The Stability of Nodal Points in the Leveling Network in the Southwest Part of Israel
|
|
- Rosaline Barrett
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 he Stablty of Nodal Ponts n the Levelng Network n the Southwest Part of Israel Glad EVEN-ZUR, Israel Key words: levelng, deformaton, GPS, datum SUMMARY Repeated precse levelng surveys carred durng the past decade pont to an nstablty of the nodal ponts n the levelng network n the southwest part of Israel. hs stuaton prevents the adjustment of the levelng network properly whch would ensure the provdng of correct heghts for benchmarks. Modelng the regonal and the local vertcal movement of ponts wll enable adjustment of the levelng network, whch contans lnes that were measured n dfferent tmes. For the purpose of montorng the stablty of nodal ponts nne GPS campagns were carred n the regon over a perod of one calendar year. In ths study the large number of montorng sessons enabled the nvestgaton of the fluctuatons of the nodal ponts, based on physcal processes such as the cyclc effects of swellng and shrnkng of the ground. he GPS measurements were analyzed by a wo-step analyss. In the frst step the geodetc measurements were processed sequentally wthout modelng the varatons n the heght of the networks ponts. In the second step the varatons n the network geometry were modeled by means of a physcal model. 1/13
2 he Stablty of Nodal Ponts n the Levelng Network n the Southwest Part of Israel Glad EVEN-ZUR, Israel 1. INRODUCION Nodal ponts of a levelng network are used as a bass to determne the heghts of benchmarks n the natonal vertcal control network. Repeated precse levelng surveys durng the past decade ponted to an nstablty (of up to several cm) of the nodal ponts n the levelng network n the southwest part of Israel. hs renders any attempts for a network adjustment to falure. In order to eamne the behavor of the nodal benchmarks ntensve montorng measurements were carred usng GPS. he goal of the montorng network s two-fold, to estmate the model of any vertcal moton of the benchmarks and to defne areas n the network whch behave n a smlar way. Multple montorng sessons over a perod of a year provded the ablty to montor global and seasonal behavor of the nodal benchmarks. he vertcal accuracy of GPS measurements s not n the same qualty of the levelng measurements, but they are relatvely nepensve and fast. hese advantages enable the measurng of montorng network several tmes a year. Snce the prevous levelng campagns n the nvestgated area ponted to vertcal movements of several centmeters, the GPS measurements enabled the montorng of these movements. hs paper descrbes the desgn of the montorng network and the GPS measurement process. It presents the analyss of the montorng network usng a wo-steps analyss, based on two deformaton models whch descrbe the vertcal poston of a pont relatve to tme, the lnear moton model and the swellng and shrnkng dynamc model.. HE MEHOD OF WO-SEPS ANALYSIS wo types of models are pertnent n deformaton analyss, the mathematcal model that represents the geodetc measurements and the deformaton model. he mathematcal model s usually conceved as beng absolutely correct, whle the measurements are regarded as quanttes corrupted by measurement nose. he deformaton model should descrbe the physcal realty, but the valdty of the physcal model and ts system nose s frequently lmted. Estmaton of the deformaton parameters drectly from the geodetc measurements may lead to undesrable results. System nose due to nadequaces of the physcal model may cause sever dstortons of the parameter estmates. he relatonshp between a vector of measurements l and a vector of parameters can be epressed by a set of observaton equatons, gven as: A denotes the Jacoban matr and v s the measurement nose vector. It may be assumed that A s a column rank defcent due to the need for datum defnton. he parameters are /13 l = A + v (1)
3 calculated under the mnmum condton v Pv, where P s the weght matr of the observatons. Snce the vector of parameters can be epressed as a lnear functon of a vector of parameters s, another set of equatons may be created: = Bs + w () where B denotes the Jacoban matr and s usually a full column rank matr, and w s the model nose vector. he parameters s are calculated under the mnmum condton wpw, where P s the weght matr of the observatons n the second model. hs approach for solvng s ndrectly from the measurements vector l whle usng a vector of pseudo-measurements s referred to as a wo-step analyss (Papo and Perelmuter, 1993), where n the frst step s solved usng the measurement vector l, and n the second step s used as pseudo-measurements for solvng the parameter vector s. Substtutng equaton () nto equaton (1) yelds the One-Step analyss: l = A ( Bs + w) + v = ABs + Aw + v (3) where the measurements vector l conssts of a systematc part ABs, and two random parts Aw and v. hs paper employs the wo-steps analyss method for montorng the stablty of nodal ponts n the levelng network n the southwest part of Israel. For k sets of measurements l, each vector of parameters can be estmated ndependently as: ˆ 1 = (A P A ) A P l (4) wth the attached cofactor matr Σ ˆ = mˆ Q, where ˆ mˆ 1 ˆ = ( A P A ) = vˆ ˆ P v, and r Q and the varance-covarance matr r s the adjustment redundancy. he estmated soluton vector ˆ = [ ˆ ] 1 ˆ.. ˆ k resultng from the frst step wll be used as pseudomeasurements n the second step. he set of deformaton model parameters ŝ s solved by equaton () (Papo and Perelmuter, 1993): -1 sˆ = ( B P B) B P ˆ, (5) he weght matr P s produced by usng the varance-covarance matr Σ ˆ nstead of the cofactor matr Q ˆ (Even-zur, 3). he cofactor matr Q ŝ and the varance-covarance matr Σ ŝ are: 1 ˆ Q = ( B P B) ; Σ = m Q (6) sˆ sˆ sˆ 3/13
4 Whle mˆ s equal to (Even-zur, 3): ˆm k r = 1 = k -1 + wqw. (7) r + r 3. NEWORK DESIGN AND FIELD DAA COLLECION = 1 II he montorng network contaned 1 ponts. Preference was gven to nodal benchmarks estng n the levelng network, but some nodal ponts were destroyed over the years and nearby benchmarks were selected nstead. Some of the nodal ponts n the nvestgated area were not sutable for GPS measurements but the chosen benchmarks were ones establshed wth good geotechncal standards. Benchmarks wthout sutable stablty, for eample ones that were located on electrc poles or brdges, were dsqualfed. hree ponts from the Israel Geodetc-Geodynamc network were also chosen. hese ponts were bult accordng to hgh techncal specfcatons to ensure ther geotechncal stablty (Karcz, 1994) and t s mportant to montor ther stablty. After consderatons of the requrements, condtons and constrants, and after a tour n the feld ten benchmarks were chosen, (the locatons can be seen n fgure and ther constructon methods are detaled n table 1. An addtonal permanent GPS staton located n the nvestgated area was added to the network. For vertcal movement montorng purposes the GPS antenna set-up s of great mportance. o ncrease the relablty of the network a GPS antenna was set up twce, ndependently, at each pont n order to detect and dentfy gross errors resultng from the postonng of the GPS antenna at the marker ponts, dentfy algnment errors, and measure the antenna heght. Four rmble dual frequency GPS recevers (3 4SSE and 1 4SSI) wth geodetc antennas were used for the network measurements. he antennas were set up on trpods ecept at the G1 ponts, where a specal devce that was screwed to the pont and enabled a stable set up of the GPS antenna for long perods of tme was used. Fve sessons enabled measurng the network wth two ndependent antenna set ups n each pont. he duraton of each sesson was planned for 4.5 hours. In each campagn the same sessons were measured. Name Locaton Constructon 718/A Port of Ashdod Bolt on concrete banster on platform 4U Ashqelon Marna Bolt on concrete banster on platform 65/F Southern et of Yavne Bolt on sold rock 4/F Pelugot junc. 8 m drllng ppe 36/A Urm junc. 4 m drllng ppe 436/A Northern to Omer 4 m drllng ppe 477 Qama junc. Wall nal on concrete banster EZRA Ezrcam junc. 4.5 m drllng ppe (G1) ASHK Southeast to Ashkelon 4.5 m drllng ppe (G1) 4/13
5 Name Locaton Constructon OFKM Park of Ofaqm 4.5 m drllng ppe (G1) LHAV Kbbutz Lahav 5 drllng ppes to depth of 4 m. (permanent GPS ste) able 1: he network BM locaton and method of constructon. 4. FIRS SEP: EPOCH BY EPOCH DAA PROCESSING Each sesson was processed wth the permanent GPS ste (LHAV). Every processng contaned fve stes, whch enabled the producton of 1 baselnes. he coordnates of the permanent GPS staton were set as fed n each sesson processng. Solutons were determned usng the lnear combnaton method and a value of 15 degrees was used as the default cutoff elevaton angle for all the processng. he sessons were processed usng precse orbts, as dssemnated by the Internatonal GPS Servce (IGS). he average vector length was 7 km, whle the longest vector was 55 km long. he baselnes were adjusted nto a network, whle the 3 3varance-covarance matr assocated wth each baselne was used for weghng the observatons. o ensure that the error model would match the GPS observatons better, the varance-covarance matr was multpled by a constant scale factor. Detecton of gross errors was performed usng the w-test. Gross errors n the adjusted model wll result n the reducton of the quadratc form of the resduals (vˆ Pv) ˆ by (Chen, 1987 and Etrog, 1991): 1 R = vˆ PE(E PQ ˆ vpe) E Pv, (8) whle Q v s the Least Squares estmaton of the resduals cofactor matr and E s a matr wth the same number of columns as the number of suspected outlers, n, wth a unt value n the row whch correlates to the suspcous observaton and zeros n all other rows. he test statstc s Rn σ ~F α,n,, where α s the sgnfcance level and σ s the a-pror varance factor. When the observatons n the Least Squares adjustment are GPS vectors the E matr contans 3 tmes the number of columns, snce each vector contans three components. For j recevers there are j( j 1)/ sngle vectors, whle only j-1 of these vectors are ndependent. We therefore multply the normal matr by factor / j to compensate for the artfcal ncrease of redundancy resultng from the use of all possble vectors (Han and Rzos, 1995). he network contaned 11 ponts. Fve sessons were measured n each montorng epoch whch ncluded 5 stes (ecept the last montorng epoch, where one sesson was measured twce). en vectors were processed from each sesson, n total 5 vectors per montorng epoch. he number of unknown parameters to be solved was 3 ( ), and the number of observaton equatons was 15, so for the sum of 1 degrees of freedom could be epected n the adjustment process. he degrees of freedom are reduced by 3 for each vector that s removed from the system. he results of the data processng for each sesson can be seen n table. 5/13
6 Estmatons of the accuracy of the network ponts n a local horzon system n the free net soluton for all 9 montorng epochs can be seen n table 3. hese values present the accuracy of the measurements wthout any nfluence of outsde factors such as datum defnton. he accuracy of LHAV s sgnfcantly hgher than that of the other ponts. Includng LHAV n every sesson processng dramatcally ncreased the number of local degrees of freedom, ths whch resulted n a hgher accuracy. In the G1 ponts a specal devce that was screwed to the pont and enabled a stable set-up of the GPS antenna for long perods of tme was used, whle all the other ponts were measured usng a trpod. However, t can not be clamed that usng the specal devse for the GPS antenna set-up mproved the accuracy compared to ponts that were measured by trpod. Montorng number Average GPS day Number of days between sequental montorng Factor Degrees of freedom able : Summery of the nne montorng campagns. Pont name Accuracy (1σ) average [m] mnmum [m] mamum [m] LHAV A U OFKM U ASHK U F F U EZRA able 3: he accuracy of the network ponts n a local horzon system n the free net soluton. 5. SECOND SEP: DEFORMAION ANALYSIS he mnmum constrants soluton of the network ponts heght for each montorng epoch and ther varance-covarance matr are used as pseudo-measurements for the soluton of the Second Step, where n each soluton dfferent models can be tested to descrbe the vertcal poston of the network ponts. mˆ 6/13
7 5.1 he Deformaton Model wo deformaton models were tested to descrbe the vertcal poston of a pont relatve to tme, the lnear moton model and the swellng and shrnkng dynamc model. he heght of a pont h n tme t s descrbed n the lnear model as equal to h = h + h & t (9) where h s the vertcal locaton of the pont n standard tme t, h & s the lnear velocty of the pont and t = t t. In the dynamc model a cyclc factor s added for the descrpton of the vertcal poston. he model represent the vertcal locaton relatve to tme s receved from the ntegraton of the dynamc model descrbng the acceleraton && h of a pont: π c π && h = cos( t) (1) It s a smple snusodal model whch s dependant on the coeffcent c representng the swellng/shrnkng. he cycle perod s, and the acceleraton s calculate for tme t relatve to the reference tme t, where t = t t. he vertcal heght of a pont as derved from the ntegraton of equaton 1 s c π & h = h + h t cos( t) (11) π where the three parameters, h, h & and c are unknowns and should be solved. 5. he Statstcal ests Statstcal tests are appled for estmatng the correspondence of the moton model and ts sgnfcance. Parameter that s derved from the measurements s tested to see f t s sgnfcantly dfferent from parameter wth a certan confdence level (1 α ). he null hypothess (H ) s tested aganst any alternatve hypothess (H 1) : H : = H: 1 (1) When only one parameter s tested the Ch Square ( χ ) dstrbuton s used, and when a vector of parameters s tested the Fsher (F) dstrbuton (Cooper, 1987) s used. When Q s the cofactor matr of, the null hypothess s tested aganst the alternatve hypothess usng the value w obtaned from Equaton (13) (Hamlton, 1964, Koch, 1999): 7/13
8 w = [( ) Q ( )]/ d. (13) 1 he calculated value w s tested aganst F( α,h,r), whch s determned based on the Fsher dstrbuton wth the chosen sgnfcance level α, the degrees of freedom r,and d the rank of Q. he null hypothess s rejected f w > F( α,r,d). 5.3 Results he lnear moton model he free net soluton of the lnear moton model showed an a-posteror varance factor of unt weght equalng ˆm = 1.66, whle the model nose was wpw =15.. he rato between the a-posteror varance factor and the a-prory varance factor (m = 1.) s tested. he test statstc s (Cooper, 1987) ˆm Ω= F( α, r, ). (14) m he 9 sessons provded 118 degrees of freedom, a rather hgh value n the assessment of s, meanng that r can be defned as nfnty, r =. A falure of the test mght be caused by an ncompatble model, gross errors or a weghtng problem. he test s accepted f Ω< F. Settng the sgnfcance level at α= 5% for the lnear model resulted n F(5,118, ) = 1.7, and the test was accepted, margnally. At the second step, the velocty (h) & of the network ponts was tested. he null hypothess & & H :h= was tested aganst the alternatve hypothess H 1 :h. As the dmenson of P equaled and ts defect was 1, the rank of the matr was d = 1. hus F(5,1, ) = 1.83 was obtaned for an α= 5% level of accuracy. Accordng to Equaton (13) w = 1.4. Snce w < F the null hypothess was accepted, at a sgnfcance level of α= 5%, sgnfyng that there was no lnear movements durng the measurement campagns he swellng and shrnkng model he cycle perod = 1 was set for testng a yearly cycle. When settng t =.1, a mnmum model nose equalng wpw =11.4 was receved for the zero epoch. he a-prory varance factor was ˆm = It s obvously clear that ths dynamc model better fts the observatons then the lnear moton model. he h & and c were tested for the P dmenson of and ts defect, and the rank of the matr was d =. When settng an α= 5% level of sgnfcance, F(5,, ) = 1.57 was obtaned. w = 3.15 was calculated accordng to Equaton (13). Snce w > F the null hypothess was rejected at the sgnfcance level α= 5%, ndcatng that swellng and shrnkng movements occurred durng the measurement campagns. 8/13
9 o clarfy whch ponts moved a datum had to be defned. An S-transformaton was appled to transform vector s and ts covarance matr to a weght constrants soluton. Congruency testng was performed to determne the stable datum ponts (as presented n Equaton (13)) but the test statstc was appled only to the datum ponts. Fve ponts (36A, OFKM, 477, 4U, 4F) n the center of the network were selected as datum (see Fg. ). For an α= 5% level of sgnfcance, F(5,8, ) = 1.94 was obtaned. Accordng to Equaton (13) w =.63 was obtaned. Snce w < F the null hypothess was accepted verfyng that the 5 datum ponts were stable. he weght constrants soluton based on the datum defnton s presented n able 4. Pont name h [m] σ h h & [m/year] σ h & [m/year] c [m/year] σ c [m/year] [m] LHAV A A OFKM ASHK U F F A EZRA able 4: he weght constrants soluton of the swellng and shrnkng model, where ponts 36A, OFKM, 477, 4U and 4F (yellow background) defned the network datum. After settng a stable datum, a sngle pont test was carred for all the other ponts n the network. If the null hypothess was accepted for a sngle pont then the pont was consdered stable at a sgnfcance level α. Otherwse a sgnfcant movement was defned for the pont. Four ponts were found to have sgnfcantly moved (see Fg 1.); ponts (LHAV and 436A) n the southeast part of the network and ponts (4U and EZRA) n the center of the network near the coastlne. he results of the sngle pont testng are presents n able 5. Pont name h r F(α,h,r) k Sgnfcant LHAV yes 436A yes 4U yes 65F no 718A 3..7 no EZRA yes able 5: Sngle pont testng results for a sgnfcance level α= 5%. Fgure 1 depcts the behavor of the tested ponts for the shrnkng and swellng model, when compared wth the datum ponts. he blue ponts represent the measured heght n the 9 campagns. he black lne represents the lnear trend moton and the pnk lne represents the swellng and shrnkng model. 9/13
10 LHAV m year 436A m year 4U m year EZRA m year Fgure 1: he swellng and shrnkng model n the ponts wth sgnfcant movement relatve to the datum ponts (36A, OFKM, 477, 4U, 4F). 1/13
11 Fgure : Map of the montorng area. Green trangles represent montorng network pont. Black lnes defne the datum zone and the red lne defne the deformed zone 6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS A number of dfferent sources may contrbute to the apparent varatons n the observed vertcal ste postons. hese sources nclude global and local phenomenon, where the local phenomenon s dvded to systematcal and ncdental dependant phenomenon. herefore, the vertcal poston of a pont may change n a constant manner, n a systematcal cyclc manner, n an ncdental cyclc manner or n an arbtrary manner. Constant movement may be caused by tectonc plate movements and can be dvded nto constant velocty and acceleraton. Cyclc movement, systematc or ncdental, can be caused by physcal processes of regular or rregular character lke sold earth, ocean and atmospherc 11/13
12 tdes, ground water, hydrodynamc and thermal epanson of bedrock etc. GPS measurements are characterzed by some modelng errors as well, such as errors n the modelng of satellte orbt; atmospherc and water vapor modelng and antenna phase center whch may have seasonal components as well. Based on the eamnaton of the contnuous GPS array daly solutons, Dong et al. () compared the relatve contrbutons of the dfferent sources and found that surface mass redstrbuton, ncludng ocean and earth tdes, as well as atmospherc and ground water loadng, are the prmary causes for the observed annual vertcal varatons of ste postons. he contrbutons of geophyscal sources and model errors to the observed annual vertcal varatons n ste postons are n the magntude of several mllmeters. It s logcal to assume that most of the global and regonal physcal processes whch cause nstablty wll have the same effects n a small area. Lookng at the 5 pont datum defned for ths research, sgnfcant shrnkng and swellng movements are evdent n two local areas, each defned by a par of ponts. he annual ampltude of the ponts LHAV and 436A relatve to the reference system s appromately 1mm, and for the ponts 4U and EZRA t s appromately 1mm. he lnear moton measured for ponts LHAV and 436A s smaller than the moton measured for ponts 4U and EZRA. he larger lnear moton of ponts 4U and EZRA may be caused by the ground water level and lnear changes n the Medterranean Sea level. hese two ponts are close to the coastlne and a Maro-graph located near to pont 4U showed postve lnear rsng of the sea level by 13cm over the montorng year. Attemptng to eplan the varatons n the poston of the ponts by sol epanson schemes accordng to the ranfall cycle s complcated. he swellng and shrnkng model s best fttng when defnng the zero epoch t as.1. In ths model the etreme ponts are receved n the begnnng of January and August (whch n Israel mark the mddle of wnter and summer, respectvely). he amount of precptaton over the nvestgated area s not constant, the ran fall vares between 5mm and 65mm. he ran fall season s lmted to a perod of four months (December to March). herefore, we could epect a mamum swellng at the end of the wnter when the sol s watered and mamum shrnkng at the end of the summer when the sol s completely dry. Any correlaton between the ponts constructon and ther movements s obvous apparent. hus, the tested swellng and shrnkng model may not be the best model to descrbe the local phenomenon n the nvestgated area. Further epermentaton wth dfferent models may be carred wth relatve ease at the second step of the analyss, untl a more sutable model s found to eplan the phenomena detected n the measurements. ACKNOWLEDGMENS he study reported n the above paper was supported by Survey of Israel. 1/13
13 REFERENCES Chen, Y.Q., Kavouuras M., Chrzanowsk A., 1987, A Strategy for Detecton of Outlyng Observatons n Measurements of Hgh Precson. he Canadan Surveyor. 41: Cooper, M. A. R., 1987, Control Surveys n Cvl Engneerng. Collns, London. Dong, D., Fang, P., Bock, Y., Cheng, M.K., and Myazak, S.,, Anatomy of Apparent Seasonal Varatons from GPS-derved Ste Poston me Seres. Journal of Geophyscal Research. 17(B4), 75, do:1.19/1jb573 Ethrog, U., 1991, Statstcal est of Sgnfcance for estng Outlyng Observatons. Survey Revew. 31:6-7. Even-zur, G., 3, Varance Factor Estmaton for wo-step Analyss of Deformaton Networks. Journal of surveyng engneerng. In prntng. Hamlton, W.C., 1964, Statstcs n Physcal Scence. he Ronald Press Company, New- York. Han, S. and Rzos, C., 1995, Selecton and Scalng of Smultaneous Baselnes for GPS Network Adjustment, or Correct Procedures for Processng rval Baselnes. Geomatcs Research Australasa. 63: Karcz, I., 1994, Geologcal Consderatons n Desgn of the Semnal Dead Sea Rft Network. Perelmuter Workshop on Dynamc Deformaton Models, Hafa, Israel. Koch, K.R., 1999, Parameter Estmaton and Hypothess estng n Lnear Models. Second Edton, Sprnger-Verlag, Berln Hedelberg New-York. Papo, HB, and Perelmuter, A, 1993, wo-step Analyss of Dynamcal Networks. Manuscrpta Geodetca, 18: BIOGRAPHICAL NOES Dr. s a senor lecturer at the echnon - Israel Insttute of echnology at the Faculty of Cvl and Envronmental Engneerng. Hs research nterests nclude GPS, Geodetc control networks, optmzaton of geodetc networks and Geodynamcs. CONACS Department of Cvl and Envronmental Engneerng echnon Israel Insttute of echnology Hafa 3 ISRAEL el Fa Emal: eventzur@t.technon.ac.l 13/13
To: Professor Avitabile Date: February 4, 2003 From: Mechanical Student Subject: Experiment #1 Numerical Methods Using Excel
To: Professor Avtable Date: February 4, 3 From: Mechancal Student Subject:.3 Experment # Numercal Methods Usng Excel Introducton Mcrosoft Excel s a spreadsheet program that can be used for data analyss,
More informationESTIMATION OF DIVERGENCES IN PRECAST CONSTRUCTIONS USING GEODETIC CONTROL NETWORKS
Proceedngs, 11 th FIG Symposum on Deformaton Measurements, Santorn, Greece, 2003. ESTIMATION OF DIVERGENCES IN PRECAST CONSTRUCTIONS USING GEODETIC CONTROL NETWORKS George D. Georgopoulos & Elsavet C.
More informationMTBF PREDICTION REPORT
MTBF PREDICTION REPORT PRODUCT NAME: BLE112-A-V2 Issued date: 01-23-2015 Rev:1.0 Copyrght@2015 Bluegga Technologes. All rghts reserved. 1 MTBF PREDICTION REPORT... 1 PRODUCT NAME: BLE112-A-V2... 1 1.0
More informationPerformance Testing of the Rockwell PLGR+ 96 P/Y Code GPS receiver
Performance Testng of the Rockwell PLGR+ 96 P/Y Code GPS recever By Santago Mancebo and Ken Chamberlan Introducton: The Rockwell PLGR (Precson Lghtweght GPS Recever) + 96 s a Precse Postonng Servce P/Y
More informationLearning Ensembles of Convolutional Neural Networks
Learnng Ensembles of Convolutonal Neural Networks Lran Chen The Unversty of Chcago Faculty Mentor: Greg Shakhnarovch Toyota Technologcal Insttute at Chcago 1 Introducton Convolutonal Neural Networks (CNN)
More informationCalculation of the received voltage due to the radiation from multiple co-frequency sources
Rec. ITU-R SM.1271-0 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R SM.1271-0 * EFFICIENT SPECTRUM UTILIZATION USING PROBABILISTIC METHODS Rec. ITU-R SM.1271 (1997) The ITU Radocommuncaton Assembly, consderng a) that communcatons
More informationUncertainty in measurements of power and energy on power networks
Uncertanty n measurements of power and energy on power networks E. Manov, N. Kolev Department of Measurement and Instrumentaton, Techncal Unversty Sofa, bul. Klment Ohrdsk No8, bl., 000 Sofa, Bulgara Tel./fax:
More informationDiscussion on How to Express a Regional GPS Solution in the ITRF
162 Dscusson on How to Express a Regonal GPS Soluton n the ITRF Z. ALTAMIMI 1 Abstract The usefulness of the densfcaton of the Internatonal Terrestral Reference Frame (ITRF) s to facltate ts access as
More informationDETERMINATION OF WIND SPEED PROFILE PARAMETERS IN THE SURFACE LAYER USING A MINI-SODAR
DETERMINATION OF WIND SPEED PROFILE PARAMETERS IN THE SURFACE LAYER USING A MINI-SODAR A. Coppalle, M. Talbaut and F. Corbn UMR 6614 CORIA, Sant Etenne du Rouvray, France INTRODUCTION Recent mprovements
More informationSensors for Motion and Position Measurement
Sensors for Moton and Poston Measurement Introducton An ntegrated manufacturng envronment conssts of 5 elements:- - Machne tools - Inspecton devces - Materal handlng devces - Packagng machnes - Area where
More informationPassive Filters. References: Barbow (pp ), Hayes & Horowitz (pp 32-60), Rizzoni (Chap. 6)
Passve Flters eferences: Barbow (pp 6575), Hayes & Horowtz (pp 360), zzon (Chap. 6) Frequencyselectve or flter crcuts pass to the output only those nput sgnals that are n a desred range of frequences (called
More informationNATIONAL RADIO ASTRONOMY OBSERVATORY Green Bank, West Virginia SPECTRAL PROCESSOR MEMO NO. 25. MEMORANDUM February 13, 1985
NATONAL RADO ASTRONOMY OBSERVATORY Green Bank, West Vrgna SPECTRAL PROCESSOR MEMO NO. 25 MEMORANDUM February 13, 1985 To: Spectral Processor Group From: R. Fsher Subj: Some Experments wth an nteger FFT
More informationPRACTICAL, COMPUTATION EFFICIENT HIGH-ORDER NEURAL NETWORK FOR ROTATION AND SHIFT INVARIANT PATTERN RECOGNITION. Evgeny Artyomov and Orly Yadid-Pecht
68 Internatonal Journal "Informaton Theores & Applcatons" Vol.11 PRACTICAL, COMPUTATION EFFICIENT HIGH-ORDER NEURAL NETWORK FOR ROTATION AND SHIFT INVARIANT PATTERN RECOGNITION Evgeny Artyomov and Orly
More informationComparison of Two Measurement Devices I. Fundamental Ideas.
Comparson of Two Measurement Devces I. Fundamental Ideas. ASQ-RS Qualty Conference March 16, 005 Joseph G. Voelkel, COE, RIT Bruce Sskowsk Rechert, Inc. Topcs The Problem, Eample, Mathematcal Model One
More informationantenna antenna (4.139)
.6.6 The Lmts of Usable Input Levels for LNAs The sgnal voltage level delvered to the nput of an LNA from the antenna may vary n a very wde nterval, from very weak sgnals comparable to the nose level,
More informationControl Chart. Control Chart - history. Process in control. Developed in 1920 s. By Dr. Walter A. Shewhart
Control Chart - hstory Control Chart Developed n 920 s By Dr. Walter A. Shewhart 2 Process n control A phenomenon s sad to be controlled when, through the use of past experence, we can predct, at least
More informationA Comparison of Two Equivalent Real Formulations for Complex-Valued Linear Systems Part 2: Results
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH VOL. 1 NO. () A Comparson of Two Equvalent Real Formulatons for Complex-Valued Lnear Systems Part : Results Abnta Munankarmy and Mchael A. Heroux Department of
More informationDigital Transmission
Dgtal Transmsson Most modern communcaton systems are dgtal, meanng that the transmtted normaton sgnal carres bts and symbols rather than an analog sgnal. The eect o C/N rato ncrease or decrease on dgtal
More informationWalsh Function Based Synthesis Method of PWM Pattern for Full-Bridge Inverter
Walsh Functon Based Synthess Method of PWM Pattern for Full-Brdge Inverter Sej Kondo and Krt Choesa Nagaoka Unversty of Technology 63-, Kamtomoka-cho, Nagaoka 9-, JAPAN Fax: +8-58-7-95, Phone: +8-58-7-957
More informationComparative Analysis of Reuse 1 and 3 in Cellular Network Based On SIR Distribution and Rate
Comparatve Analyss of Reuse and 3 n ular Network Based On IR Dstrbuton and Rate Chandra Thapa M.Tech. II, DEC V College of Engneerng & Technology R.V.. Nagar, Chttoor-5727, A.P. Inda Emal: chandra2thapa@gmal.com
More informationECE315 / ECE515 Lecture 5 Date:
Lecture 5 Date: 18.08.2016 Common Source Amplfer MOSFET Amplfer Dstorton Example 1 One Realstc CS Amplfer Crcut: C c1 : Couplng Capactor serves as perfect short crcut at all sgnal frequences whle blockng
More informationParticle Filters. Ioannis Rekleitis
Partcle Flters Ioanns Reklets Bayesan Flter Estmate state x from data Z What s the probablty of the robot beng at x? x could be robot locaton, map nformaton, locatons of targets, etc Z could be sensor
More informationChapter 29 GPS/GLONASS System Bias Estimation and Application in GPS/GLONASS Combined Positioning
Chapter 29 GPS/GLONASS System Bas Estmaton and Applcaton n GPS/GLONASS Combned Postonng Junpng Chen, Pe Xao, Yze Zhang and Bn Wu Abstract Mult-GNSS data analyss has become a new challenge wth the development
More informationRejection of PSK Interference in DS-SS/PSK System Using Adaptive Transversal Filter with Conditional Response Recalculation
SERBIAN JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Vol., No., November 23, 3-9 Rejecton of PSK Interference n DS-SS/PSK System Usng Adaptve Transversal Flter wth Condtonal Response Recalculaton Zorca Nkolć, Bojan
More informationFEATURE SELECTION FOR SMALL-SIGNAL STABILITY ASSESSMENT
FEAURE SELECION FOR SMALL-SIGNAL SABILIY ASSESSMEN S.P. eeuwsen Unversty of Dusburg teeuwsen@un-dusburg.de Abstract INRODUCION hs paper ntroduces dfferent feature selecton technques for neural network
More informationA Simple Satellite Exclusion Algorithm for Advanced RAIM
A Smple Satellte Excluson Algorthm for Advanced RAIM Juan Blanch, Todd Walter, Per Enge Stanford Unversty ABSTRACT Advanced Recever Autonomous Integrty Montorng s a concept that extends RAIM to mult-constellaton
More informationResearch of Dispatching Method in Elevator Group Control System Based on Fuzzy Neural Network. Yufeng Dai a, Yun Du b
2nd Internatonal Conference on Computer Engneerng, Informaton Scence & Applcaton Technology (ICCIA 207) Research of Dspatchng Method n Elevator Group Control System Based on Fuzzy Neural Network Yufeng
More informationDynamic Optimization. Assignment 1. Sasanka Nagavalli January 29, 2013 Robotics Institute Carnegie Mellon University
Dynamc Optmzaton Assgnment 1 Sasanka Nagavall snagaval@andrew.cmu.edu 16-745 January 29, 213 Robotcs Insttute Carnege Mellon Unversty Table of Contents 1. Problem and Approach... 1 2. Optmzaton wthout
More informationTime-frequency Analysis Based State Diagnosis of Transformers Windings under the Short-Circuit Shock
Tme-frequency Analyss Based State Dagnoss of Transformers Wndngs under the Short-Crcut Shock YUYING SHAO, ZHUSHI RAO School of Mechancal Engneerng ZHIJIAN JIN Hgh Voltage Lab Shangha Jao Tong Unversty
More informationPoint Real-Time Kinematic Positioning
Pont Real-Tme Knematc Postonng Y. Gao, M. Abdel-Salam, K. Chen and A. Wojcechowsk Department of Geomatcs Engneerng 5 Unversty Drve N.W., Calgary, Alberta, Canada TN N4 Abstract. Autonomous pont postonng
More informationOptimizing a System of Threshold-based Sensors with Application to Biosurveillance
Optmzng a System of Threshold-based Sensors wth Applcaton to Bosurvellance Ronald D. Frcker, Jr. Thrd Annual Quanttatve Methods n Defense and Natonal Securty Conference May 28, 2008 What s Bosurvellance?
More informationParameter Free Iterative Decoding Metrics for Non-Coherent Orthogonal Modulation
1 Parameter Free Iteratve Decodng Metrcs for Non-Coherent Orthogonal Modulaton Albert Gullén Fàbregas and Alex Grant Abstract We study decoder metrcs suted for teratve decodng of non-coherently detected
More informationWeighted Penalty Model for Content Balancing in CATS
Weghted Penalty Model for Content Balancng n CATS Chngwe Davd Shn Yuehme Chen Walter Denny Way Len Swanson Aprl 2009 Usng assessment and research to promote learnng WPM for CAT Content Balancng 2 Abstract
More informationANNUAL OF NAVIGATION 11/2006
ANNUAL OF NAVIGATION 11/2006 TOMASZ PRACZYK Naval Unversty of Gdyna A FEEDFORWARD LINEAR NEURAL NETWORK WITH HEBBA SELFORGANIZATION IN RADAR IMAGE COMPRESSION ABSTRACT The artcle presents the applcaton
More informationIEE Electronics Letters, vol 34, no 17, August 1998, pp ESTIMATING STARTING POINT OF CONDUCTION OF CMOS GATES
IEE Electroncs Letters, vol 34, no 17, August 1998, pp. 1622-1624. ESTIMATING STARTING POINT OF CONDUCTION OF CMOS GATES A. Chatzgeorgou, S. Nkolads 1 and I. Tsoukalas Computer Scence Department, 1 Department
More informationRC Filters TEP Related Topics Principle Equipment
RC Flters TEP Related Topcs Hgh-pass, low-pass, Wen-Robnson brdge, parallel-t flters, dfferentatng network, ntegratng network, step response, square wave, transfer functon. Prncple Resstor-Capactor (RC)
More information熊本大学学術リポジトリ. Kumamoto University Repositor
熊本大学学術リポジトリ Kumamoto Unversty Repostor Ttle Wreless LAN Based Indoor Poston and Its Smulaton Author(s) Ktasuka, Teruak; Nakansh, Tsune CtatonIEEE Pacfc RIM Conference on Comm Computers, and Sgnal Processng
More informationNOVEL ITERATIVE TECHNIQUES FOR RADAR TARGET DISCRIMINATION
NOVEL ITERATIVE TECHNIQUES FOR RADAR TARGET DISCRIMINATION Phaneendra R.Venkata, Nathan A. Goodman Department of Electrcal and Computer Engneerng, Unversty of Arzona, 30 E. Speedway Blvd, Tucson, Arzona
More informationMedium Term Load Forecasting for Jordan Electric Power System Using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm Based on Least Square Regression Methods
Journal of Power and Energy Engneerng, 2017, 5, 75-96 http://www.scrp.org/journal/jpee ISSN Onlne: 2327-5901 ISSN Prnt: 2327-588X Medum Term Load Forecastng for Jordan Electrc Power System Usng Partcle
More informationA Current Differential Line Protection Using a Synchronous Reference Frame Approach
A Current Dfferental Lne rotecton Usng a Synchronous Reference Frame Approach L. Sousa Martns *, Carlos Fortunato *, and V.Fernão res * * Escola Sup. Tecnologa Setúbal / Inst. oltécnco Setúbal, Setúbal,
More information2142-Presentation. Advanced Conference on Seismic Risk Mitigation and Sustainable Development May Asi-Sisma Presentations
2142-Presentaton Advanced Conference on Sesmc Rsk Mtgaton and Sustanable Development 10-14 May 2010 As-Ssma Presentatons CANNIZZARO Letza, Barzagh R. and Borgh A. DIIAR - Poltecnco d Mlano ITALY Italan
More informationHigh Speed ADC Sampling Transients
Hgh Speed ADC Samplng Transents Doug Stuetzle Hgh speed analog to dgtal converters (ADCs) are, at the analog sgnal nterface, track and hold devces. As such, they nclude samplng capactors and samplng swtches.
More informationTechnical Literature. SmartRTK: A Novel Method Of Processing Standardised RTCM Network RTK Information For High Precision Positioning
SmartRTK: A Novel Method Of Processng Standardsed RTCM Network RTK Informaton For Hgh Precson Postonng Aprl 008 Frank Takac, Werner Lenhart Techncal Lterature Takac, F. and Lenhart, W., (008), SmartRTK:
More informationNetwork Theory. EC / EE / IN. for
Network Theory for / / IN By www.thegateacademy.com Syllabus Syllabus for Networks Network Graphs: Matrces Assocated Wth Graphs: Incdence, Fundamental ut Set and Fundamental rcut Matrces. Soluton Methods:
More informationState Description of Wireless Channels Using Change-Point Statistical Tests
3 JOURNAL OF INTERNET ENGINEERING, VOL., NO., JANUARY 27 State Descrpton of Wreless Channels Usng Change-Pont Statstcal Tests Dmtr Moltchanov, Yevgen Koucheryavy, and Jarmo Harju Abstract Wreless channels
More informationEvaluate the Effective of Annular Aperture on the OTF for Fractal Optical Modulator
Global Advanced Research Journal of Management and Busness Studes (ISSN: 2315-5086) Vol. 4(3) pp. 082-086, March, 2015 Avalable onlne http://garj.org/garjmbs/ndex.htm Copyrght 2015 Global Advanced Research
More informationShunt Active Filters (SAF)
EN-TH05-/004 Martt Tuomanen (9) Shunt Actve Flters (SAF) Operaton prncple of a Shunt Actve Flter. Non-lnear loads lke Varable Speed Drves, Unnterrupted Power Supples and all knd of rectfers draw a non-snusodal
More informationThe Effect Of Phase-Shifting Transformer On Total Consumers Payments
Australan Journal of Basc and Appled Scences 5(: 854-85 0 ISSN -88 The Effect Of Phase-Shftng Transformer On Total Consumers Payments R. Jahan Mostafa Nck 3 H. Chahkand Nejad Islamc Azad Unversty Brjand
More informationsensors ISSN
Sensors,, 8-97; do:.339/s8 OPEN ACCESS sensors ISSN 44-8 www.mdp.com/ournal/sensors Artcle Extended Target Recognton n Cogntve Radar Networks Ymn We, uadong Meng *, Ymn Lu and Xqn Wang Department of Electronc
More informationOptimal Placement of PMU and RTU by Hybrid Genetic Algorithm and Simulated Annealing for Multiarea Power System State Estimation
T. Kerdchuen and W. Ongsakul / GMSARN Internatonal Journal (09) - Optmal Placement of and by Hybrd Genetc Algorthm and Smulated Annealng for Multarea Power System State Estmaton Thawatch Kerdchuen and
More informationGLONASS Double Difference Ambiguity Resolution in Real-Time
GLONASS Double Dfference Ambguty Resoluton n Real-Tme do Rossbach IfEN Gesellschaft für Satelltennavgaton mbh (IfEN GmbH), 85579 Neubberg, Germany BIOGRAPHY do Rossbach holds a degree n aeronautcal engneerng
More informationAN ALTERNATE CUT-OFF FREQUENCY FOR THE RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD OF SEISMIC ANALYSIS
ASIAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING (BUILDING AND HOUSING) VOL. 11, NO. 3 (010) PAGES 31-334 AN ALTERNATE CUT-OFF FREQUENCY FOR THE RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD OF SEISMIC ANALYSIS M. Dhleep a*, N.P. Shahul
More informationaperture David Makovoz, 30/01/2006 Version 1.0 Table of Contents
aperture 1 aperture Davd Makovoz, 30/01/2006 Verson 1.0 Table of Contents aperture... 1 1 Overvew... 2 1.1 Input Image Requrements... 2 2 aperture... 2 2.1 Input... 2 2.2 Processng... 4 2.3 Output Table...
More informationQ-Adaptation of UKF Algorithm for Estimation of the Autonomous Underwater Vehicles Dynamics
Proceedngs of the 5 th Internatonal Conference of Control, Dynamc Systems, and Robotcs (CDSR'8) Nagara Falls, Canada June 7 9, 208 Paper No. 03 DOI: 0.59/cdsr8.03 Q-Adaptaton of UKF Algorthm for Estmaton
More informationAir Exchange and Ventilation in an Underground Train Station
Ar Echange and Ventlaton n an Underground Tran Staton Mkael Björlng 1* 1 Unversty of Gävle, Faculty of Technology and Envronment, Department of Buldngs, Energy, and Envronment, 1 76 Gävle * Correspondng
More informationGPS Attitude Determination Reliability Performance Improvement Using Low Cost Receivers
Journal of Global Postonng Systems (22) Vol. 1, No. 2: 85-95 GPS Atttude Determnaton Relablty Performance Improvement Usng Low Cost Recevers Chaochao Wang and Gérard Lachapelle Department of Geomatcs Engneerng,
More informationGuidelines for CCPR and RMO Bilateral Key Comparisons CCPR Working Group on Key Comparison CCPR-G5 October 10 th, 2014
Gudelnes for CCPR and RMO Blateral Key Comparsons CCPR Workng Group on Key Comparson CCPR-G5 October 10 th, 2014 These gudelnes are prepared by CCPR WG-KC and RMO P&R representatves, and approved by CCPR,
More informationGeneralized Incomplete Trojan-Type Designs with Unequal Cell Sizes
Internatonal Journal of Theoretcal & Appled Scences 6(1): 50-54(2014) ISSN No. (Prnt): 0975-1718 ISSN No. (Onlne): 2249-3247 Generalzed Incomplete Trojan-Type Desgns wth Unequal Cell Szes Cn Varghese,
More informationControl of Chaos in Positive Output Luo Converter by means of Time Delay Feedback
Control of Chaos n Postve Output Luo Converter by means of Tme Delay Feedback Nagulapat nkran.ped@gmal.com Abstract Faster development n Dc to Dc converter technques are undergong very drastc changes due
More informationApplication of Intelligent Voltage Control System to Korean Power Systems
Applcaton of Intellgent Voltage Control System to Korean Power Systems WonKun Yu a,1 and HeungJae Lee b, *,2 a Department of Power System, Seol Unversty, South Korea. b Department of Power System, Kwangwoon
More informationStudy of the Improved Location Algorithm Based on Chan and Taylor
Send Orders for eprnts to reprnts@benthamscence.ae 58 The Open Cybernetcs & Systemcs Journal, 05, 9, 58-6 Open Access Study of the Improved Locaton Algorthm Based on Chan and Taylor Lu En-Hua *, Xu Ke-Mng
More informationDesensitized Kalman Filtering with Analytical Gain
Desenstzed Kalman Flterng wth Analytcal Gan ashan Lou School of Electrc and Informaton Engneerng, Zhengzhou Unversty of Lght Industry, Zhengzhou, 45002, Chna, tayzan@sna.com Abstract: he possble methodologes
More informationWebinar Series TMIP VISION
Webnar Seres TMIP VISION TMIP provdes techncal support and promotes knowledge and nformaton exchange n the transportaton plannng and modelng communty. DISCLAIMER The vews and opnons expressed durng ths
More informationSpace Time Equalization-space time codes System Model for STCM
Space Tme Eualzaton-space tme codes System Model for STCM The system under consderaton conssts of ST encoder, fadng channel model wth AWGN, two transmt antennas, one receve antenna, Vterb eualzer wth deal
More informationHigh Speed, Low Power And Area Efficient Carry-Select Adder
Internatonal Journal of Scence, Engneerng and Technology Research (IJSETR), Volume 5, Issue 3, March 2016 Hgh Speed, Low Power And Area Effcent Carry-Select Adder Nelant Harsh M.tech.VLSI Desgn Electroncs
More informationEmpirical Assessment and Modelling of RFI Impact on Aviation GPS/SBAS Receiver Performance
Emprcal Assessment and Modellng of RFI Impact on Avaton GPS/SBAS Recever Performance M. Scaramuzza, P. Truffer, M. Troller, H. Wpf (retred), skygude, Swss Ar avgaton Servces Ltd. H. Lebundgut, REGA M.
More informationEstimating the Residual Tropospheric Delay for Airborne Differential GPS Positioning
Estmatng the Resdual Tropospherc Delay for Arborne Dfferental GPS Postonng J. Paul Collns and Rchard B. Langley Geodetc Research Laboratory, Department of Geodesy and Geomatcs Engneerng, Unversty of New
More informationGraph Method for Solving Switched Capacitors Circuits
Recent Advances n rcuts, ystems, gnal and Telecommuncatons Graph Method for olvng wtched apactors rcuts BHUMIL BRTNÍ Department of lectroncs and Informatcs ollege of Polytechncs Jhlava Tolstého 6, 586
More informationPerformance Analysis of the Weighted Window CFAR Algorithms
Performance Analyss of the Weghted Wndow CFAR Algorthms eng Xangwe Guan Jan He You Department of Electronc Engneerng, Naval Aeronautcal Engneerng Academy, Er a road 88, Yanta Cty 6400, Shandong Provnce,
More informationTECHNICAL NOTE TERMINATION FOR POINT- TO-POINT SYSTEMS TN TERMINATON FOR POINT-TO-POINT SYSTEMS. Zo = L C. ω - angular frequency = 2πf
TECHNICAL NOTE TERMINATION FOR POINT- TO-POINT SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION Because dgtal sgnal rates n computng systems are ncreasng at an astonshng rate, sgnal ntegrty ssues have become far more mportant to
More informationPrevention of Sequential Message Loss in CAN Systems
Preventon of Sequental Message Loss n CAN Systems Shengbng Jang Electrcal & Controls Integraton Lab GM R&D Center, MC: 480-106-390 30500 Mound Road, Warren, MI 48090 shengbng.jang@gm.com Ratnesh Kumar
More informationBeam quality measurements with Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor and M2-sensor: comparison of two methods
Beam qualty measurements wth Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor and M-sensor: comparson of two methods J.V.Sheldakova, A.V.Kudryashov, V.Y.Zavalova, T.Y.Cherezova* Moscow State Open Unversty, Adaptve Optcs
More informationThe Dynamic Utilization of Substation Measurements to Maintain Power System Observability
1 The Dynamc Utlzaton of Substaton Measurements to Mantan Power System Observablty Y. Wu, Student Member, IEEE, M. Kezunovc, Fellow, IEEE and T. Kostc, Member, IEEE Abstract-- In a power system State Estmator
More informationAFV-P 2U/4U. AC + DC Power Solutions. series. Transient Generation for Disturbance Tests. only. High Performance Programmable AC Power Source
AFV-P seres Hgh Performance Programmable AC Power Source only 2U/4U Intutve Touch Screen HMI Output Frequency up to 15-1000Hz Power Lne Smulatons: Step & Ramp Features Fast Response Tme: 300μs AC Source
More informationEstimating Mean Time to Failure in Digital Systems Using Manufacturing Defective Part Level
Estmatng Mean Tme to Falure n Dgtal Systems Usng Manufacturng Defectve Part Level Jennfer Dworak, Davd Dorsey, Amy Wang, and M. Ray Mercer Texas A&M Unversty IBM Techncal Contact: Matthew W. Mehalc, PowerPC
More informationTest 2. ECON3161, Game Theory. Tuesday, November 6 th
Test 2 ECON36, Game Theory Tuesday, November 6 th Drectons: Answer each queston completely. If you cannot determne the answer, explanng how you would arrve at the answer may earn you some ponts.. (20 ponts)
More informationOptimal Sizing and Allocation of Residential Photovoltaic Panels in a Distribution Network for Ancillary Services Application
Optmal Szng and Allocaton of Resdental Photovoltac Panels n a Dstrbuton Networ for Ancllary Servces Applcaton Reza Ahmad Kordhel, Student Member, IEEE, S. Al Pourmousav, Student Member, IEEE, Jayarshnan
More informationA study of turbo codes for multilevel modulations in Gaussian and mobile channels
A study of turbo codes for multlevel modulatons n Gaussan and moble channels Lamne Sylla and Paul Forter (sylla, forter)@gel.ulaval.ca Department of Electrcal and Computer Engneerng Laval Unversty, Ste-Foy,
More informationOn-the-fly GPS-based attitude determination using single- and double- differenced carrier phase measurements
On-the-fly GPS-based atttude determnaton usng sngle- and double- dfferenced carrer phase measurements Y. LI, K ZHANG AND C. ROBERTS Dept of Geospatal Scence, RMIT Unversty, GPO Box 476V, Melbourne 3001
More informationTh P5 13 Elastic Envelope Inversion SUMMARY. J.R. Luo* (Xi'an Jiaotong University), R.S. Wu (UC Santa Cruz) & J.H. Gao (Xi'an Jiaotong University)
-4 June 5 IFEMA Madrd h P5 3 Elastc Envelope Inverson J.R. Luo* (X'an Jaotong Unversty), R.S. Wu (UC Santa Cruz) & J.H. Gao (X'an Jaotong Unversty) SUMMARY We developed the elastc envelope nverson method.
More informationproblems palette of David Rock and Mary K. Porter 6. A local musician comes to your school to give a performance
palette of problems Davd Rock and Mary K. Porter 1. If n represents an nteger, whch of the followng expressons yelds the greatest value? n,, n, n, n n. A 60-watt lghtbulb s used for 95 hours before t burns
More information@IJMTER-2015, All rights Reserved 383
SIL of a Safety Fuzzy Logc Controller 1oo usng Fault Tree Analyss (FAT and realablty Block agram (RB r.-ing Mohammed Bsss 1, Fatma Ezzahra Nadr, Prof. Amam Benassa 3 1,,3 Faculty of Scence and Technology,
More informationWe assume a two-layered model, and a P wave is excited in the upper layer.
3.4 Crtcal angle We assume a two-layered model, and a P wave s ected n the uer layer. When a P wave mnges on a horontal boundary, the ncdence angle for the transmtted P wave n the second medum s gven by
More information4.3- Modeling the Diode Forward Characteristic
2/8/2012 3_3 Modelng the ode Forward Characterstcs 1/3 4.3- Modelng the ode Forward Characterstc Readng Assgnment: pp. 179-188 How do we analyze crcuts wth juncton dodes? 2 ways: Exact Solutons ffcult!
More informationPOLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY Electrical Engineering Department. EE SOPHOMORE LABORATORY Experiment 1 Laboratory Energy Sources
POLYTECHNIC UNIERSITY Electrcal Engneerng Department EE SOPHOMORE LABORATORY Experment 1 Laboratory Energy Sources Modfed for Physcs 18, Brooklyn College I. Oerew of the Experment Ths experment has three
More informationAIR FORCE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
MULTIPLE ACCESS INTERFERENCE CHARACTERIZATION FOR DIRECT-SEQUENCE SPREAD-SPECTRUM COMMUNICATIONS USING CHIP WAVEFORM SHAPING THESIS Matthew G. Glen, Captan, USAF AFIT/GE/ENG/04-10 DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR
More informationFrequency Map Analysis at CesrTA
Frequency Map Analyss at CesrTA J. Shanks. FREQUENCY MAP ANALYSS A. Overvew The premse behnd Frequency Map Analyss (FMA) s relatvely straghtforward. By samplng turn-by-turn (TBT) data (typcally 2048 turns)
More informationArterial Travel Time Estimation Based On Vehicle Re-Identification Using Magnetic Sensors: Performance Analysis
Arteral Travel Tme Estmaton Based On Vehcle Re-Identfcaton Usng Magnetc Sensors: Performance Analyss Rene O. Sanchez, Chrstopher Flores, Roberto Horowtz, Ram Raagopal and Pravn Varaya Department of Mechancal
More informationMethods for Preventing Voltage Collapse
Methods for Preventng Voltage Collapse Cláuda Res 1, Antóno Andrade 2, and F. P. Macel Barbosa 3 1 Telecommuncatons Insttute of Avero Unversty, Unversty Campus of Avero, Portugal cres@av.t.pt 2 Insttute
More informationSatellite Attitude Determination Using GPS Receiver Based on Wahba Cost Function
5 th SASech 0, Khavaran Hgher-educaton Insttute, Mashhad, Iran. May -4. Satellte Atttude Determnaton Usng GPS Recever Based on Wahba Cost Functon Asghar Ebrahm, Malek Ashtar Unv. of ech., ehran, Iran Emal:
More informationTransformer winding modal parameter identification based on poly-reference least-square complex frequency domain method
Internatonal Conference on Advanced Electronc Scence and Technology (AEST 2016) Transformer wndng modal parameter dentfcaton based on poly-reference least-square complex frequency doman method Yanng L
More informationMASTER TIMING AND TOF MODULE-
MASTER TMNG AND TOF MODULE- G. Mazaher Stanford Lnear Accelerator Center, Stanford Unversty, Stanford, CA 9409 USA SLAC-PUB-66 November 99 (/E) Abstract n conjuncton wth the development of a Beam Sze Montor
More informationTHEORY OF YARN STRUCTURE by Prof. Bohuslav Neckář, Textile Department, IIT Delhi, New Delhi. Compression of fibrous assemblies
THEORY OF YARN STRUCTURE by Prof. Bohuslav Neckář, Textle Department, IIT Delh, New Delh. Compresson of fbrous assembles Q1) What was the dea of fbre-to-fbre contact accordng to van Wyk? A1) Accordng to
More informationRadio Link Parameters Based QoE Measurement of Voice Service in GSM Network *
Communcatons and etwork, 2013, 5, 448-454 http://dx.do.org/10.4236/cn.2013.53b2083 Publshed Onlne September 2013 (http://www.scrp.org/journal/cn) Rado Lnk Parameters Based QoE Measurement of Voce Servce
More informationA Preliminary Study on Targets Association Algorithm of Radar and AIS Using BP Neural Network
Avalable onlne at www.scencedrect.com Proceda Engneerng 5 (2 44 445 A Prelmnary Study on Targets Assocaton Algorthm of Radar and AIS Usng BP Neural Networ Hu Xaoru a, Ln Changchuan a a Navgaton Insttute
More informationMultichannel Frequency Comparator VCH-315. User Guide
Multchannel Frequency Comparator VCH-315 User Gude Table of contents 1 Introducton... 3 2 The workng prncple of the Comparator... 6 3 The computed functons... 8 3.1 Basc ratos... 8 3.2 Statstcal functons...
More informationInteger Programming. P.H.S. Torr Lecture 5. Integer Programming
Integer Programmng P.H.S. Torr Lecture 5 Integer Programmng Outlne Mathematcal programmng paradgm Lnear Programmng Integer Programmng Integer Programmng Eample Unmodularty LP -> IP Theorem Concluson Specal
More informationStrategies for Enhanced Dual Failure Restorability with Static or Reconfigurable p-cycle Networks
Reprnt of paper to appear at the 2004 Internatonal Conference on Communcatons (ICC 2004), Pars, France, June 2004. Strateges for Enhanced Dual Falure Restorablty wth Statc or Reconfgurable p-cycle Networs
More informationCHAPTER 29 AN EXAMPLE OF THE MONTECARLO SIMULATIONS: THE LANGEVIN DYNAMICS
CHAPTER 9 AN EXAMPLE OF THE MONTECARLO SIMULATIONS: THE LANGEVIN DYNAMICS Objectves After completng the readng of ths chapter, you wll be able to: Construct a polymer chan. Devse a smple MC smulaton program
More informationTHE GENERATION OF 400 MW RF PULSES AT X-BAND USING RESONANT DELAY LINES *
SLAC PUB 874 3/1999 THE GENERATION OF 4 MW RF PULSES AT X-BAND USING RESONANT DELAY LINES * Sam G. Tantaw, Arnold E. Vleks, and Rod J. Loewen Stanford Lnear Accelerator Center, Stanford Unversty P.O. Box
More information