Electromagnetic Compatibility

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1 Electromagnetic Compatibility Introduction to EMC International Standards Measurement Setups Emissions Applications for Switch-Mode Power Supplies Filters 1

2 What is EMC? A system is electromagnetic compatible if it satisfies three criteria:- It does not cause interference with other systems It is not susceptible to emissions from other systems It does not cause interference with itself 2

3 EMC is very important. Why? Numerous examples of Electromagnetic Interference, EMI, ranging from the commonplace to the catastrophic:- Safety air bag have gone off when "portable" cellular phones have been operated in the car Electric motors running in factories disrupted TV reception in neighboring buildings Auto pilot is affected by operating PCs on flight 3

4 Aspects of EMC There are three ways to prevent interference: Suppress the emission at its source Make the coupling path as inefficient as possible Make the receptor less susceptible to the emission 4

5 Aspects of EMC The transfer of electromagnetic energy can be further divided into four subgroups:- Radiated emissions Radiated susceptibility Conducted emissions Conducted susceptibility 5

6 Aspects of EMC Nowadays, interference not only covers the generation and effects of electromagnetic radiation, but also things such as power factor and harmonic currents, protection against surges, the effect of voltage supply variations and electrostatic discharges (ESD) 6

7 Classifications Class A digital devices are marketed for use in a commercial, industrial or business environment Class B digital devices are marketed for use in a residential environment, notwithstanding their use in a commercial, industrial or business environment In general, Class B limits are more stringent than that of Class A. 7

8 US Standards In US, Federal Communications Commission (FCC) rules and regulations are contained in Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) that apply to nonlicensed electronic equipment. In CFR47, part 15, subpart B, contains the specific requirements for unintentional radiators which are primarily radio receivers and digital devices 8

9 US Standards Emission Limits for Class A Digital Devices Radiated Emissions (10m) Frequency MHz µv/m dbµv/m >

10 US Standards Emission Limits for Class A Digital Devices Conducted Emissions (measured with LISN) Frequency MHz µv dbµv

11 US Standards Emission Limits for Class B Digital Devices Radiated Emissions (3m) Frequency MHz µv/m dbµv/m >

12 US Standards Emission Limits for Class B Digital Devices Conducted Emissions (measured with LISN) Frequency MHz µv dbµv

13 European Emission Standards Comité International Spécial des Perturbations Radioélectriques (CISPR) of International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) EN55022 (CISPR22) Limits and methods of measurement of radio interference characteristic of information technology equipment EN Limits for harmonic current emissions (<= 16A per phase) 13

14 European Emission Standards CISPR22 Emission Limits for Class A Devices Radiated Emissions (30m) Frequency MHz µv/m dbµv/m

15 European Emission Standards CISPR22 Emission Limits for Class A Devices Conducted Emissions (measured with LISN) Frequency MHz µv QP(AV) dbµv QP(AV) (1995) 79(66) (1000) 73(60) 15

16 European Emission Standards CISPR22 Emission Limits for Class B Devices Radiated Emissions (10m) Frequency MHz µv/m dbµv/m

17 European Emission Standards CISPR22 Emission Limits for Class B Devices Conducted Emissions (measured with LISN) Frequency MHz µv QP(AV) dbµv QP(AV) (631) 66(56) (199.5) 56(46) (199.5) 56(46) (316) 60(50) 17

18 European Immunity Standards EN ESD immunity test EN Radiated RF EM field immunity EN Surge immunity test EN Immunity to conducted disturbances induced by RF fields > 9kHz EN Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variation immunity 18

19 CISPR22 Class B Radiated Emission Limits 19

20 CISPR22 Class B Conducted Emission Limits 20

21 CISPR14 Disturbance Power Limits Measured with absorbing clamp CISPR14 Disturbance Power Limits for the Frequency Range 30 MHz to 300 MHz 21

22 Quasi-Peak QP and Average AV Continuous wave Peak QP AV Peak = PQ = AV 22

23 Quasi-Peak QP and Average AV Pulse with low duty cycle Peak QP Peak > QP > AV, therefore if your set can comply the limits with peak measurements, it must be OK AV 23

24 Bandwidth of QP Detector CISPR16 measurement bandwidth 24

25 Open Area Test Site (OATS) L = 3, 10, 30m 2L boundary of area to be free of reflecting objects 1m L GROUND PLANE 0.5m 1.73L maxi EUT dimension maxi antenna dimension 25

26 Site Attenuation The suitability of a site could be checked by means of site attenuation measurement The EUT is replaced with a standard signal generator connected to a horizontal dipole at a height of 4 m The length of the dipole is 1.5 m for 30 MHz to 300 MHz range and it is 30 cm for 300 MHz to 1000 MHz range. 26

27 Site Attenuation The site attenuation is the required power, in dbpw, from the generator for producing a field strength of 100 µv/m It should be about 32 dbpw in 100 MHz to 250 MHz in a 3 m site. Basically, this checks the quality of the ground plane 27

28 Layout of Radiated Emission Test measurement distance L antenna turntable EUT 0.8m Height varied over 1 to 4m at each test frequency To test receiver Ground plane 28

29 Antennas Most standards allow the use of broadband antennas (Not required to re-tune for every frequency) Biconical MHz Log-periodic MHz Electric field strength limits are in µv/m at a given distance from EUT, whilst measuring receivers are calibrated in µv across 50 Ω 29

30 Antenna Factor The antenna must be calibrated in terms of µv output into 50 Ω for a given field strength at every frequency Field strength in dbµv/m = Receiver Reading in dbµv + Antenna factor in db/m + Cable attenuation in db 30

31 Layout of Conducted Emission Test 0.4m (CISPR) 1.0m (FCC) EUT 0.8m (CISPR) Bundling of excess lead 0.8m CISPR16 LISN Ground plane 2m 2m (CISPR) 2.5m 3m (FCC) To test receiver 31

32 LISN Line Impedance Stabilization Network (LISN) Provides an impedance of 50 Ω 50 µh 32

33 Absorbing Clamp For small apparatus connected by a mains cable, instead of measuring the emissions directly above 30 MHz, we can measure the interference power exerted on the mains cable by means of absorbing clamp The absorbing clamp is a high-frequency current probe which has an insertion loss of 17 db such that the measured voltage in dbµv across 50 Ω can be converted to power reading in dbpw directly 33

34 Absorbing Clamp Current probe (coaxial cable with a shorted turn) To test receiver EUT Distance varied to achieve maxi. reading Ferrite rings 34 Lead to be measured

35 Emissions (Radiated) Emissions from current loops (differential currents) E = ( f 2 A I)/d in V/m A is the loop area in m 2 I is the loop current in Amperes d is the distance from the loop in m I 35

36 Emissions (Radiated) 10 m OATS measurement, d = 10 m, including the effect of ground plane (times 2) E = f 2 A I in V/m I 36

37 Emissions (Radiated) A current loop with f = 10 MHz, I = 10 ma on a PCB with an area of 5 cm 5 cm The radiated electric field strength at 10 m is 59 µv/m or 35 dbµv/m which is 5 db over the limit imposed by CISPR22 I 37

38 Emissions (Radiated) Poor Layout Good Layout TX TX 38

39 Emissions (Radiated) Emissions from cable largely due to common mode current E = f I L in V/m at 10 m I is the common current in A L is the length of the cable in m For a 1 m cable, the current needed to generate 35 dbµv/m at 30 MHz is merely 15 µa (1000 times less compared with the previous example) 39

40 Emissions (Radiated) Where is the source of common mode current? Cable May be stray capacitance PCB V noise 40

41 Emissions (Radiated) Where is the source of common mode current? I diff V noise I common Shielding Common impedance path The magnitude could be estimated by absorbing clamp 41

42 Emissions (Radiated) How to prevent common impedance path? I diff Shielding Easy to see in here, but NOT on a PCB! 42

43 Conducted Emissions Measurements in conducted emissions L N I d SMPS C C Circuits E I c C Stray Measurements C Stray Measurements 43

44 Switch-Mode Power Supplies Coupling paths in SMPS Loops carrying high di/dt currents radiate magnetic fields Stray capacitances couple E-field emissions from high dv/dt points to the earth connection (common mode current radiated with mains cord ) 44

45 Reducing Magnetic Field Emission In order to reduce magnetic field radiation: Reduce the loop area, particularly for the low voltage circuits because they usually carry higher current Reduce di/dt because high di/dt means more harmonics (But, low di/dt may result in higher switching loss and bigger heatsink that leads to higher stray capacitance) 45

46 Reducing Magnetic Field Emission Transformer could be a major source of magnetic field radiation if it is not properly designed: Excessive air gap or the gap is not sufficiently covered with windings Lack of Faraday shield 46

47 Reducing Electric Field Emissions The points with high dv/dt couple common mode current through stray capacitances Either reduce dv/dt or provide an alternative low impedance path for the common current to return Reduce stray capacitances by electrostatic shield Reduce dv/dt by snubber or clamping circuits 47

48 Reducing Electric Field Emissions Dotted lines are electrostatic shields for reducing stray capactances A B C D Proper connection of windings for achieving shield effect B A Snubber for reducing dv/dt Heatsink Gnd D C 48

49 Filters A mains filter in SMPS is to help reduce conducted emissions It is designed to stop high-frequency currents from passing out of SMPS Essentially a low pass filter 49

50 Filters Difficult to predict performance: Low pass filters are designed with known termination impedance, but the input impedance of SMPS is usually unknown and uncontrolled Parasitic elements associated with the inductors and capacitors of a mains filter, not longer a LPF at high frequency 50

51 Filters Limited attenuation at high frequency Parasitic capacitance Attenuation db No longer a LPF Parasitic inductance Cutoff frequency Frequency 51

52 Filters This explains the special shape of CISPR22 limits 52

53 Practical Mains Filters E L X cap. X cap. Y cap. N Common mode Inductor Y cap. 53

54 Common Mode Inductor A common mode inductor can provide both common mode and differential mode filterings Two loosely coupled coils No saturation of coil due to mains current Leakage inductance is provided for differential mode filtering 54

55 Common Mode Inductor Equivalent circuit for differential mode noise L X cap. X cap. Leakage inductances of the common mode inductor N 55

56 Common Mode Inductor Equivalent circuit for common mode noise L or N E Inductance on one side of the common mode Inductor 2 Y cap. 56

57 X & Y Capacitors Capacitance of Y capacitors is limited by the acceptable leakage current, usually less than 5 nf for Europe and 22 nf for US Both X and Y capacitors must comply with safely class Failure of X capacitor could cause fire hazard Failure of Y capacitor could cause both fire and potential shock hazard 57

58 Mains Filters with Extended Performance L Y cap. E X cap. X cap. N Common mode Inductor Differential mode Inductors Y cap. 58

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