A Fuzzy Controlled High Voltage Boosting Converter Based On Boost Inductors and Capacitors

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1 A Fuzzy Controlled High Voltage Boosting Converter Based On Boost Inductors and Capacitors V.V Jayashankar 1, K.P Elby 2, R Uma 3 ( 1 Dept. of EEE, Sree Narayana Gurukulam College of Engineering, Kolenchery, Ernakulum, Kerala, India) ( 2 Dept. of EEE, Sree Narayana Gurukulam College of Engineering, Kolenchery, Ernakulum, Kerala, India) ( 3 Dept. of EEE, Sree Narayana Gurukulam College of Engineering, Kolenchery, Ernakulum, Kerala, India) Abstract: A novel high voltage-boosting converter topology is explained in this paper. By changing the connection position of the anode of the diode two types of converters are obtained-type1 and Type2.These converters are constructed based on boost inductors and capacitors and have different voltage conversion ratios. Furthermore, although there are three switches in each converter, only one half-bridge gate driver and one low-side gate driver are needed, but no isolated gate driver would be needed. In this paper, closed loop control of type2 converter using fuzzy logic controller is explained. Some simulated results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed converter. Keywords: Boost converter, fuzzy logic controller, voltage-boosting converter, voltage conversion ratio. I. Introduction As generally recognized, step-up converters have been widely used in many applications, such as battery powering device, uninterruptible power supply (UPS), photovoltaic (PV) system, etc. requiring some circuits transferring low voltages to high voltages used as input voltages for dc ac converters[2],[3].for the applications of the power supply using the low voltage battery, analog circuits, such as RF amplifier, audio amplifier, etc., often need high voltage to obtain enough output power and voltage amplitude. This is achieved by boosting the low voltage to the required high voltage. Therefore, in many 3C (consumer, communications, computer) electronics, some converters are needed to supply one boosted voltage or more under a given low voltage, especially for portable communications systems, such as MPEG-3 (MP3) players, Bluetooth devices, personal digital assistant, etc. For such applications, the output voltage ripple must be taken into account seriously. Regarding the conventional nonisolated voltage-boosting converter such as the boost converter and the buck boost converter, their output currents are pulsating, thereby causing the corresponding output voltage ripples to tend to be large. As generally acknowledged, to overcome this problem, one way is to use the capacitor with large capacitance and low equivalent series resistance (ESR), another way is to add an inductance capacitance (LC) filter, and the other way is to increase the switching frequency. Recently, some voltage-boosting converter topologies with low output voltage ripples have been derived. In some converters, the voltage-lift technique is utilized to boost the output voltage along with the small output voltage ripple taken into account [4], [5]. However, it is not easy for boost converter or the buck-boost converters to achieve high voltage ratio. In theory, the voltage ratios of these two converters can reach infinity, but in actuality about four or five, limited by parasitic component effect and controller capability. Consequently, if the voltage ratio of the converter is desired to be over five, then two-stage converter based on the boost converter or the buck-boost converter is utilized, or different converter topologies are created[6]-[8]. The boost converter is simple in structure, but the voltage conversion ratio is not so high, whereas the flyback converter possesses a high voltage conversion ratio but the corresponding leakage inductance is large. In certain converter topologies, a method of improving the voltage conversion ratio is proposed, which is based on the fact that the number of inductors is increased, and these inductors are connected in series during the demagnetizing period, thereby pumping the energy created by the input voltage and the energy stored in the inductors into the output terminal to obtain the high voltage conversion ratio [9], [10]. 1 Page

2 Fig. 1 KY converter A new voltage-boosting converter, named as KY converter, provides low output voltage ripple and is very suitable for supplying power to devices that must operate under low-ripple conditions[11]-[14]. Unlike the conventional boost converter, it offers very fast load transient responses, similar to the behavior of the buck converter with synchronous rectification (SR). Besides, in order to enlarge the output voltages, additional proposed converters derived from the KY converter are proposed. KY converter always operates in continuous conduction mode (CCM). Besides, the output current is nonpulsating. However, its ratio of the output voltage to the input voltage is one plus D, where D is the duty cycle of the main switch. As a consequence, to further enlarge the output voltage under the same duty cycle, second-order-derived KY converters, 1-plus-2D and 2- plus-d converters, are used under the same structure but different control strategies. Since the voltage conversion ratios can be upgraded by increasing the number of voltage-boosting cells, two high voltage-boosting circuits, based on two boost capacitors and two inductors, are presented here. The two inductors are connected in series during the demagnetizing period. In addition, based on different diode connections, two voltage-boosting converters with different voltage conversion ratios are generated under similar circuit structure. Under the same condition that two inductors and two capacitors are used except the input capacitor, any one of the proposed voltage conversion ratios is higher than all the other voltage conversion ratios in the conventional converters. On the other hand, under the condition where the same components are used, the proposed converters have higher voltage conversion ratios. In this paper, a brief illustration of the operation of one of the two converters is given along with some simulation results provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of such converters. Here, the closed loop control of the type2 converter, with same value for both inductors, is analyzed using fuzzy logic control [15] which ensures better performance of the converter than using other conventional control strategies. II. Proposed converter topologies Two converter topologies can be derived from the proposed high voltage-boosting converter.each have individual voltage conversion ratios and individual control strategies. Hence, the type 1 converter is described in Fig. 3.1(a), whereas the type 2 converter is shown in Fig. 3.1(b). (a) (b) Fig.2 proposed voltage-boosting converters: (a) type 1; (b) type 2. It is noted that the difference in circuit between Fig. 3.1(a) and (b) is the location of the anode of D 1. Each converter contains three MOSFET switches Q 1, Q 2,and Q 3, two boost capacitors C b and C e, three diodes D b, D 1, and D 2, one output diode D o, two inductors L 1 and L 2, one output capacitor C o, and one output resistor R L. In 2 Page

3 addition, the input voltage is signified by V 1, the output voltage is represented by V o, the voltages across C b, C e, D 1, and D 2 are shown by V Cb, V Ce, V D1, and V D2, respectively, and the currents flowing through L 1, L 2, and D o are denoted by I L1,I L2, and I Do, respectively. Here, the proposed converters are based on the charge pump of the KY converter and the series boost converter. By doing so, the conversion ratios can be upgraded further. Above all, if the anode of the diode D 1 is connected to the cathode of the diode D b, the conversion voltage ratio in continuous conduction mode (CCM) is (3 + D)/(1 D),where D is the duty cycle of the control signal created from the fuzzy logic controller, whereas if the anode of the diode D 1 is connected to the anode of the diode D b with switch turn-on types different from those of the former, the conversion ratio in CCM is (3 D)/(1 D). Therefore, the proposed converters can be used according to industrial applications. In this paper, closed loop control of Type 2 converter using fuzzy logic controller is analyzed. Above all, the converter operated in the CCM under the condition that L 1 is equal to L 2 is analyzed here. The result is also verified by using MATLAB software. III. Basic operating principles There are some assumptions about the operation of the proposed converter. They are: 1) The blanking times between the switches are omitted. 2) The voltage drops across the switches and diodes during the turn-on period are negligible. 3) Since the boost capacitors C b and C e, operating based on the charge pump principle, are abruptly charged to some voltage within a very short time, which is much less than the switching period Ts, the values of C b and C e are large enough to keep the voltages across themselves constant at some values, and hence it is reasonable that the voltages across the capacitors C b and C e are both V 1 for type 2. For these two converters to be considered, the turn on types for three switches and the voltages on the boost capacitors are tabulated in Table.1. Table.1 Turn-on types for switches and voltages on capacitors Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 V cb V ce Type 2 1-D D D V 1 V 1 There are basically two operating modes for the proposed converter. They are: a) Mode 1 [t 0 <t< t 1 ]: Fig.3 power flow of type 2 operated in CCM with L 1 equal to L 2 in mode 1. As shown in Fig 3, Q 2 and Q 3 are turned on, but Q 1 is turned off. Due to Q 3 being turned on, D o is reverse biased, but D 1 and D 2 are forward biased, thereby causing C e to be abruptly charged to V 1, whereas due to Q 2 being turned on, D b is forward biased, thereby causing C b to be abruptly charged to V 1. At the same time, the voltages across L 1 and L 2 both are V 1, thereby causing L 1 and L 2 to be magnetized. Also, C o releases energy to the output. In this mode, the voltages across L 1 and L 2, 663V L1 ON and V L2 ON, can be written as: V L1 ON = V 1 (1) V L2 ON = V 1 (2) b) Mode 2 [t 1 <t< t 2 ]: 3 Page

4 Fig.4 power flow of type 2 operated in CCM with L 1 equal to L 2 in mode 2. As shown in Fig. 4, Q 2 and Q 3 are turned off, but Q 1 is turned on. At the same time, the input voltage plus the energy stored in C b and C e plus the energy stored in L 1 and L 2 supplies the load, thereby causing C o to be energized, C b and C e to be discharged, and L 1 and L 2 to be demagnetized. By doing so, the output voltage is boosted up, and is higher than the input voltage. According to the voltage-second balance, the voltages V L1-OFF, V L2-OFF, and V o can be expressed as: V L1 OFF = D 1 D V L1 ON (3) V L2 OFF = D 1 D V L2 ON (4) V o = V L1 OFF V L2 OFF + V 1 + V Cb + V Ce (5) Since V Cb and V Ce are equal to V 1, (1), (2), and (5) can be rewritten to be: V L1 ON = V L2 ON = V 1 (6) V o = V L1 OFF V L2 OFF + 3V 1 (7) By substituting (6) into (3) and (4), V L1 OFF and V L2 OFF can be rewritten to be: V L1 OFF = V L2 OFF = D 1 D V 1 (8) Substituting (8) into (7) yields the following CCM voltage conversion ratio: V o = 3 D V 1 1 D (9) Key waveforms for type 2 converter operated in CCM with L 1 equal to L 2 are shown in the figure below. 4 Page

5 Fig.5 waveforms for type 2 operated in CCM with L 1 equal to L 2. IV. Fuzzy logic control Fuzzy Logic (FL) is a multivalued logic that allows intermediate values to be defined between conventional evaluations like true/false, yes/no, high/low, etc. Fuzzy inference is the process of formulating the mapping from a given input to an output using fuzzy logic. Here, Mamdani type Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) is used. Fig.6 fuzzy Inference System The two inputs error and deltaerror are fed to the FIS. Fuzzification, Application of rules, Implication, Aggregation and Defuzzification are the major process taking place in the fuzzy inference system. After these processes a crisp output is obtained. The membership functions used here are negative big (NB), negative medium (NM), negative small (NS), zero (Z), medium (M), positive small (PS), positive medium (PM) and positive big (PB). Fig. 7 shows the membership functions of input variable error. Here, seven membership functions are used. They are NB, NM, NS, Z, PS, PM and PB. Fig.7 membership functions of the variable error 5 Page

6 The five membership functions used for the input variable deltaerror are shown in the fig.8.they are NB, NS, M, PS and PB. Fig.8 membership functions of the variable deltaerror For the output variable seven membership functions, NB, NM, NS, Z, PS, PM, PB, are used. They are shown in the fig.9. Fig.9 membership functions of the output variable In this paper, eleven rules are used to control the output variable. The weightage for all the rules are set to one. The rules are: Rule 1: If error is (Z) then output1 is (Z). Rule 2: If error is (PB) then output1 is (PB). Rule 3: If error is (NB) then output1 is (NB). Rule 4: If error is (NS) then output1 is (NS). Rule 5: If error is (PS) then output1 is (PS). Rule 6: If error is (NM) then output1 is (NM). Rule 7: If error is (PM) then output1 is (PM). Rule 8: If error is (PS) and deltaerror is (PS) then output1 is (PS). Rule 9: If error is (PS) and deltaerror is (PB) then output1 is (PM). Rule 10: If error is (NS) and deltaerror is (NS) then output1 is (NS). Rule 11: If error is (NS) and deltaerror is (NB) then output1 is (NM). V. Simulink model In order to verify the performance of the proposed converter, simulations have been done using Matlab/Simulink software. The duty cycle of the converter is set as 50%.An input voltage of 12V is applied to the type2 high voltage boosting converter which boosts the input voltage. The simulation parameters are shown in Table 2. Table.2 Simulation parameters COMPONENTS SPECIFICATION V 1 12V L 1,L 2 80mH C b,c e 330µF C o 1000µF R L 470Ω 6 Page

7 The simulink block diagram of the converter in closed loop is shown below.here, fuzzy logic control is used. The terminal voltage of the converter is compared with the reference voltage, here, 60V.This error voltage along with the change in error serves as the two inputs of the fuzzy logic controller. The output of the fuzzy logic controller is compared with a repeating sequence having frequency 10 khz to obtain the pulses. These pulses switch the multiinput multioutput dc-dc boost converter. So the converter switching frequency is 10 khz. Fig.10 simulink model of the proposed converter A 12V DC is given to the input of the converter. It is shown in the figure below. Fig.11 input voltage waveform Gating signals for the switches Q 2 and Q 3 is shown below.q 2 and Q 3 are operated together. The complement of this signal is fed to switch Q 1.The duty cycle of the switches is 50% of time period. The switching frequency is 10 khz. Fig.12 gating signals for switches Q 2 and Q 3 The figure below shows the current through the inductors L 1 and L 2. 7 Page

8 Fig.13 inductor current through L 1 and L 2 Fig.14 shows the voltage across the capacitors C b and C e.the magnitude of voltages are same and equal to the input supply voltage, which is 12V. Fig.14 waveforms of voltage across the capacitors C b and C e The output voltage of the high voltage boosting converter with fuzzy logic control strategy is shown below. The output voltage is 60V DC. It is clear that the terminal voltage tracked the reference value well. Fig.15 output voltage waveform The waveform with FLC has lesser oscillations. The peak overshoot and the settling time of the converter is much reduced when closed loop control is done using fuzzy logic controller than other conventional controllers. Also the response time is much better when FLC is used. VI. Conclusion In this paper, a fuzzy controlled high voltage-boosting converter is addressed, which is based on inductors connected in series with boost capacitors. It is noted that the proposed converter is based on the charge pump of the KY converter and the series boost converter. By doing so, the conversion ratios can be upgraded further. If the anode of the diode D 1 is connected to the anode of the diode D b, the conversion ratio in continuous conduction mode is (3 D)/ (1 D) where D is the duty cycle of the control signal created from the fuzzy controller. The fuzzy logic controller provides fast response, better settling time and reduced overshoot than conventional controllers. From the simulation results, it is seen that such converter exhibit good performances and hence are suitable for industrial applications, such as the energy-recycling burn-in test of the buck-type converter, isolated or nonisolated. References [1] K. I. Hwu, C. F. Chuang, and W. C. Tu, High Voltage-Boosting Converters Based on Bootstrap Capacitors and Boost Inductors, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 60, No. 6, June 2013 [2] W. Li and X. He, Review of non-isolated high step-up dc/dc converters in photovoltaic grid-connected applications, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 58, no. 4, pp , Apr [3] H. Tao, J. L. Duarte, and. A.M. Hendrix, Line-interactive UPS using a fuel cell as the primary source, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 8,pp , Aug [4] M. Zhu and F. L. Luo, Series SEPIC implementing voltage-lift technique for dc-dc power conversion, IET Power Electron., vol. 1, no. 1, pp , Mar [5] Y. He and F. L. Luo, Analysis of Luo converters with voltage-lift circuit, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. Elect. Power Appl., vol. 152, no. 5, pp , Sep [6] L. S. Yang, T. J. Liang, and J. F. Chen, Transformerless dc-dc converters with high step-up voltage gain, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56, no. 8,pp , Aug [7] C. E. Silva, R. P. Bascope, and D. S. Oliveira, Proposal of a new high voltage-boosting converter for UPS application, in Proc. IEEE ISIE,2006, pp [8] A. A. Fardoun and E. H. Ismail, Ultra step-up dc-dc converter with reduced switch stress, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 46, no. 5, pp , Sep./Oct Page

9 [9] D. Nicolae, C. Richards, and J. van Rensburg, Boost converter with improved transfer ratio, in Proc. IEEE IPEC, 2010, pp [10] B. Axelrod, Y. Berkovich, and A. Ioinovici, Switched-capacitor/switched-inductor structures for getting transformerless hybrid dcdc PWM converters, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, Reg. Papers, vol. 55, no. 2,pp , Mar [11] K. I. Hwu and Y. T. Yau, Voltage-boosting converter based on charge pump and coupling inductor with passive voltage clamping, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 5, pp , May [12] K. I. Hwu and Y. T. Yau, KY converter and its derivatives, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 24, no. 1, pp , Jan [13] K. I. Hwu and Y. T. Yau, A KY boost converter, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 11, pp , Nov [14 ]K. I. Hwu and Y. T. Yau, High step-up converter based on charge pump and boost converter, in Proc. IEEE IPEC, 2010, pp [15] Mamdani, E.H., "Application of Fuzzy Logic to Approximate Reasoning Using Linguistic Systems "IEEE Trans. on Computer, Vol. 26, 1977, pp Page

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