Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators
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1 Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. Senior Technical Expert Motorola Automotive Government & Enterprise Mobility Solutions September 15, 2005 Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
2 1 Introduction 2 Voltage References 3 Linear Regulators 4 Switching Regulators 5 Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
3 Outline 1 Introduction 2 Voltage References 3 Linear Regulators 4 Switching Regulators 5 Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
4 Introduction Goals of the Seminar Series Provide an overview of power conversion techniques Power supplies are common subsystems in most of our products Present follow-up seminars in related areas switching regulator topologies/compensation, simulation Offer refresher seminars in fundamental areas mathematical modeling, circuit analysis, control design Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
5 Power Supplies Every electronic system needs a source of energy to operate Power supplies provide circuits with ac/dc voltages/currents Power management refers to strategies to generate and control regulated voltages The regulation/control of energy from source to the consumer is accomplished using power electronics Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
6 Types of Power Conversion Type Process Name Processor dc dc conversion converter ac dc rectification rectifier dc ac inversion inverter ac ac cycloconversion cycloconverter Most of the coverage will be devoted to dc/dc converters Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
7 Types of dc/dc Converters Voltage Reference V BE -based voltage reference circuit Linear Regulator Three-terminal circuit with a pass transistor (linear region) Switching Regulator Regulator with a switching transistor and inductive storage Switched-Capacitor Converter Inductorless voltage converter using capacitive charge transfer Battery Charger Specialized converter with voltage/temperature monitoring All converters except the battery charger will be covered Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
8 Example 1: Notebook Computer Requirements High performance Light weight Long battery life Fast charging Power System Battery: Lithium-ion Charger: Switching rectifier µp: Buck converter Disk drive: Boost converter Display: High-voltage inverter Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
9 Example 2: Mobile Phone Requirements High performance Small size Light weight Long battery life Fast charging Low cost Power System Battery: Lithium-ion Charger: Switching rectifier Transmitter: Switching regulator Power Management: Linear regulator Power Management: Voltage reference Display: Regulated charge pump Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
10 Outline 1 Introduction 2 Voltage References 3 Linear Regulators 4 Switching Regulators 5 Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
11 Introduction to Voltage References Characteristics Voltage reference and regulators have much in common Voltage references have great impact on accuracy of analog systems Drifting (temp/aging) may be more important than absolute accuracy VR must be chosen to account for temp. coefficient and aging Noise can also be an issue Dynamics (behavior at startup and transient loads) Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
12 Introduction to Voltage References General types of Voltage References Two-terminal [diodes, Zener diodes] Flexible polarity Restrictive loading conditions Increased power dissipation with source resistor Non-standard voltages (6.2V) Three-terminal [TL431] Positive polarity Lower, more stable quiescent current Standard output voltages Relatively high output current Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
13 Diode Reference Simple diode reference +V s I D R s I L D + V ref Characteristics Current-driven forward-biased diode Junction drop independent of V s Strong tempco of 2mV/ C Sensitive to loading Inflexible output voltages (n 600mV) Polarity is reversible Load current << drive current Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
14 Zener Reference Zener reference +V s I D R s I L D 1 D 2 + V ref Characteristics D 1 avalanche 5-8V with +tempco Forward biased D 2 has tempco Net tempco is 100ppm/ C Limited loading Must be driven by a source > 6V Noisy due to zener breakdown 1N821 1N829 temp. comp. zener Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
15 Bandgap Reference Simplified bandgap reference (LM109/LM113) +V s R 2 R 1 6kΩ 600Ω Q 1 Q 2 R 3 600Ω I z + + R 2 R 3 V BE + + V BE V BE Q 3 V ref Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
16 Bandgap Reference V BE Different emitter current densities (J 1 10J 2 ) produce V BE V BE = kt q ln J 1 J 2 = T (at T = T 0 = 300 K, V BE = 60mV) V BE V BE = kt q ln i E Is but I s is a strong function of temperature V BE V g0 (1 T T 0 )+V BE0 ( T T 0 ) = 1.2(1 T T 0 )+0.6( T T 0 ) V ref V ref = R 2 R 3 V BE +V BE 1.2V (see plots) V ref varies < 0.5% from 55 C to +125 C (see LM113 graph) Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
17 Bandgap Reference V ref V g0 1.2V V BE = 1.2(1 T T 0 )+0.6( T T 0 ) V BE0 0.6V R 2 R 3 V BE = (T T 0) T 0 0V 273 C 27 C 327 C 0 K 300 K 600 K T Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
18 Bandgap Reference Characteristics (LM113) Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
19 Three-terminal reference TL431-based reference +V s I D TL431 R s R 1 V ref V out Characteristics V out = (1+R 1 /R 2 )V ref R 1, R 2 should be precision resistors R s is chosen to make I D 1mA at V s,min Reference voltage is ± 0.055V Typically used as V ref for linear regulators R 2 Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
20 TL431-based 5V regulator V batt R s R 1 Q I out V out TL431 V ref R 2 Choose R 1 = R 2 to make V out = 5V Select R s to make TL431 cathode current 1mA Choose transistor Q to handle I out Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
21 Outline 1 Introduction 2 Voltage References 3 Linear Regulators 4 Switching Regulators 5 Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
22 Introduction to Linear Regulators Three-terminal devices input, output, common (ground) Linear regulators may be classified by their series (pass) transistor Series element may consist of bipolar of field-effect transistors Bipolar outputs Darlington NPN, PNP, NPN-PNP Majority of regulators use bipolars (FET-based regulators $) Series transistor structure determines V dropout, I bias, I q, P diss Frequency compensation and protection circuity also important V dropout minimum input-output voltage difference to stay in regulation I bias bias current for the pass transistor I q regulator quiescent current of which I bias is one component P diss regulator power dissipation Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
23 NPN Regulator NPN Regulator V in Iload R 1 Error Amp I bias + V ref + R 2 V out GND Characteristics NPN Darlington pass PNP driver Used in 78xx series I bias I load /β 3 Smallest chip area Small comp. capacitor Least expensive V do = 2V BE +V sat 2.0V No reverse battery protection Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
24 PNP Low Dropout (LDO) Regulator PNP (LDO) Regulator V in R 1 Error Amp + I bias V ref + R 2 V out GND Characteristics PNP pass NPN or EA direct drive V do = V sat 600mV Inherent reverse battery protection I bias I load /β pnp Large chip area Large comp. capacitor More expensive Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
25 Composite (Quasi-LDO) Regulator Composite Regulator V in R 1 Error Amp + I bias V ref + R 2 V out GND Characteristics NPN pass PNP driver V do = V BE +V sat 1.3V I bias I load /β 2 Compromise between NPN and PNP Larger chip area than NPN Large comp. capacitor No reverse battery protection Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
26 Summary of Linear Regulator Advantages/Disadvantages Topology Advantages Disadvantages NPN smallest die size large dropout voltage fastest transient response no rev. batt. protection smallest comp. capacitor PNP low dropout voltage high quiescent current rev. battery protection large comp. capacitor large die size NPN/PNP moderate dropout voltage large comp. capacitor lower I q than PNP no rev. batttery protection Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
27 Linear Regulator Performance Comparison I load Power Dissipation V in V out P diss = (V in V out )I load +V in I q I q Linear Regulators for V out = 5V and I load = 100mA at 25 C Topology Part V do I q P diss at V in = 12V NPN LM V 5.15mA (700+62) mw PNP CS V 45.0mA ( )mW NPN/PNP CS V 2.50mA (700+30) mw Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
28 Outline 1 Introduction 2 Voltage References 3 Linear Regulators 4 Switching Regulators 5 Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
29 Introduction to Switching Regulators Switching converters are often referred to as switchers Conversion based on inductive storage and lowpass filtering Basic topology has one switch, diode, inductor and capacitor Input current ripple must not get on supply line (input capacitance) Output voltage ripple depends on L, C and switching frequency Theoretical efficiency is 100% (elements in box are lossless) V in + S D L C load V out Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
30 Advantages/Disadvantages Linear Simple, inexpensive Electrically quiet V in > V out Poor efficiency (< 60%) Physically large Single output Switch-mode Complex, expensive Electrically noisy Wide V in range High efficiency (> 90%) Compact Multiple outputs Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
31 Buck Converter Buck Converter S L V out V in + D C load DT s T s V out V in = D Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
32 Buck Converter Steady-State Analysis Buck Converter Circuit Modes S L S L V in D v L V out V in D v L V out Mode 1, duration: DT s Mode 2, duration: (1 D)T s Steady-state operation requires v L = 1 T s Ts 0 v L dt = 0 This is referred to as volt-second balance or flux balance Mode 1 v L = V in V out ; Mode 2 v L = V out v L = 1 T s [(V in V out )DT s +( V out )(1 D)T s ] = 0 Vout V in = D Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
33 Boost Converter Boost Converter L D V out V in + S C load DT s T s V out V in = 1 1 D Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
34 Buck/Boost Converter Buck/Boost Converter S D V out V in + L C load DT s T s V out V in = D 1 D Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
35 Outline 1 Introduction 2 Voltage References 3 Linear Regulators 4 Switching Regulators 5 Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
36 Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters (SCVC) Characteristics SCVCs transfer energy and convert voltage without inductors Voltage conversion accomplished by capacitive charge transfer SCVC Inverter V in + I in A B C 1 C 2 A B I out load V out V in Steady-State Operation AA : V in applied to C 1 BB : V in inverted & applied to C 2 and load Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
37 Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters (SCVC) Advantages/Disadvantages Elimination of inductor & related design issues Low noise, minimal radiated EMI Simple implementation (2 3 external capacitors) Low cost, low profile, compact design Efficiency > 90% Optimized for doubling or inverting supply voltage Limited current output (typically mA) Basic SCVCs have no output voltage regulation Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
38 Voltage Inverter Voltage Inverter I in A B V in + C 1 C 2 load A B I out V out V in C 1 charged to V in during 1st half of switching cycle During 2nd half, voltage is inverted and applied to C 2 and load V out V in, I in I out After startup transient, C 1 provides small amount of charge to output Charge transfer depends on I load and f sw When C 1 is being charged, C 2 supplies load current voltage droop For same voltage droop, smaller caps can be used if f sw is increased Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
39 Voltage Inverter Implementation Voltage Inverter S 1 S 3 V in + S 2 C 1 S 4 V out V in Oscillator & Drive Circuit C 2 load Each SPDT switch can be implemented with 2 SPST switches SPST switches can be implemented with a bipolar or CMOS process IC SCVCs contain all the switches, oscillator and control circuits Pump capacitor (C 1 ), load capacitor (C 2 ) are external Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
40 Voltage Doubler Voltage Doubler I in A B I out V out 2V in V in + A C 1 C 2 B load Operation if very similar to the inverter C 1 charged to V in during 1st half of switching cycle During 2nd half, C 1 is placed in series with C 2 and load V out 2V in, I in 2I out Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
41 Voltage Doubler Implementation Voltage Doubler S 1 S 3 V out 2V in V in + C 1 C 2 load S 2 S 4 Oscillator & Drive Circuit V in Implementation of inverter and doubler uses a common structure Most ICs allow implementation of either structure (ADM660/ADM8660) Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
42 Conclusion Reference circuits used in many designs Linear regulators utilized when low-noise is important Switching regulators are more flexible and efficient Charge-pumps usually designed into ICs External components (e.g. filtering) are critical to performance Frequency response analysis essential in avoiding oscillations Modeling/simulation key to avoiding power supply design issues Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
43 References W. Kester. Practical Design Techniques for Power & Thermal Management. Analog Devices, Norwood, MA, National Semiconductor. Application Note AN-56, 1.2V Reference. Santa Clara, CA, December National Semiconductor. Application Note AN 1188, Linear Regulators: Theory of Operation and Compensation. Santa Clara, CA, May ON Semiconductor. Application Note SR0003AN/D, Compensation for Linear Regulators. Phoenix, AZ, April ON Semiconductor. Application Note SR0004AN/D, Linear Regulator Output Structures. Phoenix, AZ, April Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
44 Sources of information on the web Analog Devices Infineon Technologies Linear Technology Maxim National Semiconductor ON Semiconductor Texas Instruments Vahe Caliskan, Sc.D. (g17823) Overview of Linear & Switching Regulators September 15, / 44
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