ITU & Disaster Management. István Bozsóki Head of Division, ITU/BDT/TND

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1 ITU & Disaster Management István Bozsóki Head of Division, ITU/BDT/TND 1

2 Disaster Impacts CTU SM Task Force January 2018 Source: UNISDR

3 Key trends & figures In 2016 more than 445 million people were affected by disasters Disasters force 26 million people into poverty & cost the global economy US$ 520 bln each year (World Bank); In 2015 and 2016, over 40 million people were newly displaced by natural hazard-related disasters; Disaster risk management is key to reducing the numbers of people affected by disasters through preventing loss of homes, loss of livelihoods, injury and ill health; Exposure and vulnerability are being driven upwards by a doubling in extreme weather events over last 40 years; Clear evidence that Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) does work: reduced loss of life in response to recent Category 5 storms Source: UNISDR

4 Disasters affect EVERYONE But they impact poor and vulnerable the most LOW INCOME COUNTRIES ACCOUNT ONLY FOR 9% OF THE WORLDS DISASTERS, BUT Low Income Countries 48% OF FATALIITIES

5 Role of ICTs in Emergencies PREPAREDNESS Vital role Governments develop disaster management policies, regulation, and legal frameworks development. Implementation of ICT projects and capacity building activities. COMMUNICATION Communication with people affected is critical. Radio, Television, mobiles Internet. MITIGATION Early Warning Systems, Establish Evacuation Centers Advise people. Radio, Mobile

6 ROLE OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS/ICTS Services Tasks Earth Observation Satellites & Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Global Navigation satellite systems (GNSS) Earth Observation Satellites and Meteorological Satellites Satellite Communications Allow to establish extensive and accurate knowledge of Country Situation and areas at risks Allow to complement the Earth observation data with geographical ground truth Information in real time Allow to predict, monitor in real time, raise timely awareness and alert on disasters occurrence for rapid decision making and life saving Essential for communicating during emergencies Land Observations Systems Allow to monitor different types of natural hazards and to reduce the vulnerability of the communities

7 ROLE OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS/ICTS Services Meteorological services (meteorological aids and meteorological-satellite service) Earth exploration-satellite service Amateur services Broadcasting services terrestrial and satellite (radio, television, etc.) Fixed services terrestrial and satellite Mobile services (land, satellite, maritime services, etc.) Tasks Weather and climate prediction. Detection and tracking of earthquakes, tsunamis hurricanes, typhoons, forest fires, oil leaks etc. Providing warning information Receiving and distributing alert messages Disseminating alert messages and advice to large sections of the public Delivering alert messages and instructions to telecommunication centers for further dissemination to public Distributing alert messages and advice to individuals Assisting in organizing relief operations in areas (especially when other services are still not operational) Coordination of relief activities by disseminating information from relief planning teams to population Assessment of damage and providing information for planning relief activities Exchange of information between different teams/groups for planning and coordination relief activities Exchange of information between individuals and/or groups of people involved in relief activities

8 ITU ACTIVITIES ITU-D Vital role in policy, regulation, and legal frameworks development. Implementation of ICT projects and capacity building activities. ITU-R Vital role in global management of the radio-frequency spectrum and satellite orbits ITU-T Vital role in developing international standards defining elements in the interoperability of ICT global infrastructure. Radio Regulations

9 ITU & Disaster Risk Reduction(DRR) Disaster management, network resiliency and recovery recommendations and best practices ITU-D ICT Needs of Developing Countries for Disaster Prevention Preparedness, Response and Recovery Captures the unique needs of developing countries Promulgates and promotes DRR solutions Implements projects on disaster warning and alerting systems Development and review of policy and regulation (NETP) Promotes international cooperation and implementation of standards Tampere Convention, Common Alerting Protocol (CAP) Provides direct assistance during emergencies on telecommunications Collects and documents information and concepts helpful to the work on disaster relief systems/ applications, network resilience and recovery from a telecommunication network perspective Critical information infrastructure protection Standards development and adoption such as common alerting protocol (cap, x.1303) ITU-T DRR ITU-R Radiocommunications in DRR Develop recommendations and reports on radiocommunications for disaster management Emergency frequency allocation best practices Satellite services regulation meteo services, earth observation, etc. CTU SM Task Force January 2018

10 ITU resolutions Resolution 36 (Rev. Guadalajara, 2010) Telecommunications/information and communication technology in the service of humanitarian assistance Resolution 136 (Rev. Busan, 2014) The use of telecommunications/information and communication technologies for monitoring and management in emergency and disaster situations for early warning, prevention, mitigation and relief WTDC Res. 34 (Rev. Buenos Aires, 2017): The role of telecommunications/information and communication technology in disaster preparedness, early warning, rescue, mitigation, relief and response ITU-R Resolution 644 (Rev. WRC-12) Radiocommunication resources for early warning, disaster mitigation and relief operations ITU-R Resolution 646 (Rev. WRC-15) Public protection and disaster relief ITU-R Resolution 647 (Rev. WRC-15) Radiocommunication aspects, including spectrum management guidelines, for early warning, disaster prediction, detection, mitigation and relief operations relating to emergencies and disaster Resolution ITU-R 55 (2015) ITU studies of disaster prediction, detection, mitigation and relief

11 ITU-D Support Through All Phases of Disaster Management NETP development Policy and/or regulation review and/or development Project implementations Capacity building Preparedness Early Warning Systems Resource deployment Infrastructure recovery assistance Advisory and technical assistance Resource deployment CTU SM Task Force January 2018 Prevention Response Recovery Post-disaster phase Advisory and technical assistance Resource deployment Damage assessment and reporting

12 WTDC-17 reaffirms role of ITU-D: WTDC Res. 34 (Rev. Buenos Aires, 2017): The role of telecommunications/information and communication technology in disaster preparedness, early warning, rescue, mitigation, relief and response WTDC Res 66 (Rev. Buenos Aires, 2017): Information and communication technology and climate change Reiterated the importance of BDT s efforts to save lives by allowing countries to benefit from ITUs to increase disaster resilience and reduce its impact and by deploying communication equipment and services following disasters Emphasized the need to help countries prepare for disasters by promoting the implementation of early warning systems and guidance on national emergency telecommunication plans & standard operating procedures Requested BDT to identify new technologies, trends and develop best practices and applications to allow countries to benefit from ICTs for disaster management Recognized importance of ICTs to monitor and tackle climate change and to achieve the Paris Agreement and the SDGs Mandated ITU to demonstrate how ICTs are used as a critical tool to measure, mitigate and to reduce climate change, including through the use of new technologies, applications and pilot projects Recognized the importance of building partnerships and foster cooperation to optimize the delivery of emergency telecommunication services Confirmed SGQ 5/2: Utilizing telecommunications/icts for disaster risk reduction and management WTDC Res. 16 (Rev. Buenos Aires, 2017) Special actions and measures for the least developed countries, small island developing states, landlocked developing countries and countries with economies in transition CTU SM Task Force January 2018

13 ITU Emergency Telecommunication Assistance During disaster ITU provides assistance with: Satellite Phones Satellite Terminals (BGANs, VSATs, etc.) Training on Equipment if needed Airtime Costs Freight Costs to and from the country Partners donate equipment and cash Providing a communication equipment for the government that is critical in: Coordinating first responder rescue and relief operations; Setting up telemedicine links between hospitals and medics in the field; Providing call centers where disaster victims can contact their loved ones. Coordinating infrastructure recovery/re-building operations.

14 Method of Request for Assistance Immediate Information/Action Needed from Disaster-Affected Administrations: Contact Emergency Telecommunication Team and/or ITU Regional Office. Indication as to number of satellite phones and/or other emergency telecom equipment needed to restore vital communication links Arrangements for customs clearance Designated Focal Point and contact details Exact Address where equipment will be delivered Advise ITU about designated focal point to call in times of emergency.

15 Spectrum Management and Disaster Management (DM) Challenges in some countries on spectrum for DM: Lack of capacity Lack of interoperability Lack of functionality High Costs Areas to be considered: National policy on Spectrum Sharing for public safety National policy on equipment conformity and interoperability Spectrum planning and allocation for public safety and remote sensing - monitoring Ensure availability of spectrum during emergency situations Preparedness Prevention Response Recovery CTU SM Task Force January 2018 Post-disaster phase

16 WHERE ARE WE NOW? We need to move forward with developing strategies to minimize the impact of natural disasters We need to ensure our countries have effective disaster management policy We need to develop National emergency telecommunication plans that link to national disaster management policies An equipped Emergency Communications Center is a MUST! Do NOT forget the Tampere Convention

17 What to do? Important: Develop a National Emergency Telecommunication Plan (NETP) and integrate into Disaster Management Plans Establish multi-disciplinary partnerships Know your partners! Develop and use ICTs for disaster prediction, detection monitoring, and response Design and Develop Early Warning Systems Establish collaboration platforms to share information for better preparedness and response Strengthen Institutional Capacities through training Train local people on amateur radio technology

18 Internationally allocated frequencies for emergencies 490 khz, 518 khz, khz for NAVTEX in GMDSS (Refer RR 5.79A) 490 khz and khz are to be used exclusively for the transmission by coast stations of navigational and meteorological warnings and urgent information to ships, by means of narrow-band direct-printing telegraphy. (Refer RR 5.82 and 5.131) 500 khz is an international distress and calling frequency for Morse radiotelegraphy. (Refer RR 5.83) 518 khz is the supplementary frequency for 500 khz by the maritime mobile service are prescribed in Articles 31 and 52 and in Appendix 13. (Refer RR 5.84) 2182 khz is an international distress and calling frequency for radiotelephony. (Refer RR 5.108) khz, khz, 6312 khz, khz, khz, khz and MHz are international distress frequencies for digital selective calling (Refer RR and 5.227) khz, khz, 6268 khz, khz, khz and khz are international distress frequencies for narrow-band direct-printing telegraphy (Refer RR 5.110) 2182 khz, 3023 khz, 5680 khz, 8364 khz, khz, khz and khz and the frequencies MHz, MHz and 243 MHz may also be used, for search and rescue operations concerning manned space vehicles (Refer RR 5.111) 18

19 Internationally allocated frequencies for emergencies 3023 khz, 4125 khz, 5680 khz, 6215 khz, 8291 khz, khz and khz frequencies may also be used, by stations of the maritime mobile service engaged in coordinated search and rescue operations (Refer RR 5.115, and 5.145) 4210 khz, 6314 khz, khz, khz, khz, khz, khz and khz are the international frequencies for the transmission of maritime safety information (MSI) (Refer RR 5.132) MHz is the aeronautical emergency frequency and MHz is the auxiliary to MHz. Mobile stations of the maritime mobile service may communicate on these frequencies for distress and safety purposes with stations of the aeronautical mobile service. (Refer RR 5.200) MHz and MHz bands are also allocated to the mobilesatellite service for the reception on board satellites of emissions from emergency position-indicating radiobeacons (EPIRB) transmitting at MHz and 243 MHz. (Refer RR 5.199) MHz is the international distress, safety and calling frequency for the maritime mobile VHF radiotelephone service (Refer RR 5.226) 243 MHz is the frequency for use by survival craft stations and equipment used for survival purposes (Refer RR 5.256) 19

20 Internationally allocated frequencies for emergencies MHz by the mobile-satellite service is limited to low power satellite emergency position-indicating radiobeacons (EPIRB) (Refer RR and 5.267) MHz and MHz bands shall have priority to accommodate the spectrum requirements for Maritime mobile-satellite distress, urgency and safety communications of the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS). (Refer RR 5.353A) MHz by the mobile-satellite service (space-to-earth) is limited to distress and safety communications (Refer RR 5.356) MHz by the mobile-satellite service (Earth-to-space) and for intersatellite links is limited to distress and safety communications (Refer RR 5.375) MHz, search and rescue transponders (SART) may be used (Refer RR 5.474) It is very important for the countries to ensure that these frequencies are not given/sold away to private sector otherwise others cannot have access to the services offered on international level. Planning and proper management is key. 20

21 21 Example: NTFA UAE 2 Distress and emergency frequencies 490 khz, 518 khz, khz for NAVTEX in GMDSS (Refer RR 5.79A) 490 khz and khz are to be used exclusively for the transmission by coast stations of navigational and meteorological warnings and urgent information to ships, by means of narrowband direct-printing telegraphy. (Refer RR 5.82 and 5.131) 500 khz is an international distress and calling frequency for Morse radiotelegraphy. (Refer RR 5.83) 518 khz is the supplementary frequency for 500 khz by the maritime mobile service are prescribed in Articles 31 and 52 and in Appendix 13. (Refer RR 5.84) 2182 khz is an international distress and calling frequency for radiotelephony. (Refer RR 5.108) khz, khz, 6312 khz, khz, khz, khz and MHz are international distress frequencies for digital selective calling (Refer RR and 5.227) khz, khz, 6268 khz, khz, khz and khz are international distress frequencies for narrow-band direct-printing telegraphy (Refer RR 5.110) 2182 khz, 3023 khz, 5680 khz, 8364 khz, khz, khz and khz and the frequencies MHz, MHz and 243 MHz may also be used, for search and rescue operations concerning manned space vehicles (Refer RR 5.111) 3023 khz, 4125 khz, 5680 khz, 6215 khz, 8291 khz, khz and khz frequencies may also be used, by stations of the maritime mobile service engaged in coordinated search and rescue operations (Refer RR 5.115, and 5.145) 4210 khz, 6314 khz, khz, khz, khz, khz, khz and khz are the international frequencies for the transmission of maritime safety information (MSI) (Refer RR 5.132)

22 Example: NTFA UAE 2 Distress and emergency frequencies MHz is the aeronautical emergency frequency and MHz is the auxiliary to MHz. Mobile stations of the maritime mobile service may communicate on these frequencies for distress and safety purposes with stations of the aeronautical mobile service. (Refer RR 5.200) MHz and MHz bands are also allocated to the mobile satellite service for the reception on board satellites of emissions from emergency position-indicating radiobeacons (EPIRB) transmitting at MHz and 243 MHz. (Refer RR 5.199) MHz is the international distress, safety and calling frequency for the maritime mobile VHF radiotelephone service (Refer RR 5.226) 243 MHz is the frequency for use by survival craft stations and equipment used for survival purposes (Refer RR 5.256) MHz by the mobile-satellite service is limited to low power satellite emergency position-indicating radiobeacons (EPIRB) (Refer RR and 5.267) MHz and MHz bands shall have priority to accommodate the spectrum requirements for Maritime mobile-satellite distress, urgency and safety communications of the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS). (Refer RR 5.353A) MHz by the mobile-satellite service (space-to-earth) is limited to distress and safety communications (Refer RR 5.356) MHz by the mobile-satellite service (Earth-to-space) and for intersatellite links is limited to distress and safety communications (Refer RR 5.375) MHz, search and rescue transponders (SART) may be used (Refer RR 5.474) 22

23 Resolution 647 (WRC-07) (Rev. WRC-15) - Emergency and disaster relief radiocommunication Administrations should consider global/regional frequency bands for emergency and disasterrelief in their national spectrum planning Need for immediate availability of pre-identified frequencies (frequency bands) for the very early stages of intervention in case of emergency and disaster-relief 23

24 Resolution 647 Emergency and disaster relief radiocommunication instructs the Bureau 1 to assist Member States with their emergency communication preparedness activities by establishing a database of currently available frequencies for use in emergency situations,... 2 to maintain the database and facilitate online access thereto by administrations, national regulatory authorities, disaster relief agencies and organizations, in particular the UN Emergency Relief Coordinator urges Administrations 1 to participate in the emergency communication preparedness activities described above and to provide the relevant information to the Bureau concerning their national frequency allocations and spectrum management practices for emergency and disaster relief radiocommunications... 2 to assist in keeping the database up to date by advising the Bureau on an ongoing basis of any modifications to the information requested above 24

25 25

26 26 Terrestrial service emergency database: Country submission example

27 Space service emergency database

28 ITU-R Study Groups SG1 Spectrum management SG3 Radiowave propagation SG4 Satellite services SG5 Terrestrial services SG6 Broadcasting services SG7 Science services ITU-R Recommendation, reports, handbooks 28 efficient management and use of the spectrum/orbit characteristics and performance of radio systems operation of radio stations radiocommunication aspects of distress and safety matters

29 ITU-D: Disaster Risk Reduction PROMOTION, AWARENESS AND PARTNERSHIP BUILDING: ORGANIZATION OF GLOBAL FORUMS (GET) ORGANIZATION OF REGIONAL WORKSHOPS AND FORUMS ORGANIZATION OF NATIONAL WORKSHOPS STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION: POLICY, LEGAL & REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL EMERGENCY TELECOM PLANS BEST PRACTICES AND KNOWLEDGE EXCHANGE THROUGH STUDY GROUP QUESTION 5/2 EMERGENCY TELECOMMUNICATIONS PROJECT IMPLEMENTATIONS: SETTING UP EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS ESTABLISHMENT OF EMERGENCY COMMUMICATION INFRASTUCTURE CAPACITY BUILDING: USE OF ICT FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE ESTABLISHMENT OF EMERGENCY COMMUMICATION INFRASTUCTURE POLICY DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION CONCEPT PROJECT IMPLEMENTATIONS: ICT APPLICATIONS FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE (EPIDEMIC, NATURAL DISASTERS, ETC) BIGDATA STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE EMERGENCY RESPONSE: DEPLOYMENT OF EMERGENCY TELECOMMUNICATI ON SYSTEMS DURING EMERGENCIES EXPERT SUPPORT ON SITE FOR COMMUNICATION RESTORATION

30 Recent activities in the Caribbean 2017: Haiti, Dominica, and Antigua and Barbuda, received emergency telecommunications equipment, including satellite phones, BGANs and VSAT to support humanitarian relief and recovery efforts following massive devastation caused by Category 5 Hurricanes Irma and Maria 2016: Haiti received telecommunication equipment in response to the devastation caused by Category 4 Hurricane Matthew Second Multi-stakeholder Forum on the Role of Telecommunications/ICT in Disaster Management for the Americas Region, August 2017 Final report on 2017 Study: Assessment of Emergency Telecommunication plans and systems in the Caribbean Region will be posted ITU, CTU, CITEL and COMTELCA signed a Letter of Intent (LOI) during WTDC-17 to establish an Agreement on The use of ICTs for emergency and disaster situations in the Americas region. The purpose of this LOI is to reaffirm the intent of the Signatories to develop a cooperation mechanism between them for the implementation of projects on the use of ICTs for emergency and disaster situations in the Americas region.

31 Thank You István BOZSÓKI Head of Division ITU/BDT/IEE/TND

32 And.

33 Annexes

34 Freak Storm Devastates Saint Lucia, Dominica and St. Vincent on Christmas Eve 2013 Damaged taxiway in Vieux Fort; Hewanorra Airport flooded St. Lucia Flooded home (waist high) & Roadways become raging rivers Dominica Dead & Missing St. Vincent 9 reported dead; 3 missing St. Lucia 6 six lost their lives in. Dominica 1 person was reported missing Affected population, Infrastructure & Cost St. Vincent 13, 029 persons affected; 30 homes destroyed; 135 damaged ; > US $156 Million loss St. Lucia 19, 982 persons affected; Dominica 185 persons affected; 6 homes destroyed; 65 damaged; Rehabilitation of infrastructure and mitigation measures are estimated at US $ 17 Million

35 TROPICAL STORM ERIKA - Dominica August 27, 2015 Inundated Douglas Charles Airport; Flooded homes South of Dominica; Washed away infrastructure on vital E.O. LeBlac Highway West Coast Primary School on precarious edge; Petite Savanne Evacuation by Sea; First responders evacuating residents; Loss of property & vital equipment Telecommunications: Severely damaged or destroyed with no Cell Phone service or other communication in affected areas

36 TROPICAL STORM ERIKA - August 27, 2015 Impact on Population Out of a total population of 72,340 persons, Confirmed dead 11 persons, Missing 22 persons, Injured 20 Homeless 574 persons Houses Destroyed 48 Houses Damaged 84 Evacuated 713 Special Disaster Areas 9 Impact on Economy Total damage & loss EC$1.3 billion (US$483 Mil.), Loss equivalent to approximately 90% of Dominica s Gross Domestic Product (GDP)1. Loss in Transport sector (60 percent), Loss in Housing sector (11 percent) Loss in Agriculture sector (10 percent). Approx. Pop. 7,229 impacted by the event in disaster declared areas.

37 Hurricane Matthew Haiti October 27, 2015 Infrastructural damage to Roads & Bridges; Homes destroyed or inundated; Loss of livelihood Impact on Population economy Impact on Confirmed dead 546 persons, Missing 128 persons, Loss of US $ 2.4 Billion Injured 439 persons Homeless 574 persons Nearly complete crop damage Evacuated 175,509 persons Families affected 115,000 nearly US$120 million in aid, Est. Nation wide homes affected 200,000 nearly

38 Hurricane Irma, Jose, Maria Barbuda, BVI, Dominica!: Sept Devastated Homes; Category 5 Hurricane Maria over Dominica Decimated rain forest Forest reduced to splinters in Capital Telecommunication Towers snapped in two Roads and Bridges destroyed

39 Disasters are on the Rise

40 ITU deploys Emergency Telecom Equipment to Antigua & Barbuda, Haiti & Dominica September 2017 Haiti, Dominica and Antigua and Barbuda, received emergency telecommunications equipment: 70 satellite phones, peripherals & accessories; 13 BGANs, peripherals & accessories; 33 Solar Chargers & accessories and 2 VSATs (Dominica), peripherals & accessories to support humanitarian relief and initial recovery efforts and for further coordination for recovery and reconstruction activities in different locations on the islands. including 8 satellite phones and 3 BGANs that were deployed specifically for coordination among CDEMA, other responding units, first responders and Communities.

41 ITU-R Study Groups Disaster phases Major radiocommunication services involved Major tasks of radiocommunication services ITU-R Prediction and Detection - Meteorological services (meteorological aids and meteorological- satellite service) - Earth exploration-satellite service Weather and climate prediction. Detection and tracking of earthquakes, tsunamis hurricanes, typhoons, forest fires, oil leaks etc. Providing warning information SG 7 - Amateur services Receiving and distributing alert messages WP 5A - Broadcasting services terrestrial and satellite (radio, television, etc.) Disseminating alert messages and advice to large sections of the public SG 6 Alerting - Fixed services terrestrial and satellite Delivering alert messages and instructions to telecommunication centres for further dissemination to public WP 4A, 5C - Mobile services (land, satellite, maritime services, etc.) Distributing alert messages and advice to individuals SGs 4,5 - Amateur services Assisting in organizing relief operations in areas (especially when other services are still not operational) WP 5A - Broadcasting services terrestrial and satellite (radio, television, etc.) Coordination of relief activities by disseminating information from relief planning teams to population SG 6 Relief - Earth exploration-satellite service Assessment of damage and providing information for planning relief activities SG 7 - Terrestrial and satellite Exchange of information between different teams/groups for planning and coordination relief activities - Mobile services (land, satellite, maritime services, etc.) Exchange of information between individuals and/or groups of people involved in relief activities WP5A, 5D, 4A, 4C WP 5A, 5B, 5D

42 The scope of ongoing studies/activities within Study Group Study Group 1 Output Studies on spectrum management aspects and requirements in support of disaster radiocommunications fall. Considering that administrations may have different operational needs and spectrum requirements, depending on circumstances, there is a need to define the appropriate mechanism(s) for the identification and registry of spectrum resources. Exploration of monitoring techniques is another key responsibility of SG 1 and such work could be especially beneficial when applied to all phases of disaster radiocommunications (prediction, detection, mitigation, and relief). Report SM Studies related to the impact of active services allocated in adjacent or nearby bands on Earth exploration-satellite service (passive)

43 The scope of ongoing studies/activities within Study Group Study Group 3 Study Group 3 will undertake the necessary studies to assess the propagation conditions for the frequency bands and services used for disaster warning and disaster relief, especially those identified as regionally harmonized bands (Res. 646 (Rev. WRC-15)). It will further study possible changes in the local propagation conditions associated with the disaster itself. Space weather Influence on propagation conditions

44 The scope of ongoing studies/activities within Study Group Study Group 4 Output Satellite appears as the most appropriate means to quickly set up a communication link with remote facilities in relief operation. it is desirable that a small earth station, such as a fixed VSAT, a vehiclemounted earth station or a transportable earth station should be available for transportation to the disaster area. It is also desirable that the system relies on widespread standards so that equipment is readily available and interoperability are ensured. Mobile-satellite service systems are ideally suited to support disaster response and relief efforts. The wide coverage area of such systems is particularly helpful as disaster events are unpredictable and can happen at any time or location. Most mobile earth stations are battery powered and so can operate for some period of time if the local electricity supply is disabled. Recommendation ITU-R S.1001 "Use of systems in the fixed-satellite service in the event of natural disasters and similar emergencies for warning and relief operations". Recommendation ITU-R M.1854 "Use of mobile-satellite service in disaster response and relief" Report ITU-R M.2149 "Use and examples of mobile-satellite service systems for relief operation in the event of natural disasters and similar emergencies" Report ITU-R S.2151 "Use and examples of systems in the fixed-satellite service in the event of natural disasters and similar emergencies for warning and relief operations" Question ITU-R 290/4 "Broadcasting-satellite means for public warning, disaster mitigation and relief"

45 The scope of ongoing studies/activities within Study Group Study Group 5 Output The mobile, fixed, amateur and amateur-satellite services have proven to be of huge importance in the fields of disaster prediction, detection, mitigation and relief. Mobile service cellular applications may be used in an early warning system, as they enable authorities to establish direct contact with the citizens having a mobile receiver. The maritime mobile service is familiar with the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System. Amateur and amateur-satellite services enable communication links in areas affected by natural disasters to be maintained Question ITU-R 209-5/5 Contributions of the mobile and amateur services and associated satellite services to the improvement of disaster communications. Report ITU-R M.2085 "Role of the amateur and amateur-satellite services in support of disaster mitigation and relief" Question ITU-R 248/5 Technical and operational characteristics for systems in the fixed service used for disaster mitigation and relief Recommendation ITU-R F.1105 Fixed wireless systems for disaster mitigation and relief operations Reports ITU-R F.2061 HF fixed radiocommunications systems Report ITU-R M The use of International Mobile Telecommunications for broadband public protection and disaster relief applications Report ITU-R M Radiocommunication objectives and requirements for Public Protection and Disaster Relief

46 The scope of ongoing studies/activities within Study Group Study Group 6 Output The Study Group initially focused on the means by which the broadcasting-satellite service (BSS) can assist in warning the public of impending disasters and in disseminating information relating to relief operations. Use of satellite and terrestrial broadcast infrastructures for public warning, disaster mitigation and relief, the aim of which is to help permit the rapid deployment of equipment and networks currently available in the terrestrial and satellite-broadcasting services. These services can provide means for alerting the public, for informing them of preventive measures and for disseminating information on the coordination of rescue procedures. Question ITU-R 118/6 "Broadcasting means for public warning and disaster relief". Recommendation ITU-R BT.1774 Use of satellite and terrestrial broadcast infrastructures for public warning, disaster mitigation and relief Report ITU-R BT Broadcasting for public warning, disaster mitigation and relief

47 The scope of ongoing studies/activities within Study Group Study Group 7 Output Disaster prediction and detection are major fields of study supported by Study Group 7. Remote sensing systems provide observations of the Earth's atmosphere and surface that enable the prediction and detection of meteorological, climatic and other environmental conditions that are the basis for major natural disasters. Report RS.1859 Use of remote sensing systems for data collection to be used in the event of natural disasters and similar emergencies RS.2178 The essential role and global importance of radio spectrum use for Earth observations and for related applications