ARC FLASH HAZARD ANALYSIS AND MITIGATION

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "ARC FLASH HAZARD ANALYSIS AND MITIGATION"

Transcription

1 ARC FLASH HAZARD ANALYSIS AND MITIGATION J.C. Das IEEE PRESS SERIES 0N POWER ENGINEERING Mohamed E. El-Hawary, Series Editor IEEE IEEE PRESS WILEY A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

2 CONTENTS Foreword Preface About the Author xix xxi xxiri 1 ARC FLASH HAZARDS AND THEIR ANALYSES Electrical Arcs Arc as a Heat Source Arcing Phenomena in a Cubicle Arc Flash Hazard and Personal Safety Time Motion Studies Arc Flash Hazards Arc Blast Electrical Shock Hazard Resistance of Human Body Fire Hazard Arc Flash Hazard Analysis Ralph Lee's and NFPA Equations IEEE 1584 Guide Equations Personal Protective Equipment Hazard Boundaries Working Distance Arc Flash Labels Maximum Duration of an Arc Flash Event and Arc Flash Boundary Arc Flash Hazard with Equipment Doors Closed Reasons for Internal Arcing Faults Arc Flash Hazard Calculation Steps NFPA Table 130.7(C)(15)(a) 32 v

3 Vi CONTENTS 1.14 Examples of Calculations Reducing Arc Flash Hazard 36 Review Questions 37 References 37 2 SAFETY AND PREVENTION THROUGH DESIGN: A NEW FRONTIER Electrical Standards and Codes Prevention through Design Limitations of Existing Codes, Regulations, and Standards Electrical Hazards Changing the Safety Culture Risk Analysis for Critical Operation Power Systems Existing Systems New Facilities Reliability Analysis Data for Reliability Evaluations Methods of Evaluation Reliability and Safety Maintenance and Operation Maintenance Strategies Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM) Safety Integrity Level and Safety Instrumented System 55 Review Questions 57 References 57 3 CRITIQUE OF IEEE GUIDE 1584 ARC FLASH CALCULATIONS Variations of Arcing Currents Gap between Electrodes Variations of Incident Energy Some Anomalies in IEEE Equations Lee's Arc Model IEEE Experimental Model Setup Electrical Arc Burn Hazard Effect of Insulating Barriers Without Barrier With Barriers Arc Flash Test Models Alternate Equations Further Testing and Research 78

4 CONTENTS Vii 3.12 Effectiveness of PPE Calculated Based on IEEE 1584 Guide 79 Review Question 80 References 80 4 ARC FLASH HAZARD AND SYSTEM GROUNDING System and Equipment Grounding Solidly Grounded Systems Low Resistance Grounding High Resistance Grounded Systems Fault Detection, Alarms, and Isolation Ungrounded Systems Reactance Grounding Resonant Grounding Corner of Delta-Grounded Systems Surge Arresters Artificially Derived Neutrals Multiple Grounded Systems Comparison of Grounding Systems Arc Flash Hazard in Solidly Grounded Systems Protection and Coordination in Solidly Grounded Systems Self-Extinguishing Ground Faults Improving Coordination in Solidly Grounded Low Voltage Systems Ground Fault Coordination in Low Resistance Grounded Medium Voltage Systems Remote Tripping Ground Fault Protection of Industrial Bus-Connected Generators Directional Ground Fault Relays Monitoring of Grounding Resistors Selection of Grounding Systems 124 Review Questions 125 References SHORT-CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS ACCORDING TO ANSI/IEEE STANDARDS FOR ARC FLASH ANALYSIS Types of Calculations Assumptions: Short-Circuit Calculations Short-Circuit Currents for Arc Flash Calculations 130

5 viii CONTENTS 5.2 Rating Structure of HV Circuit Breakers Low-Voltage Motors Rotating Machine Model Calculation Methods Simplified Method X/R<\ Simplified Method X/R > E/Z Method for AC and DC Decrement Adjustments Network Reduction Calculation Procedure Analytical Calculation Procedure Capacitor and Static Converter Contributions to Short-Circuit Currents Typical Computer-Based Calculation Results First-Cycle or Momentary Duty Calculations Interrupting Duty Calculations Low Voltage Circuit Breaker Duty Calculations Examples of Calculations Calculation of Short-Circuit Duties tf-rated 15 kv Circuit Breakers kV Circuit Breakers and Motor Starters Transformer Primary Switches and Fused Switches Low Voltage Circuit Breakers Thirty-Cycle Short-Circuit Currents Unsymmetrical Short-Circuit Currents S ingle Line-to-Ground Fault Double Line-to-Ground Fault Line-to-Line Fault Computer Methods Line-to-Ground Fault Line-to-Line Fault Double Line-to-Ground Fault 171 Review Questions 173 References ACCOUNTING FOR DECAYING SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS IN ARC FLASH CALCULATIONS Short Circuit of a Passive Element Systems with No AC Decay 179

6 CONTENTS IX 6.3 Reactances of a Synchronous Machine Leakage Reactance Sub-transient Reactance Transient Reactance Synchronous Reactance Quadrature-Axis Reactances Negative Sequence Reactance Zero Sequence Reactance Saturation of Reactances Time Constants of Synchronous Machines Open-Circuit Time Constant Subtransient Short-Circuit Time Constant Transient Short-Circuit Time Constant Armature Time Constant Synchronous Machine Behavior on Terminal Short Circuit Equivalent Circuits during Fault Fault Decrement Curve Short Circuit of Synchronous Motors and Condensers Short Circuit of Induction Motors A New Algorithm for Arc Flash Calculations with Decaying Short-Circuit Currents Available Computer-Based Calculations Accumulation of Energy from Multiple Sources Comparative Calculations 198 Review Questions 201 References PROTECTIVE RELAYING Protection and Coordination from Arc Flash Considerations Classification of Relay Types Design Criteria of Protective Systems Selectivity Speed Reliability Backup Protection Overcurrent Protection Overcurrent Relays Multifunction Overcurrent Relays IEC Curves 214

7 X CONTENTS 7.5 Low Voltage Circuit Breakers Molded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCBs) Current-Limiting MCCBs Insulated Case Circuit Breakers (ICCBs) Low Voltage Power Circuit Breakers (LVPCBs) Short-Time Bands of LVPCBs Trip Programmers Short-Circuit Ratings of Low Voltage Circuit Breakers Single-Pole Interrupting Capability Short-Time Ratings Series-Connected Ratings Fuses Current-Limiting Fuses Low Voltage Fuses High Voltage Fuses Electronic Fuses Interrupting Ratings Application of Fuses for Arc Flash Reduction Low Voltage Motor Starters Medium Voltage Motor Starters Low Voltage Switchgear Conductor Protection Load Current Carrying Capabilities of Conductors Conductor Terminations Considerations of Voltage Drops Short-Circuit Considerations Overcurrent Protection of Conductors Motor Protection Coordination with Motor Thermal Damage Curve Generator 51-V Protection Arc Flash Considerations 261 Review Questions 263 References UNIT PROTECTION SYSTEMS Overlapping the Zones of Protection Importance of Differential Systems for Arc Flash Reduction Bus Differential Schemes Overcurrent Differential Protection 272

8 STENTS Xi Partial Differential Schemes Percent Differential Relays High Impedance Differential Relays Sensitivity for Internal Faults High impedance Microprocessor-Based Multifunction Relays Low Impedance Current Differential Relays CT Saturation Comparison with High Impedance Relays Electromechanical Transformer Differential Relays Harmonic Restraint Microprocessor-Based Transformer Differential Relays CT Connections and Phase Angle Compensation Dynamic CT Ratio Corrections Security under Transformer Magnetizing Currents Piiot Wire Protection Modern Line Current Differential Protection The Alpha Plane Enhanced Current Differential Characteristics Examples of Arc Flash Reduction with Differential Relays 301 Review Questions 304 References ARC FAULT DETECTION RELAYS Principle of Operation Light Intensity Light Sensor Types Other Hardware Selective Tripping Supervision with Current Elements Applications Medium Voltage Systems Low Voltage Circuit Breakers Self-Testing of Sensors Examples of Calculation Arc Vault Protection for Low Voltage Systems 31? Detection System 32 Review Questions 3' References -

9 xii CONTENTS 10 OVERCURRENT COORDINATION Standards and Requirements Data for the Coordination Study Computer-Based Coordination Initial Analysis Coordinating Time Interval Relay Overtravel Fundamental Considerations for Coordination Settings on Bends of Time-Current Coordination Curves Coordination on Instantaneous Basis Selectivity between Two Series-Connected Current-Limiting Fuses Selectivity of a Current-Limiting Fuse Downstream of Noncurrent-Limiting Circuit Breaker Selectivity of Current-Limiting Devices in Series NEC Requirements of Selectivity Fully Selective Systems Selection of Equipment Ratings and Trip Devices Energy Boundary Curves The Art of Compromise 353 Review Questions 363 References TRANSFORMER PROTECTION NEC Requirements Arc Flash Considerations System Configurations of Transformer Connections Auto-Transfer of Bus Loads Through Fault Current Withstand Capability Category I Category II Category III and IV Observation on Faults during Life Expectancy of a Transformer Dry-Type Transformers Constructing the Through Fault Curve Analytically Protection with Respect to Through Fault Curves 381

10 CONTENTS Xiii 11.6 Transformer Primary Fuse Protection Valuations in the Fuse Characteristics Single Phasing and Ferroresonance Other Considerations of Fuse Protection Overcurrent Relays for Transformer Primary Protection Listing Requirements Effect of Transformer Winding Connections Requirements of Ground Fault Protection Through Fault Protection Primary Fuse Protection Primary Relay Protection Overall Transformer Protection A Practical Study for Arc Flash Reduction System Configuration Coordination Study and Observations Arc Flash Calculations: High Hazard Risk Category (HRC) Levels Reducing HRC Levels with Main Secondary Circuit Breakers Maintenance Mode Switches on Low Voltage Trip Programmers Addition of Secondary Relay 408 Review Questions 411 References CURRENT TRANSFORMERS Accuracy Classification of CTs Metering Accuracies Relaying Accuracies Relaying Accuracy Classification X Accuracy Classification T Constructional Features of CTs Secondary Terminal Voltage Rating Saturation Voltage Saturation Factor CT Ratio and Phase Angle Errors Interrelation of CT Ratio and C Class Accuracy Polarity of Instrument Transformers 424

11 xiv CONTENTS 12.7 Application Considerations Select CT Ratio Make a Single-Line Diagram of the CT Connections CT Burden Short-Circuit Currents and Asymmetry Calculate Steady-State Performance Calculate Steady-State Errors Series and Parallel Connections of CTs Transient Performance of the CTs CT Saturation Calculations Effect of Remanence Practicality of Application CTs for Low Resistance-Grounded Medium Voltage Systems Future Directions 437 Review Questions 440 References ARC-RESISTANT EQUIPMENT Calculations of Arc Flash Hazard in Arc-Resistant Equipment Probability of Arcing Fault Qualifications in IEEE Guide Accessibility Types Type Type Suffix B Suffix C Suffix D IEC Accessibility Types Arc-Resistant Ratings Duration Ratings Device-Limited Ratings 448 J Effect of Cable Connections Testing According to IEEE Guide Criterion Criterion Criterion Criterion 4 452

12 CONTENTS XV 13.6J Criterion Maintenance Pressure Relief Venting and Plenums Venting into Surrounding Area Plenums Cable Entries 457 Review Questions 459 References RECENT TRENDS AND INNOVATIONS Statistical Data of Arc Flash Hazards Zone-Selective Interlocking Low Voltage ZSI Systems Zone Interlocking in Medium Voltage Systems Microprocessor-Based Low Voltage Switchgear Microprocessor-Based Switchgear Concept Accounting for Motor Contributions Faults on the Source Side Arc Flash Hazard Reduction Low Voltage Motor Control Centers Desirable MCC Design Features Recent Design Improvements Higher Short-Circuit Withstand MCCs Maintenance Mode Switch Infrared Windows and Sight Glasses Fault Current Limiters Partial Discharge Measurements Online versus Offline Measurements Test Methods Current Signature Analysis: Rotating Machines Dissipation Factor Tip-Up 498 Review Questions 500 References ARC FLASH HAZARD CALCULATIONS IN DC SYSTEMS Calculations of the Short-Circuit Currents in DC Systems Sources of DC Short-Circuit Currents 504

13 xvi CONTENTS 15.3 IEC Calculation Procedures 505 ] 5.4 Short Circuit of a Lead Acid Battery Short Circuit of DC Motors and Generators Short-Circuit Current of a Rectifier Short Circuit of a Charged Capacitor Total Short-Circuit Current DC Circuit Breakers and Fuses DC Circuit Breakers DC Rated Fuses Arcing in DC Systems Equations for Calculation of Incident Energy in DC Systems Protection of the Semiconductor Devices Controlled Converters 536 Review Questions 537 References APPLICATION OF ETHERNET AND IEC COMMUNICATIONS IEC Protocol Modern leds Substation Architecture IEC Communication Structure Logical Nodes Ethernet Connection Networking Media Copper Twisted Shielded and Unshielded Fiber Optic Cable Network Topologies Prioritizing GOOSE Messages Technoeconomical Justifications Application to Arc Flash Relaying and Communications 556 Review Questions 556 References 556 Appendix A Statistics and Probability Applied to Electrical Engineering 558 A. 1 Mean Mode and Median 558 A.2 Mean and Standard Deviation 559

14 CONTENTS xvii A.3 Skewness and Kurtosis 560 A.4 Normal or Gaussian Distribution 561 A.5 Curve Fitting: Least Square Line 563 References 566 Appendix B Tables for Quick Estimation of Incident Energy and PPE in Electrical Systems 567 Index 605

Industrial Electrician Level 3

Industrial Electrician Level 3 Industrial Electrician Level 3 Industrial Electrician Unit: C1 Industrial Electrical Code I Level: Three Duration: 77 hours Theory: Practical: 77 hours 0 hours Overview: This unit is designed to provide

More information

CONTENTS. 1. Introduction Generating Stations 9 40

CONTENTS. 1. Introduction Generating Stations 9 40 CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1 8 Importance of Electrical Energy Generation of Electrical Energy Sources of Energy Comparison of Energy Sources Units of Energy Relationship among Energy Units Efficiency Calorific

More information

PROTECTION of electricity distribution networks

PROTECTION of electricity distribution networks PROTECTION of electricity distribution networks Juan M. Gers and Edward J. Holmes The Institution of Electrical Engineers Contents Preface and acknowledgments x 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Basic principles of

More information

Numbering System for Protective Devices, Control and Indication Devices for Power Systems

Numbering System for Protective Devices, Control and Indication Devices for Power Systems Appendix C Numbering System for Protective Devices, Control and Indication Devices for Power Systems C.1 APPLICATION OF PROTECTIVE RELAYS, CONTROL AND ALARM DEVICES FOR POWER SYSTEM CIRCUITS The requirements

More information

Topic 6 Quiz, February 2017 Impedance and Fault Current Calculations For Radial Systems TLC ONLY!!!!! DUE DATE FOR TLC- February 14, 2017

Topic 6 Quiz, February 2017 Impedance and Fault Current Calculations For Radial Systems TLC ONLY!!!!! DUE DATE FOR TLC- February 14, 2017 Topic 6 Quiz, February 2017 Impedance and Fault Current Calculations For Radial Systems TLC ONLY!!!!! DUE DATE FOR TLC- February 14, 2017 NAME: LOCATION: 1. The primitive self-inductance per foot of length

More information

Electrical Arc Hazards

Electrical Arc Hazards Arc Flash Analysis 1996-2009 ETAP Workshop Operation Notes Technology, 1996-2009 Inc. Operation Workshop Technology, Notes: Arc Inc. Flash Analysis Slide 1 Electrical Arc Hazards Electrical Arcs can occur

More information

Power Systems Modelling and Fault Analysis

Power Systems Modelling and Fault Analysis Power Systems Modelling and Fault Analysis Theory and Practice Nasser D. Tleis BSc, MSc, PhD, CEng, FIEE AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY

More information

Transformer Engineering

Transformer Engineering Transformer Engineering Design, Technology, and Diagnostics Second Edition S.V. Kulkarni S.A. Khaparde / 0 \ CRC Press \Cf*' J Taylor & Francis Group ^ч_^^ Boca Raton London NewYork CRC Press is an imprint

More information

CHAPTER 2 ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM OVERCURRENTS

CHAPTER 2 ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM OVERCURRENTS CHAPTER 2 ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM OVERCURRENTS 2-1. General but less than locked-rotor amperes and flows only Electrical power systems must be designed to serve in the normal circuit path. a variety of

More information

HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS

HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS Design and Applications Second Edition, Revised and Expanded RUBEN D. GARZON Square D Co. Smyrna, Tennessee MARCEL Ш D E К К E R MARCEL DEKKER, INC. NEW YORK BASEL CONTENTS

More information

Protection Basics Presented by John S. Levine, P.E. Levine Lectronics and Lectric, Inc GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin

Protection Basics Presented by John S. Levine, P.E. Levine Lectronics and Lectric, Inc GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin Protection Basics Presented by John S. Levine, P.E. Levine Lectronics and Lectric, Inc. 770 565-1556 John@L-3.com 1 Protection Fundamentals By John Levine 2 Introductions Tools Outline Enervista Launchpad

More information

TABLE OF CONTENT

TABLE OF CONTENT Page : 1 of 34 Project Engineering Standard www.klmtechgroup.com KLM Technology #03-12 Block Aronia, Jalan Sri Perkasa 2 Taman Tampoi Utama 81200 Johor Bahru Malaysia TABLE OF CONTENT SCOPE 3 REFERENCES

More information

Webinar: An Effective Arc Flash Safety Program

Webinar: An Effective Arc Flash Safety Program Webinar: An Effective Arc Flash Safety Program Daleep Mohla September 10 th, 2015: 2pm ET Agenda Arc Flash Defined and Quantified NFPA 70E / CSA Z 462 - Recent Updates What is the ANSI Z10 Hierarchy of

More information

{40C54206-A3BA D8-8D8CF }

{40C54206-A3BA D8-8D8CF } Informative Annex D Incident Energy and Arc Flash Boundary Calculation Methods This informative annex is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document but is included for informational purposes

More information

COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL. Index

COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL. Index Index Note: Bold italic type refers to entries in the Table of Contents, refers to a Standard Title and Reference number and # refers to a specific standard within the buff book 91, 40, 48* 100, 8, 22*,

More information

7. INSPECTION AND TEST PROCEDURES

7. INSPECTION AND TEST PROCEDURES 7.1 Switchgear and Switchboard Assemblies A. Visual and Mechanical Inspection 1. Compare equipment nameplate data with drawings and specifications. 2. Inspect physical and mechanical condition. 3. Inspect

More information

Sequence Networks p. 26 Sequence Network Connections and Voltages p. 27 Network Connections for Fault and General Unbalances p. 28 Sequence Network

Sequence Networks p. 26 Sequence Network Connections and Voltages p. 27 Network Connections for Fault and General Unbalances p. 28 Sequence Network Preface p. iii Introduction and General Philosophies p. 1 Introduction p. 1 Classification of Relays p. 1 Analog/Digital/Numerical p. 2 Protective Relaying Systems and Their Design p. 2 Design Criteria

More information

Cause, Effect & Mitigation Strategies

Cause, Effect & Mitigation Strategies WSU HANDS ON RELAY SCHOOL 2019 Arc Flash Fault Cause, Effect & Mitigation Strategies Joe Xavier, Technical Manager West Region Arc Flash Fault - Agenda What is an Arc Flash? Why and when does Arc Flash

More information

Table of Contents. 1 Introduction. 2 System-Level Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) and Electrical Fast Transient (EFT) 3 Electromagnetic Interference

Table of Contents. 1 Introduction. 2 System-Level Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) and Electrical Fast Transient (EFT) 3 Electromagnetic Interference Electromagnetic Compatibility and Electrical Safety GR-1089-CORE Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Purpose and Scope.................................. 1 1 1.2 Items Not Covered in

More information

Improving High Voltage Power System Performance. Using Arc Suppression Coils

Improving High Voltage Power System Performance. Using Arc Suppression Coils Improving High Voltage Power System Performance Using Arc Suppression Coils by Robert Thomas Burgess B Com MIEAust CPEng RPEQ A Dissertation Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the degree of

More information

Condition Assessment of High Voltage Insulation in Power System Equipment. R.E. James and Q. Su. The Institution of Engineering and Technology

Condition Assessment of High Voltage Insulation in Power System Equipment. R.E. James and Q. Su. The Institution of Engineering and Technology Condition Assessment of High Voltage Insulation in Power System Equipment R.E. James and Q. Su The Institution of Engineering and Technology Contents Preface xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Interconnection of

More information

NOVEL PROTECTION SYSTEMS FOR ARC FURNACE TRANSFORMERS

NOVEL PROTECTION SYSTEMS FOR ARC FURNACE TRANSFORMERS NOVEL PROTECTION SYSTEMS FOR ARC FURNACE TRANSFORMERS Ljubomir KOJOVIC Cooper Power Systems - U.S.A. Lkojovic@cooperpower.com INTRODUCTION In steel facilities that use Electric Arc Furnaces (EAFs) to manufacture

More information

SECTION SHORT CIRCUIT, COMPONENT PROTECTION, FLASH HAZARD AND SELECTIVE COORDINATION STUDY

SECTION SHORT CIRCUIT, COMPONENT PROTECTION, FLASH HAZARD AND SELECTIVE COORDINATION STUDY SECTION 16075 - SHORT CIRCUIT, COMPONENT PROTECTION, FLASH HAZARD AND SELECTIVE COORDINATION STUDY PART 1 GENERAL 1.1 SUMMARY A. Section Includes: 1. Provide a short-circuit, component protection, flash

More information

APPLYING LOW-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS TO LIMIT ARC FLASH ENERGY

APPLYING LOW-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS TO LIMIT ARC FLASH ENERGY APPLYING LOW-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS TO LIMIT ARC FLASH ENERGY Copyright Material IEEE Paper No. PCIC-2006-2 George Gregory Kevin J. Lippert Fellow Member, IEEE Senior Member, IEEE Schneider Electric

More information

Preface...x Chapter 1 Electrical Fundamentals

Preface...x Chapter 1 Electrical Fundamentals Preface...x Chapter 1 Electrical Fundamentals Unit 1 Matter...3 Introduction...3 1.1 Matter...3 1.2 Atomic Theory...3 1.3 Law of Electrical Charges...4 1.4 Law of Atomic Charges...5 Negative Atomic Charge...5

More information

Unit 3 Magnetism...21 Introduction The Natural Magnet Magnetic Polarities Magnetic Compass...21

Unit 3 Magnetism...21 Introduction The Natural Magnet Magnetic Polarities Magnetic Compass...21 Chapter 1 Electrical Fundamentals Unit 1 Matter...3 Introduction...3 1.1 Matter...3 1.2 Atomic Theory...3 1.3 Law of Electrical Charges...4 1.4 Law of Atomic Charges...4 Negative Atomic Charge...4 Positive

More information

A DUMMIES GUIDE TO GROUND FAULT PROTECTION

A DUMMIES GUIDE TO GROUND FAULT PROTECTION A DUMMIES GUIDE TO GROUND FAULT PROTECTION A DUMMIES GUIDE TO GROUND FAULT PROTECTION What is Grounding? The term grounding is commonly used in the electrical industry to mean both equipment grounding

More information

Contents. 1 Introduction. 2 System-Level Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) and Electrical Fast Transient. 3 Electromagnetic Interference

Contents. 1 Introduction. 2 System-Level Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) and Electrical Fast Transient. 3 Electromagnetic Interference Issue 3, October 2002 Electromagnetic Compatibility and Electrical Safety Contents Telcordia GR-1089 - Documentation Information Generic Requirements Notice Of Disclaimer................. iii Contents.......................................

More information

POWER FACTOR CORRECTION. HARMONIC FILTERING. MEDIUM AND HIGH VOLTAGE SOLUTIONS.

POWER FACTOR CORRECTION. HARMONIC FILTERING. MEDIUM AND HIGH VOLTAGE SOLUTIONS. POWER FACTOR CORRECTION. HARMONIC FILTERING. MEDIUM AND HIGH VOLTAGE SOLUTIONS. This document may be subject to changes. Contact ARTECHE to confirm the characteristics and availability of the products

More information

Power systems Protection course

Power systems Protection course Al-Balqa Applied University Power systems Protection course Department of Electrical Energy Engineering 1 Part 5 Relays 2 3 Relay Is a device which receive a signal from the power system thought CT and

More information

Electrical Power Systems

Electrical Power Systems Electrical Power Systems CONCEPT, THEORY AND PRACTICE SECOND EDITION SUBIR RAY Professor MVJ College of Engineering Bangalore PHI Learning Pfcte tofm Delhi-110092 2014 Preface xv Preface to the First Edition

More information

ARC FLASH PPE GUIDELINES FOR INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS

ARC FLASH PPE GUIDELINES FOR INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS The Electrical Power Engineers Qual-Tech Engineers, Inc. 201 Johnson Road Building #1 Suite 203 Houston, PA 15342-1300 Phone 724-873-9275 Fax 724-873-8910 www.qualtecheng.com ARC FLASH PPE GUIDELINES FOR

More information

Embedded Generation Connection Application Form

Embedded Generation Connection Application Form Embedded Generation Connection Application Form This Application Form provides information required for an initial assessment of the Embedded Generation project. All applicable sections must be completed

More information

Embedded Generation Connection Application Form

Embedded Generation Connection Application Form Embedded Generation Connection Application Form This Application Form provides information required for an initial assessment of the Embedded Generation project. All applicable sections must be completed

More information

Short Circuit Current Calculations

Short Circuit Current Calculations Introduction Several sections of the National Electrical Code relate to proper overcurrent protection. Safe and reliable application of overcurrent protective devices based on these sections mandate that

More information

3Ø Short-Circuit Calculations

3Ø Short-Circuit Calculations 3Ø Short-Circuit Calculations Why Short-Circuit Calculations Several sections of the National Electrical Code relate to proper overcurrent protection. Safe and reliable application of overcurrent protective

More information

BUS2000 Busbar Differential Protection System

BUS2000 Busbar Differential Protection System BUS2000 Busbar Differential Protection System Differential overcurrent system with percentage restraint protection 1 Typical Busbar Arrangements Single Busbar Double Busbar with Coupler Breaker and a Half

More information

SECTION OVERCURRENT PROTECTIVE DEVICE COORDINATION STUDY

SECTION OVERCURRENT PROTECTIVE DEVICE COORDINATION STUDY PART 1 - GENERAL 1.1 DESCRIPTION SECTION 26 05 73 OVERCURRENT PROTECTIVE DEVICE COORDINATION STUDY SPEC WRITER NOTE: Delete between // -- // if not applicable to project. Also, delete any other item or

More information

Contents. About the Authors. Abbreviations and Symbols

Contents. About the Authors. Abbreviations and Symbols About the Authors Preface Abbreviations and Symbols xi xiii xv 1 Principal Laws and Methods in Electrical Machine Design 1 1.1 Electromagnetic Principles 1 1.2 Numerical Solution 9 1.3 The Most Common

More information

2 Grounding of power supply system neutral

2 Grounding of power supply system neutral 2 Grounding of power supply system neutral 2.1 Introduction As we had seen in the previous chapter, grounding of supply system neutral fulfills two important functions. 1. It provides a reference for the

More information

Electrical PIP ELEGL03 Guidelines for Power Systems Analysis

Electrical PIP ELEGL03 Guidelines for Power Systems Analysis July 2016 Electrical PIP ELEGL03 PURPOSE AND USE OF PROCESS INDUSTRY PRACTICES In an effort to minimize the cost of process industry facilities, this Practice has been prepared from the technical requirements

More information

Impact Assessment Generator Form

Impact Assessment Generator Form Impact Assessment Generator Form This connection impact assessment form provides information for the Connection Assessment and Connection Cost Estimate. Date: (dd/mm/yyyy) Consultant/Developer Name: Project

More information

ASHIDA Numerical OC/EF Protection Relay

ASHIDA Numerical OC/EF Protection Relay ASHIDA Numerical OC/EF Protection Relay Features: 4 Element (3 Phase + EF) over current IDMT with instant trip. Back - lit LCD display for settings. Display of fault current. / Load current. Selection

More information

Upgrading Your Electrical Distribution System To Resistance Grounding

Upgrading Your Electrical Distribution System To Resistance Grounding Upgrading Your Electrical Distribution System To Resistance Grounding The term grounding is commonly used in the electrical industry to mean both equipment grounding and system grounding. Equipment grounding

More information

Section 6: System Grounding Bill Brown, P.E., Square D Engineering Services

Section 6: System Grounding Bill Brown, P.E., Square D Engineering Services Section 6: System Grounding Bill Brown, P.E., Square D Engineering Services Introduction The topic of system grounding is extremely important, as it affects the susceptibility of the system to voltage

More information

This webinar brought to you by The Relion Product Family Next Generation Protection and Control IEDs from ABB

This webinar brought to you by The Relion Product Family Next Generation Protection and Control IEDs from ABB This webinar brought to you by The Relion Product Family Next Generation Protection and Control IEDs from ABB Relion. Thinking beyond the box. Designed to seamlessly consolidate functions, Relion relays

More information

Fixed Series Compensation

Fixed Series Compensation Fixed Series Compensation High-reliable turnkey services for fixed series compensation NR Electric Corporation The Fixed Series Compensation (FSC) solution is composed of NR's PCS-9570 FSC control and

More information

Modern transformer relays include a comprehensive set of protective elements to protect transformers from faults and abnormal operating conditions

Modern transformer relays include a comprehensive set of protective elements to protect transformers from faults and abnormal operating conditions 1 Transmission transformers are important links in the bulk power system. They allow transfer of power from generation centers, up to the high-voltage grid, and to bulk electric substations for distribution

More information

Application for A Sub-harmonic Protection Relay. ERLPhase Power Technologies

Application for A Sub-harmonic Protection Relay. ERLPhase Power Technologies Application for A Sub-harmonic Protection Relay ERLPhase Power Technologies 1 Outline Introduction System Event at Xcel Energy Event Analysis Microprocessor based relay hardware architecture Sub harmonic

More information

High-Voltage Test Techniques

High-Voltage Test Techniques High-Voltage Test Techniques Dieter Kind Kurt Feser 2nd Revised and Enlarged Edition With 211 Figures and 12 Laboratory Experiments Translated from the German by Y. Narayana Rao Professor of Electrical

More information

Transformer Protection

Transformer Protection Transformer Protection Transformer Protection Outline Fuses Protection Example Overcurrent Protection Differential Relaying Current Matching Phase Shift Compensation Tap Changing Under Load Magnetizing

More information

Embedded Generation Connection Application Form

Embedded Generation Connection Application Form Embedded Generation Connection Application Form This Application Form provides information required for an initial assessment of the Embedded Generation project. All applicable sections must be completed

More information

1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PRODUCT DESCRIPTION

1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PRODUCT DESCRIPTION GEK-00682D INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION The MDP Digital Time Overcurrent Relay is a digital, microprocessor based, nondirectional overcurrent relay that protects against phase-to-phase

More information

T/3000 T/3000. Substation Maintenance and Commissioning Test Equipment

T/3000 T/3000. Substation Maintenance and Commissioning Test Equipment T/3000 Substation Maintenance and Commissioning Test Equipment MULTI FUNCTION SYSTEM FOR TESTING SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT SUCH AS: CURRENT, VOLTAGE AND POWER TRANSFORMERS, ALL TYPE OF PROTECTION RELAYS, ENERGY

More information

Electrical Protection System Design and Operation

Electrical Protection System Design and Operation ELEC9713 Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Electrical Protection System Design and Operation 1. Function of Electrical Protection Systems The three primary aims of overcurrent electrical protection

More information

Analysis and Design of Low-Power Systems

Analysis and Design of Low-Power Systems Analysis and Design of Low-Power Systems An Engineer s Field Guide Ismail Kasikci Ismail Kasikci Analysis and Design of Low-Voltage Power-Systems Analysis and Design of Low-Power Systems An Engineer

More information

UBC Technical Guidelines Section Edition Medium-Voltage Transformers Page 1 of 5

UBC Technical Guidelines Section Edition Medium-Voltage Transformers Page 1 of 5 Page 1 of 5 1.0 GENERAL 1.1 Coordination Requirements.1 UBC Energy & Water Services.2 UBC Building Operations 1.2 Description.1 UBC requirements for Substation Transformers. 2.0 MATERIAL AND DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

More information

Capstone Turbine Corporation Nordhoff Street Chatsworth CA USA Phone: (818) Fax: (818) Web:

Capstone Turbine Corporation Nordhoff Street Chatsworth CA USA Phone: (818) Fax: (818) Web: Phone: (818) 734-5300 Fax: (818) 734-5320 Web: www.capstoneturbine.com Technical Reference Capstone MicroTurbine Electrical Installation 410009 Rev F (October 2013) Page 1 of 31 Capstone Turbine Corporation

More information

First Draft Language

First Draft Language 110.16 First Draft Language (B) Service Equipment. In addition to the requirements in (A), service equipment shall contain the following information: (1) Nominal system voltage (2) Arc flash boundary (3)

More information

Design Approaches for Hospital Distribution Systems With Considerations for Future Expansion, Operator Safety, and Cost

Design Approaches for Hospital Distribution Systems With Considerations for Future Expansion, Operator Safety, and Cost Design Approaches for Hospital Distribution Systems With Considerations for Future Expansion, Operator Safety, and Cost Adam T. Powell, PE President Emerald Engineering, Inc. Jeffrey L. Small, Sr. Senior

More information

ADDENDUM NO. 2 PROJECT: COURTLAND PUMP STATION CONTRACT: IFB NO COM.00030

ADDENDUM NO. 2 PROJECT: COURTLAND PUMP STATION CONTRACT: IFB NO COM.00030 ADDENDUM NO. 2 PROJECT: COURTLAND PUMP STATION CONTRACT: IFB NO. 2018-008-COM.00030 To: Prospective Bidders of Record Date: December 17, 2018 The following changes, additions, revisions, and/or deletions

More information

N. TEST TEST DESCRIPTION

N. TEST TEST DESCRIPTION Multi function system for testing substation equipment such as: current, voltage and power transformers, all type of protection relays, energy meters and transducers Primary injection testing capabilities

More information

MV, HV AND EHV SWITCHGEAR TESTING & COMMISSIONING

MV, HV AND EHV SWITCHGEAR TESTING & COMMISSIONING Training Title MV, HV AND EHV SWITCHGEAR TESTING & COMMISSIONING Training Duration 5 days Training Date MV, HV and EHV Switchgear Testing & Commissioning 5 21 25 Sep $3,750 Dubai, UAE In any of the 5 star

More information

thepower to protect the power to protect i-gard LITERATURE Low and medium voltage

thepower to protect  the power to protect i-gard LITERATURE Low and medium voltage thepower to protect i-gard LITERATURE Low and medium voltage distribution systems Arc Flash Hazards and High Resistance Grounding Grounding of Standby and Emergency Power Systems Neutral Grounding Resistors

More information

This section applies to the requirements for the performance of power system studies by both the Design Engineer and the Contractor.

This section applies to the requirements for the performance of power system studies by both the Design Engineer and the Contractor. Basis of Design This section applies to the requirements for the performance of power system studies by both the Design Engineer and the Contractor. Background Information A Short Circuit and Coordination

More information

PREFACE ********************************************************** IT IS NOT INTENDED THAT THESE STANDARDS BE COPIED AND USED AS A SPECIFICATION!

PREFACE ********************************************************** IT IS NOT INTENDED THAT THESE STANDARDS BE COPIED AND USED AS A SPECIFICATION! PREFACE This publication has been prepared as a guide for Architectural and Engineering (A&E) firms in the preparation of documents for the design and construction of new structures and the remodeling

More information

CONTENTS. Chapter 1. Introduction to Power Conversion 1. Basso_FM.qxd 11/20/07 8:39 PM Page v. Foreword xiii Preface xv Nomenclature

CONTENTS. Chapter 1. Introduction to Power Conversion 1. Basso_FM.qxd 11/20/07 8:39 PM Page v. Foreword xiii Preface xv Nomenclature Basso_FM.qxd 11/20/07 8:39 PM Page v Foreword xiii Preface xv Nomenclature xvii Chapter 1. Introduction to Power Conversion 1 1.1. Do You Really Need to Simulate? / 1 1.2. What You Will Find in the Following

More information

(2) New Standard IEEE P (3) Core : (4) Windings :

(2) New Standard IEEE P (3) Core : (4) Windings : (d) Electrical characteristics (such as short-circuit withstand, commutating reactance, more number of windings, etc); (e) Longer life expectancy; (f) Energy efficiency; (g) more demanding environment.

More information

Arc Flash Analysis and Documentation SOP

Arc Flash Analysis and Documentation SOP Arc Flash Analysis and Documentation SOP I. Purpose.... 2 II. Roles & Responsibilities.... 2 A. Facilities Maintenance (FM).... 2 B. Zone Supervisors/ Shop Foremen... 2 C. PMCS & CPC... 2 III. Procedures...

More information

Education & Training

Education & Training Distribution System Operator Certificate This program provides you with a proficient working knowledge in modern electric power distribution systems. These four classes are designed to walk students through

More information

GENERATOR INTERCONNECTION APPLICATION Category 5 For All Projects with Aggregate Generator Output of More Than 2 MW

GENERATOR INTERCONNECTION APPLICATION Category 5 For All Projects with Aggregate Generator Output of More Than 2 MW GENERATOR INTERCONNECTION APPLICATION Category 5 For All Projects with Aggregate Generator Output of More Than 2 MW ELECTRIC UTILITY CONTACT INFORMATION Consumers Energy Interconnection Coordinator 1945

More information

Protection of Electrical Networks. Christophe Prévé

Protection of Electrical Networks. Christophe Prévé Protection of Electrical Networks Christophe Prévé This Page Intentionally Left Blank Protection of Electrical Networks This Page Intentionally Left Blank Protection of Electrical Networks Christophe Prévé

More information

2015 Relay School Bus Protection Mike Kockott March, 2015

2015 Relay School Bus Protection Mike Kockott March, 2015 2015 Relay School Bus Protection Mike Kockott March, 2015 History of Bus Protection Circulating current differential (1900s) High impedance differential (1940s) Percentage restrained differential (1960s)

More information

2. Current interruption transients

2. Current interruption transients 1 2. Current interruption transients For circuit breakers or other switching facilities, transient voltages just after the current interruptions are of great concern with successful current breakings,

More information

POWER ELECTRONICS. Converters, Applications, and Design. NED MOHAN Department of Electrical Engineering University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota

POWER ELECTRONICS. Converters, Applications, and Design. NED MOHAN Department of Electrical Engineering University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota POWER ELECTRONICS Converters, Applications, and Design THIRD EDITION NED MOHAN Department of Electrical Engineering University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota TORE M. UNDELAND Department of Electrical

More information

Safety through proper system Grounding and Ground Fault Protection

Safety through proper system Grounding and Ground Fault Protection Safety through proper system Grounding and Ground Fault Protection November 4 th, 2015 Presenter: Mr. John Nelson, PE, FIEEE, NEI Electric Power Engineering, Inc. Event to start shortly Scheduled time:

More information

Specialists in HV and MV test and diagnostics. Testing in Substations

Specialists in HV and MV test and diagnostics. Testing in Substations Specialists in HV and MV test and diagnostics Testing in Substations Testing in Substations Testing in Substations At 4fores we specialize in the diagnosis and measurement of all types of existing technologies

More information

Appendix S: PROTECTION ALTERNATIVES FOR VARIOUS GENERATOR CONFIGURATIONS

Appendix S: PROTECTION ALTERNATIVES FOR VARIOUS GENERATOR CONFIGURATIONS Appendix S: PROTECTION ALTERNATIVES FOR VARIOUS GENERATOR CONFIGURATIONS S1. Standard Interconnection Methods with Typical Circuit Configuration for Single or Multiple Units Note: The protection requirements

More information

Bus Protection Fundamentals

Bus Protection Fundamentals Bus Protection Fundamentals Terrence Smith GE Grid Solutions 2017 Texas A&M Protective Relay Conference Bus Protection Requirements High bus fault currents due to large number of circuits connected: CT

More information

ISO Rules Part 500 Facilities Division 502 Technical Requirements Section Wind Aggregated Generating Facilities Technical Requirements

ISO Rules Part 500 Facilities Division 502 Technical Requirements Section Wind Aggregated Generating Facilities Technical Requirements Applicability 1(1) Section 502.1 applies to the ISO, and subject to the provisions of subsections 1(2), (3) and (4) to any: (a) a new wind aggregated generating facility to be connected to the transmission

More information

Effective System Grounding

Effective System Grounding Effective System Grounding By Andrew Cochran of I-Gard and John DeDad of DeDad Consulting The costs associated with losses stemming from ground faults are staggering. For example, over a seven year period,

More information

N. TEST TEST DESCRIPTION

N. TEST TEST DESCRIPTION Multi function system for testing substation equipment such as: current, voltage and power transformers, over-current protection relays, energy meters and transducers Primary injection testing capabilities

More information

Reducing the Effects of Short Circuit Faults on Sensitive Loads in Distribution Systems

Reducing the Effects of Short Circuit Faults on Sensitive Loads in Distribution Systems Reducing the Effects of Short Circuit Faults on Sensitive Loads in Distribution Systems Alexander Apostolov AREVA T&D Automation I. INTRODUCTION The electric utilities industry is going through significant

More information

SUBJECT CODE : EE6702 SUBJECT NAME: Protection & switchgear STAFF NAME : Ms.J.C.Vinitha

SUBJECT CODE : EE6702 SUBJECT NAME: Protection & switchgear STAFF NAME : Ms.J.C.Vinitha SUBJECT CODE : EE6702 SUBJECT NAME: Protection & switchgear STAFF NAME : Ms.J.C.Vinitha EE2402 - PROTECTION & SWITCHGEAR SYLLABUS ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM Electricity is generated at a power plant (1), voltage

More information

MODEL POWER SYSTEM TESTING GUIDE October 25, 2006

MODEL POWER SYSTEM TESTING GUIDE October 25, 2006 October 25, 2006 Document name Category MODEL POWER SYSTEM TESTING GUIDE ( ) Regional Reliability Standard ( ) Regional Criteria ( ) Policy ( ) Guideline ( x ) Report or other ( ) Charter Document date

More information

Control of Electric Machine Drive Systems

Control of Electric Machine Drive Systems Control of Electric Machine Drive Systems Seung-Ki Sul IEEE 1 PRESS к SERIES I 0N POWER ENGINEERING Mohamed E. El-Hawary, Series Editor IEEE PRESS WILEY A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION Contents

More information

Harmonic Distortion Levels Measured at The Enmax Substations

Harmonic Distortion Levels Measured at The Enmax Substations Harmonic Distortion Levels Measured at The Enmax Substations This report documents the findings on the harmonic voltage and current levels at ENMAX Power Corporation (EPC) substations. ENMAX is concerned

More information

SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS OF 220/132 KV SUBSTATION BY USING ETAP

SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS OF 220/132 KV SUBSTATION BY USING ETAP SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS OF 220/132 KV SUBSTATION BY USING ETAP Kiran V. Natkar 1, Naveen Kumar 2 1 Student, M.E., Electrical Power System, MSS CET/ Dr. B.A.M. University, (India) 2 Electrical Power System,

More information

ENOSERV 2014 Relay & Protection Training Conference Course Descriptions

ENOSERV 2014 Relay & Protection Training Conference Course Descriptions ENOSERV 2014 Relay & Protection Training Conference Course Descriptions Day 1 Generation Protection/Motor Bus Transfer Generator Protection: 4 hours This session highlights MV generator protection and

More information

Connection Impact Assessment Application

Connection Impact Assessment Application Connection Impact Assessment Application This form is for generators applying for Connection Impact Assessment (CIA) and for generators with a project size >10 kw. Please return the completed form by email,

More information

Ft Worth IEEE-PES. Presented by: Doug Harris Specifications Engineer Dallas, TX. Arc-Flash Hazard Mitigation & Selectivity

Ft Worth IEEE-PES. Presented by: Doug Harris Specifications Engineer Dallas, TX. Arc-Flash Hazard Mitigation & Selectivity Ft Worth IEEE-PES Presented by: Doug Harris Specifications Engineer Dallas, TX Arc-Flash Hazard Mitigation & Selectivity Electrical hazards Energized circuit/conductor Today s power system engineer must

More information

3. (a) List out the advantages and disadvantages of HRC fuse (b) Explain fuse Characteristics in detail. [8+8]

3. (a) List out the advantages and disadvantages of HRC fuse (b) Explain fuse Characteristics in detail. [8+8] Code No: RR320205 Set No. 1 1. (a) Explain about Bewley s Lattice diagrams and also mention the uses of these diagrams. [6+2] (b) A line of surge impedance of 400 ohms is charged from a battery of constant

More information

Short-Circuit Analysis IEC Standard Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Short-Circuit Analysis IEC Standard Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Short-Circuit Analysis IEC Standard 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Purpose of Short-Circuit Studies A Short-Circuit Study can be used to determine any or all of

More information

Advanced Test Equipment Rentals ATEC (2832) CP RC. Resonance circuit for GIS testing

Advanced Test Equipment Rentals ATEC (2832) CP RC. Resonance circuit for GIS testing Established 1981 Advanced Test Equipment Rentals www.atecorp.com 800-404-ATEC (2832) CP RC Resonance circuit for GIS testing A new approach to testing gas-insulated switchgear Testing gas-insulated switchgear

More information

DESIGN STANDARD DS 29

DESIGN STANDARD DS 29 Assets Delivery Group Engineering DESIGN STANDARD DS 29 VERSION 1 REVISION 2 MAY 2018 FOREWORD The intent of Design Standards is to specify requirements that assure effective design and delivery of fit

More information

Arc Flash Analysis Training

Arc Flash Analysis Training Arc Flash Analysis Training Contact us Today for a FREE quotation to deliver this course at your company?s location. https://www.electricityforum.com/onsite-training-rfq An arc flash analysis study is

More information

MV network design & devices selection EXERCISE BOOK

MV network design & devices selection EXERCISE BOOK MV network design & devices selection EXERCISE BOOK EXERCISES 01 - MV substation architectures 02 - MV substation architectures 03 - Industrial C13-200 MV substation 04 - Max. distance between surge arrester

More information

WILEY CONTROL OF POWER INVERTERS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY AND SMART GRID INTEGRATION. Qing-Chang Zhong. Tomas Hornik IEEE PRESS

WILEY CONTROL OF POWER INVERTERS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY AND SMART GRID INTEGRATION. Qing-Chang Zhong. Tomas Hornik IEEE PRESS CONTROL OF POWER INVERTERS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY AND SMART GRID INTEGRATION Qing-Chang Zhong The University of Sheffield, UK Tomas Hornik Turbo Power Systems Ltd., UK WILEY A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication

More information

Grounding for Power Quality

Grounding for Power Quality Presents Grounding for Power Quality Grounding for Power Quality NEC 250.53 states that ground resistance should be less than 25 ohms. Is this true? Grounding for Power Quality No! NEC 250.53 states

More information

Problems connected with Commissioning of Power Transformers

Problems connected with Commissioning of Power Transformers Problems connected with Commissioning of Power Transformers ABSTRACT P Ramachandran ABB India Ltd, Vadodara, India While commissioning large Power Transformers, certain abnormal phenomena were noticed.

More information