CELLULAR COMMUNICATION AND ANTENNAS. Doç. Dr. Mehmet ÇİYDEM

Transcription

1 CELLULAR COMMUNICATION AND ANTENNAS Doç. Dr. Mehmet ÇİYDEM

2 CONTENT 1 ABOUT ENGİTEK 2 CELLULAR COMMUNICATION 3 BASE STATION ANTENNAS 4 5G CELLULAR COMMUNICATION 5 SMART, MIMO /massive MIMO ANTENNAS 6 DISCUSSIONS 2

3 1 ABOUT ENGİTEK LTD.

4 ABOUT ENGİTEK LTD. Established in engineers, 2 Technicians, 500m2 area, at OSTIM Industrial Zone. Base stations antennas, mobile communications 4

5 ABOUT ENGİTEK LTD. Sample Products 2G antenna GSM MHz 5

6 ABOUT ENGİTEK LTD. Sample Products GSM G antenna ( )+( )MHz 6

7 ABOUT ENGİTEK LTD. Sample Products LTE 800+GSM900+GSM1800+3G+4G/LTE 2500 antenna ( ) +( )+( )+( )+( ) MHz 7

8 2 CELLULAR COMMUNICATION

9 CELLULAR COMMUNICATION Evolution of Cellular Systems 1G/2G/3G/4G/LTE ( f < 6GHz) 5G (f > 6 GHz) 9

10 CELLULAR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (f < 6Ghz) GSM 450 APCO TETRA LTE 700 LTE 800 GSM 900 GSM G Wi Fİ, WLAN LTE/4G, WiMAX WiMAX Some differences in Europe, USA, and Japan There is also Wi Fi and WiMAX beyond 3Ghz, around 5GHz. Licensed/Unlicensed?? IMT: International Mobile Telecommunication UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS), 3G wireless communication, part of IMT. LTE A: Long Term Evolution Advanced WiMAX: Wireless Microwave Access TETRA: Terrestrial Trunk Radio Communication GSM: Global System for Mobile Communication Access Methods: CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access

11 CELLULAR COMMUNICATION Spectrum in Turkey (f < 6Ghz) Before 4.5G After 4.5G LTE 800 GSM 900 GSM G LTE 2500 WiMAX TURKCELL MHz MHz MHz Mhz Mhz VODAFONE MHz MHz MHz Mhz Mhz TTELEKOM MHz MHz MHz Mhz Mhz MHz

12 CELLULAR COMMUNICATION BTS: Base Transceiver System (enodeb) Each BTS has typically 3 sectors (alpha, beta, gamma). Other nearby BTS may cause co channel (same frequency) interference limiting capacity and quality of service. CELLs: Macro Cells Micro Cells Small Cells (femtocell, picocell) Coverage Plan Frequency Plan Network Optimisations 12

13 CELLULAR COMMUNICATION 13

14 CELLULAR COMMUNICATION 14

15 CELLULAR COMMUNICATION Core Network: SAE: System Architecture Evolution MME : Mobility Management Entity SGW : Serving Gateway PGW : Packet Data Gateway enb : enodeb CELLs: Macro Cells Micro Cells Small Cells (femtocell, picocell) 15 15

16 3 BASE STATION ANTENNAS

17 BASE STATION ANTENNAS 17 17

18 BASE STATION ANTENNAS 18 18

19 BASE STATION ANTENNAS 19 19

20 BASE STATION ANTENNAS 20 20

21 BASE STATION ANTENNAS 21 21

22 BASE STATION ANTENNAS 22 22

23 BASE STATION ANTENNAS 23 23

24 BASE STATION ANTENNAS 24 24

25 4 5G CELLULAR COMMUNICATION

26 5G MOBILE COMMUNICATION (f > 6GHz) 26

27 5G MOBILE COMMUNICATION (f > 6GHz) Objectives of 5G 27

28 5G MOBILE COMMUNICATION (f > 6GHz) 10 Key Enabling Technologies for 5G 28

29 5G MOBILE COMMUNICATION We need new Spectrum for 5G 29

30 5G MOBILE COMMUNICATION (f > 6GHz) 30

31 5 SMART, MIMO and MASSIVE MIMO ANTENNAS

32 WIRELESS ENVIRONMENT S: Desired Signal (Watt) N: Noise (Watt) CCI: Interference (Watt) ISI: intersymbol interference. Power Bandwith (spectrum) C: Capacity (Bits/Hz/Sec) Coverage, Data Rate, # of users in the cell Data/Service Quality (QoS) SNR: Signal to Noise Ratio SINR: Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio Pe : Probability of Error BER: Bit Error Rate # of drop calls. 32

33 DATA TRAFFIC AND SPECTRUM 33

34 34

35 SOLUTIONS TO CAPACITY The extraordinary growth in wireless data traffic is putting immense strain on the operator s network. To address this demand and increase capacity, operators have 5 primary tools at their disposal: 1. Adding Cell Sites is an effective but expensive approach to adding capacity. In general adding new real estate is time consuming and increasingly prohibitive. With median inter-site distances dropping from 5km to 2km and recently to less than 200m in dense urban areas, the operator has less choice in selecting affordable property. Doubling the number of cell sites approximately doubles the network capacity and the throughput per user (assuming the user density stays constant), and greatly improves the peak user and the aggregate throughput per km2. 2. Adding sectors, such as changing from 3 sectors to 6 sectors, is a useful way to approximate the introduction of new cells. However, this does not quite double the capacity as the petals of 6 sector coverage do not interleave as well as 3 sector coverage, and the fractional overlap of 6 sectors is greater. This also challenges handoff processing when near highways. This is a common approach in dense urban areas where rooftops are available. There is about a 70% increase in capacity in moving from 3 to 6 sectors in an environment with low angle spread (where the base station is located above the clutter).

36 SOLUTIONS TO CAPACITY 3. Adding Carriers (or more accurately, bandwidth) directly adds to capacity. The LTE standard is particularly adept at utilizing increased bandwidth. In addition, in the USA, the FCC permits increasing radiated power with the bandwidth in the lower 700 MHz bands providing improved penetration and coverage. Doubling bandwidth at least doubles throughput. 4. Improved air interface capabilities, It has been observed that, with improvements in air interface (while leaving everything else the same such as bandwidth and antenna configuration) we are seeing diminishing returns on improvements. It is clear that something more than simply increasing modulation and coding rates is needed. 5. Smart antennas provide the next substantial increase in throughput. The peak data rates tend to be proportional to the number of send and receive antennas, so 4x4 MIMO is capable of serving twice the peak data rates as 2x2 MIMO systems. SMART ANTENNAS MIMO ANTENNAS MASSIVE MIMO ANTENNAS

37 SMART ANTENNAS

38 SMART ANTENNAS A smart antenna system combines an antenna array with digital signalprocessing capability to transmit and receive in a predefined or adaptive, spatially sensitive manner. This enables such a system to change the directionality of its radiation patterns in response to the particular signal environment. This results in dramatically increased performance characteristics of a wireless system. Switched Beam a finite number of fixed, predefined patterns or combining strategies (sectors). comprises only a basic switching function between separate directive antennas or predefined beams of an array Adaptive Array an infinite number of patterns (scenario-based) that are adjusted in real time. continuous tracking can be achieved by including a direction of arrival (DoA) algorithm for the signal received from the user can be viewed as a generalization of the switched lobe concept

39 SMART ANTENNAS Active Beam Desired User Antenna Array Interfering User Antenna Array Switched Beam System Adaptive Array

40 SMART ANTENNAS Interference Rejection Comparison Desired Signals Co-channel Interfering Signals

41 SMART ANTENNAS Coverage Patterns for Switched Beam and Adaptive Array Antennas

42 SMART ANTENNAS

43 MIMO ANTENNAS Multiple antenna systems (Multiple Input, Multiple Output MIMO) gives a significant enhancement to data rate and channel capacity.

44 MIMO ANTENNAS

45 MIMO ANTENNAS

46 SMART+MIMO ANTENNAS

47 BENEFITS OF SMART AND MIMO ANTENNAS

48 MASSIVE MIMO Massive MIMO is the subject of 5G At 5G frequencies, wavelength gets smaller ( 1cm at 30Ghz, 0.5cm at 60Ghz) So it becomes possible to make array antennas with big numbers of elements such as 64x64 and 128x128. Massive MIMO brings many further advantages of MIMO technology in 5G.

49 6 DISCUSSIONS

50 Antenna Engineering (hardware) RF/Microwave Engineering (hardware) Telecommunication Engineering (DSP, embedded software, SDR) Software Engineering (Networks, SDN)