Optical networking. Emilie CAMISARD GIP RENATER Optical technologies engineer Advanced IP Services
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1 Optical networking Emilie CAMISARD GIP RENATER Optical technologies engineer Advanced IP Services
2 Agenda Optical fibre principle Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) Optical Equipments Thursday, 20 October 2005 ATHENS
3 Optical fibre principle Total reflection of light in the core: n core >n cladding Step-Index Fibre Glass cladding r Core n Graded-Index Fibre r n Thursday, 20 October 2005 ATHENS
4 Modes in fibres Mode = Reflection angle in fibre Multimode fibre: Single-mode fibre: Single angle but several colours if wanted! Thursday, 20 October 2005 ATHENS
5 Fibre types and applications Multimode: large core (62.5 µm) to propagate several modes. Used for LANs. Single-mode: small-core fiber (8-9 µm) through which only one mode will propagate. Used for large networks (500m- more than 1000 km). Plastic Optical Fibres (POF): applications in cars, lighting, medicine and Local Area Networks. Silica glass fibres: large networks, better propagation => our topic today. Thursday, 20 October 2005 ATHENS
6 Optical Networking Pros Weak attenuation Large bandwidth Electromagnetic disturbances immunity Spectral multiplexing Advantages of implementation Thursday, 20 October 2005 ATHENS
7 Signal losses Absorption: due to silica nature and OH -. Losses: cable curve, junctions, fibre inhomogeneousness. Dispersion: Chromatic: light speed depends on its wavelength. Signal pulse spreads out (λ= 1550 nm, Dt= 17 ps/nm/km) Intermodal: propagation duration depends on mode, i.e. the light reflection angle in the fibre. The smaller the angle, the shorter the duration. (for 1 km, between 2 extreme modes: 75 ns) PMD (Polarization Mode Dispersion): polarization of electromagnetic signals change in function of physical characteristics of the fibre. Non-linear effects: at a high transfer rate, several wavelengths in a same fibre cause interferences. Thursday, 20 October 2005 ATHENS
8 Attenuations in fibre α (db/km) 10 Rayleigh scattering Impurity influence (metal ions, OH-) Infra-red absorption λ (µm) Thursday, 20 October 2005 ATHENS
9 Wavelength windows ultraviolet visible infra-red C L bands nm st window 2nd 3rd 4th Thursday, 20 October 2005 ATHENS
10 Multiplexing techniques TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) Data (kb) a b c a b t (µs) WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) Frequency (Hz) Thursday, 20 October 2005 ATHENS c b a t
11 TDM: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) End of 80s International signal standardization Simplified data extraction Standardized network architecture and management Signals are made of STM frames (Synchronous Transport Module). Thursday, 20 October 2005 ATHENS
12 STM-1 frame 125 µs 1 byte (64 kbit/s capacity) 9 rows 9 columns 261 columns SOH VC (Virtual Container) (Section Overhead) Thursday, 20 October 2005 ATHENS
13 STM-4 frame 4x9 bytes 4x261 bytes RSOH AUpointers 9 rows 4 VC MSOH New Virtual Container 125 µs MSOH: Multiplexing SOH RSOH: Regeneration Section Overhead AU(G): Administrative Unit (Group) Thursday, 20 October 2005 ATHENS
14 SDH: hierarchical levels Data rate 155 Mb/s 622 Mb/s 2.5 Gb/s 10 Gb/s 40 Gb/s Frame STM-1 STM-4 STM-16 STM-64 STM-256 Interface complexity and cost increase with data rate Thursday, 20 October 2005 ATHENS
15 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) Division of optical spectrum in sub-channels. λ1 on fibre a λ2 on fibre b MUX 3 lambdas in 1 fibre DE MUX λ1 λ2 λ3 on fibre c λ3 Thursday, 20 October 2005 ATHENS
16 Two WDM examples CWDM (coarse) Example with 8 λ nm C-band L-band DWDM (dense) => More than 100 λ on C and L-bands nm Supervision channel Thursday, 20 October 2005 ATHENS
17 DWDM grid Defined by IUT-T G.692 standard, λ are referenced in function of the absorption stripe of acetylene ( nm). Central frequency (THz) for =100 GHz Central wavelength (nm) Thursday, 20 October 2005 ATHENS
18 CWDM (coarse) WWDM (wide) DWDM (dense) Wavelengths <16 4 Several tens to more than 100 Channel wideness 20 nm 24.5 nm 0.4 or 0.8 nm Equipments characteristics Non-cooled lasers Non-cooled lasers Stabilized laser temperature, importance of reception precision Applications, span Short distances, <150 km 10000Base-LX (802.3ae) 200m-10km in function of the fibre Metro or long haul networks (from 100 to more than 1000 km) Cost cheap: 30 to 40% less than DWDM cheap expansive Thursday, 20 October 2005 ATHENS
19 Several means of data transporting ATM cell IP packet SDH WDM Solutions with ATM are becoming obsolete. IP+SDH= POS (Packet Over SDH [or SONET in America: Synchronous Optical Network]). Nowadays, optical IP interfaces are on the market. Thursday, 20 October 2005 ATHENS
20 SDH layer equipments ADM (Add/Drop Multiplexer): data multiplexing, concatenation and demultiplexing (STM frames building). DXC (Digital Cross-Connect): rearranging data affluent in containers, data mixing. Thursday, 20 October 2005 ATHENS
21 Optical layer equipments (1/2) OADM : Optical Add & Drop Multiplexer fibre preamp WDM demux λ1 λ2 λ3 λ4 λ5 STM-n WDM mux + VOA booster fibre Channel termination Thursday, 20 October 2005 ATHENS
22 Optical layer equipments (2/2) OXC: Optical CrossConnect. Lambda management, regeneration and signal routing. Input fibre 1 Output fibre 1 2 types: Input fibre M MxN OXC switch O-E-O : switching via an optical-to-electronic transformation of signals. O-O-O : photonic switching. Output fibre N Thursday, 20 October 2005 ATHENS
23 O-O-O technologies MEMS:Micro-Electro- Mechanical-Systems: silicon plates with controlled mirrors. Bubble technology: waveguides are filled with liquid. Bubbles refract light in different directions in function of the signal wavelength. Electro-holography: crystals create holograms that can deviate optical signals. Thursday, 20 October 2005 ATHENS
24 Thank you! Any questions? Thursday, 20 October 2005 ATHENS
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Qualifying Fiber for 10G Deployment Presented by: Bob Chomycz, P.Eng. Email: BChomycz@TelecomEngineering.com Tel: 1.888.250.1562 www.telecomengineering.com 2017, Slide 1 of 25 Telecom Engineering Introduction