conducted EMI spectrum includes both of the common- and normal-mode EMI. Although they should be separately considered, the normal-mode EMI will not be discussed in this paper with the assumption that some appropriate normal-mode filtering elements. 8321
4 Figure4. Configuration of experimental system. Figure 5. Additional passive EMI filter installed Figure 7 shows the evaluation result of the proposed ACEF fora three-phase application. The circuit of Fig. 3(d) was used in this experiment. Fig. 7(a) shows the configuration of the current experiment. Instead of using LISN, a power line interference probe (PLIP) was used for conducted EMI measurement for Fig. 7(b) and (c). This voltage probe is used in place of LISN when an EUT requires high current supply. 8321
5 Figure 6. Converter input current and its frequency spectrum (a) for the PWM method and (b) the RPWM method. CONCLUSION The noise that is generated by an active filter using PWM control has a discrete frequency spectrum, with spectral lines at the switching frequency and its multiples. In this paper, an alternative method to shape the input current of this type of converter has been proposed. Mathematical calculations have been presented to investigate the advantage of this method (RPWM) over the conventionalpwmtechnique in reducing the RF noise, resulting from the discrete PWM spectrum. Simulations and experiments have been performed to demonstrate that, due to the spreading effect of the RPWM in the frequency domain, this technique is an effective way to reduce EMI noise emanating from the converter. Applying a LISN to measure the noise level in RF range, it has been shown that if the RPWM is used instead of the conventional PWM, the noise level can be reduced considerably. As the control circuitry of the RPWM technique is simple and does not require employing any microprocessor or microcontroller, the PWMcontrol circuit can be easily replaced by the RPWM control for improving its performance without significant modifications for an industrial PWM converter. 8328
6 Figure 7. ACEF example for three-phase system: (a) configuration of experimental system, (b) comparison with raw EUT, and (c) comparison with the case of only. REFERENCES Azcondo, et al. 2005, Power-modecontrolledpower-factor corrector for electronic ballast, IEEE Trans. Ind.Electron., vol. 52, no. 1, pp , Feb Cichowlas et al Active filtering function of three-phase PWM boost rectifier under different line voltage conditions, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 52, no. 2, pp , Apr Esmaeli EMC Aspects of PWM Inverter Fed AC Motor Drive System, Lap Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. Jovanovic and Jang 2005, State-of-the-art, single-phase, active power-factor-correction techniques for high-power applications An overview, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 52, no. 3, pp , Jun Krah and Holtz Total compensation of line-side switching harmonics in converter-fed ac locomotives, in Proc. IEEE IAS Annu. Meeting, 1994, pp Skibinskiet al. 1999, EMI emissions of modern PWM ac drives, IEEE Ind. Applicat. Mag., pp , Nov./Dec Standard EN Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of electrical motor-operated and thermal appliances for household and similar purposes, electric tools and electric apparatus. Tihanyi Electromagnetic Compatibility in Power Electronics. New York: IEEE Press, Verdelho and Marques An active power filter for thyristor rectifiers current compensation with fast dynamic performance, in Proc. PEMC, 1994, pp Williams EMC for Product Designers, 2nd ed. New York: Newnes,
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