UWB & UWB Channels HANI MEHRPOUYAN

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1 UWB & UWB Channes HANI MEHRPOUYAN Abstract Utra Wde Band (UWB) sgnang s expected to pay an mportant roe n the future of communcatons systems. UWB uses extremey wde transmsson bandwdths (n excess of 3 GHz), whch resuts n desrabe potentas such as accurate poston ocaton and rangng, ack of sgnfcant fadng, hgh mutpe access capabty, secure communcatons, and possbe easer matera penetraton. These advantages w resut n more covert and faster wreess networks and aso create new opportuntes for the desgn of wreess postonng and rangng products.

2 However there are some sgnfcant hurdes that need to be passed before commerca UWB products enter the market.

3 1 Introducton UWB s a carreress communcaton scheme whch utzes nanosecond mpuses (bandwdth n the range of 3-7 ggahertz). The wde bandwdth used by UWB transmsson enabe wreess desgners to better support mutpe user communcaton, aocate faster communcaton nks, and deveop wreess rangng and postonng products [1]. UWB w aso hep to reeve the spectrum drought caused by the popuarty of wreess communcatons and the narrow band systems on the market. Low transmsson power aows a UWB system to work over a wde bandwdth wthout nterferng wth exstng narrowband systems, however the ower power mts the range, thus many mtng UWB to ndoor communcaton. The Gaussan puse represented n fgure 1.1 s the most wdey used puse n UWB communcatons. UWB antenna at the recever and transmtter nfuence the UWB puse due to ther mted bandwdth and other factors [7], thus makng the receved puse consderaby dfferent from what was transmtted as ustrated n fgure 1.1. Appendx A provdes more nformaton wth regard to transmtted and receved sgnas. Fgure 1-1 Demonstratng the transmtted and receved UWB puses n the tme doman[7]. The advantages of UWB have fueed much academc and ndustry funded research n ths area. Consderabe research has been undertaken on the deveopment of a reastc mode of UWB channes whch s very dfferent from a narrow band channe, thus makng most avaabe modes neffectve. The Federa Communcaton Commsson (FCC) has aso set out a transmsson bandwdth wth certan power mtatons that aow wreess UWB products to operate n the same frequency band as the conventona narrow band systems wth no nterference and Europe and Japan are set to foow soon [1]. Fgure 1.2 represents the spectrum assgned to UWB by FCC. The new reguatons combned wth the undergong research are very promsng and one can be qute confdent that UWB products w be ntroduced to the market n the near future. 1

4 Fgure 1-2: The UWB spectrum and the FCC requrements (for one user) [2] UWB channe modes are very dfferent compared to ther conventona narrowband counterparts, because frst UWB s a carreress communcaton scheme and secondy t uses a much wder bandwdth than the conventona wreess schemes. Ths thess sets out to characterze a UWB channe and aso deveops a comprehensve Matab mode of the channe under four dfferent physca settngs summarzed under Lne of Sght (LOS) and Non Lne Of Sght (NLOS). The deveoped Matab modes are thoroughy compared wth IEEE approved measurement data through sets of specfc characterzng parameters to ensure they cosey resembe the actua channe mpuse response and are vad. The deveoped Matab mode provdes researchers and deveopers wth the UWB channe mpuse response, thus enabng them to: Deveop the optmum UWB puse shape Deveop and test the best UWB transmtters and recevers. Carry out performance anayss of UWB wreess systems under dfferent ndoor settngs Use the deveoped channe mpuse response to expore new possbtes and products such as UWB rangng and postonng systems. 2 UWB Channe The desgn of a wreess recever and transmtter, the basc budng bocks of any wreess product, s sgnfcanty dctated by the channe mode correspondng to the communcaton scheme utzed. Comprehensve research has been performed on the narrow band channes, however much more needs to be done to grasp a better understandng of UWB channes. Ths secton focuses on the dfferences of the narrowband and UWB channes and gves a bref overvew of the exstng UWB channe modes. Consequenty the modfed Saeh-Vaenzuea mode whch s set as the standard for modeng UWB channes by IEEE task group s extensvey anayzed. 2

5 2.1 Narrow Band VS. UWB The channe mpuse response to a UWB puse s sgnfcanty dfferent from the conventona narrowband systems due to the arge bandwdth of the puse, therefore makng most prevous research on the narrowband wreess channe modes nappcabe. Fgure 2-1 demonstrates the dfference between the bandwdth of narrowband and UWB sgnas. Fgure 2-1: representng MPCs n a UWB and conventona wdeband system A) UWB system B) Conventona wdeband system Fgure 2-2: Iustraton of Custers and Rays (notce that the custers and rays decay exponentay) [1, 3] Fgure 2.3 demonstrates the concept of custers and rays and UWB sgnang. Each custer s formed due to the refecton of UWB waves from dfferent objects, for exampe one custer may represent the refected sgnas from a wa and another custer represents the sgnas refected from a desk ocated a coupe of meters away. It s aso mportant to note that custers conssts of a 3

6 number of rays that are separated wth a smaer tme nterva and are usuay the MPCs caused by the refecton from the same object. 2.2 Current Channe Modes IEEE group evauated three dfferent modes and tred to fnd the one that fts the measurements data the best. Three modes, the Tap-deay ne Rayegh Fadng, the -K mode, and the Saeh-Vaenzuea, were consdered by the IEEE task group [5]. In the foowng secton I gve a very bref outne of these three modes and provde the reasonng behnd the fna choce Tap-deay ne Rayegh fadng mode Consder the channe mpuse response to be defned as foows: h( ; h ( ; cos(2f h ( ; sn(2f I c Q c ~ h( ; h I ( ; jh ( ; Q ~ ( ~ h( ; Re[ h( ; exp( j2f ] (2.1) where h ; s the compex mpuse response of the channe and s the deay eement. h ; can be modeed as a Gaussan random varabe wth zero mean [6]. Therefore at any tme t the enveope, ~ h( ;, s Rayegh dstrbuted and the channe s referred to as Rayegh Fadng Channe Mode. The Tap-Deay Lne (TDL) structure ustrated n fgure 2-5 generates mutpe tme-shfted copes of the transmtted sgna, each of whch s weghted by a compex gan, therefore makng TDL Rayegh fadng mode a better ft for conventona wdeband transmsson schemes (.e. CDMA), snce the mutpe deayed sgnas wth compex amptudes can better smuate the refected rays arrvng at the recever wthn dfferent tme ntervas. c ~ ( Fgure 2-3: TDL structure 4

7 However the IEEE task group dd not seect the TDL Rayegh structure for modeng UWB channes snce the measurement data dd not support the mode many due to the foowngs [1, 5]: The Gaussan mode used n the TDL Rayegh Fadng mode does not appy to UWB channe for the reasons expaned n secton K Mode The Posson dstrbuton s the statstca mode used to determne the tmng of random events that. If L denotes the number of paths occurrng n a gven nterva of tme duraton T, the Posson dstrbuton requres [4]: e prob( L ) (2.2)! where ( and ( s the mean arrva rate at tme t. T However comparson between the arrva tmes estmated by the Posson dstrbuton and the measurement has ceary demonstrated the nadequacy of the mode to descrbe the arrva tmes for wdeband puses. Ths s many due to the fact that the scatterng n an ndoor channe s not competey random and the poston of the scatterng objects resuts n devaton from the standard Poson dstrbuton. The -K mode, a modfed Posson process, was proposed by Turn et a and Suzuk n 1972 [4]. Ths mode takes nto account the custerng property of paths caused by the groupng propertes of the scatterng objects. The mode operates ke a state machne wth two states, n state 1 the mean s 0( and n state 2 the mean s K 0 (. The process starts out n state 1 and f a path arrves at tme t, a transton s made to state 2. If no further paths arrve n the tme nterva [ t, t ), a transton s made back to state 1. For K=1 and =0 the process s a standard Poson dstrbuton but for K>1, the arrva of a path at tme t ncreases the probabty of recevng more paths n the tme nterva [ t, t ). The -K mode has shown a good ft to the emprca data coected n severa urban mobe envronments [4]. On the other hand the mode s not best suted for UWB channes snce two ndependent Posson dstrbutons provde more fexbty n determnng the custer and ray arrva tmes when compared to the -K mode [5] Saeh-Vaenzuea Mode The Saeh-Vaenzuea mode was frst proposed to reproduce the mutpath effect of wdeband ndoor envronment channes wth bandwdths n the order of 100 MHz. It s nterestng that even at such bandwdths the custer and ray effect descrbed n secton 2.1 can be observed. As wth the -K mode the authors have modeed the arrva tme of custers and rays usng Posson dstrbuton but nstead of changng the average, they have used two ndependent Posson dstrbuton to mode the custer and ray arrva tme [1, 3]. Equaton 2.3 descrbes the channe mpuse response: 5

8 L M h ( X a, ( t T, ) (2.3) 0 k 0 T = the arrva tme of the frst path n th custer, = the ray arrva tme ( 0 ), k, k 0, a, = the amptude of rays and custers accordngy, and X = the ognorma shadowng effect. k k P( T T 1) exp[ ( T T 1)], 0 (2.4) P ) exp[ ( )], k 0 (2.5) ( k, ( k1), k, ( k1), Equatons (2.4) and (2.5) demonstrate the statstca mode used to determne custer and ray arrva tmes. and are custer and ray decay factor respectvey (channe parameters). The amptude a k, s modeed usng the Rayegh dstrbuton, however as mentoned before n the case of UWB the Rayegh dstrbuton s not appcabe. More s sad wth ths regard n the foowng secton. 2.3 Modfed Saeh-Vaenzuea, IEEE A modfed verson of the Saeh-Vaenzuea mode s the cosest ft the measurement data for UWB channes due to the foowng reasons: The mode requres four dfferent parameters to descrbe an envronment: the custer arrva tme, the ray arrva tme wthn a custer, the custer decay factor, and the ray decay factor. These four parameters provde great fexbty to mode very dfferent envronments [1]. The two ndependent tmes, custer and ray arrva tmes, are modeed usng two ndependent Posson dstrbutons, therefore provdng a more accurate mode of the paths arrva tmes. Unke the Saeh-Vaenzuea mode the IEEE uses the ognorma dstrbuton (measurements n UWB channes ndcated that the amptude foow a ognorma dstrbuton [1, 5]) nstead of the Rayegh dstrbuton to statstcay mode the amptudes of custers and rays. 3 Matab mode L M h ( X a, ( t T, ) (2.6) 0 k0 k Ths secton focuses on the procedure used to deveop the Matab mode and the channe mpuse response based on the IEEE descrbed n the prevous secton. k 6

9 3.1 Matab Smuaton Resuts Ths secton represents the smuaton resuts for four dfferent UWB channes. The channes are smuated based on the modfed Saeh-Vaenzuea mode descrbed n secton Lne of Sght (LOS) An LOS channe s expected to have fewer MPCs snce the transmtted sgna many arrves at the recever through a drect path wth few refectons. Fgure 3-1: Impuse response of a LOS 0-4m UWB channe Non Lne of Sght 0-4m (NLOS) Unke the LOS channe the transmtted sgna arrves at the recever through refectons from dfferent objects or obstaces (fgure 2-2), therefore ncreasng the number of MPCs. The NLOS channe aso has a bgger mean excess deay and the RMS deay. Fgure 3-2: Impuse response of a NLOS 0-4m UWB channe 7

10 Concuson UWB sgnang has a range of advantages compared to the conventona narrowband schemes, however t aso ntroduces new chaenges to the desgn and deveopment of wreess products. One of these chaenges es n the response of an ndoor envronment to a puse wth such a wde bandwdth. The conventona narrowband channe modes are smpy not appcabe n the case of UWB due to the wde bandwdth of UWB puses. Therefore new modes have been deveoped to better expan an UWB mutpath channe. References [1] Andreas F. Mosch, Jeffrey R. Foerster, Marcus Pendergrass, Channe Modes For Utrawdeband Persona Area Networks, , December 2003 IEEE. [2] Dgta Lfe Incorporaton, UWB sgnang and the future of data communcaton, 2003, [3] Arjunan Rajeswaran, V. Srnvasa Somayazuu, and Jeffrey R. Foerster, Rake Performance for a Puse Based UWB System n a Reastc UWB Indoor Channe, , 2003, Dept. of ECE, Carnege Meon Unversty, Pttsburgh, PA. [4] Homayoun Hashem, Impuse Response Modeng of Indoor Rado Propagaton Channes, VOL. 11, NO. 7, September 1993 IEEE. [5] Jeff Foerster and Qnghua L IEEE P Wreess Persona Area Networks, 2004 IEEE. [6] Smon Haykn, Communcaton Systems, 4 th edton, John Wey and Sons, ISBN [7] Bo Hu and Norman C. Beaueu, Accurate Evauaton of Mutpe-Access Performance n TH-PPM and TH-BPSK UWB Systems, IEEE Transactons on communcatons, vo. 52, no. 10, October

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