Introduction. Laser Diodes. Chapter 12 Laser Communications

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Introduction. Laser Diodes. Chapter 12 Laser Communications"

Transcription

1 Chapter 1 Laser Communications A key technology to enabling small spacecraft missions is a lightweight means of communication. Laser based communications provides many benefits that make it attractive for small microlauncher spacecraft. First, because of the high frequency of light, the optics required to do effective communication is relatively small, much smaller than required for even microwaves. Second, laser communication is not regulated like radio bands. Third, highly efficient and small technology is readily available for use by microlauncher developers at very low prices. Introduction The basic principle of laser communication lies in the modulation of a laser source with information which is transmitted through free space then received and demodulated to reconstruct the original signal at the destination. Think of flashing a light on and off and detecting that flashing from a distance. It s that simple. Obviously, the brighter the laser light, the farther it can be detected. However, at the distances being used for space-based laser communication, one might think that it would take a lot of energy. In reality, a lack of high energy at the transmitter side can be made up for by having really sensitive detectors. There are several very sensitive receiver technologies that lend themselves very well to space-based laser communications. Laser Diodes A laser diode is a semiconductor device able to convert electrical energy into coherent laser light. Modern laser diodes generally convert electricity to light with efficiencies near 5% and operate at low voltages near.5 volts. They can even be much more efficient, close to 70% efficient for more advanced technologies. Laser diodes produce light at a very narrow frequency; however, the frequency is usually specified in terms of the wavelength of the light. The relationship between light frequency and wavelength is: c f Where c is the speed of light (186,8 miles/second or 99,79,458 m/s), λ is the wavelength in the appropriate units and f is the frequency in Hz. Knowing the frequency of light and the energy of the beam, we can also determine how many photons are being emitted. The equation for the photon generation rate is: p n 1

2 Where n is the number of photons generated per second, p is the power (in Watts), λ is the wavelength (say in meters), h is the Planck constant ( x10^-34 Joules/s), and c is the speed of light ( meters/second). Therefore, if we have a laser that emits 30 mw of light at 650 nm, then the number of photons generated is: n p n n n photons per second Signal Modulation There are several methods by which you can carry data on the laser signal, some of which give much better performance than others. One basic modulation technique is known as On-Off Keying (OOK). In this technique, the laser is merely turned off and on consistent with the data to be transmitted. The signal can also modulate a carrier frequency to allow increased noise immunity. Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) is a different technique of transmitting data. In this case, the presence of a signal in a time slot is used to indicate the data. Using this technique, it might be possible to transmit more than one bit of data with each on time period.

3 Although there are many other modulation techniques, these two represent two of the more commonly used modulation methods for laser communications. Beam Divergence And Energy Usually, the number of photons generated by the laser is confined to a small diameter near the outlet of the diode laser. However, over long distances, this beam spreads out and those photons get spread out over a larger area; this is called its divergence and is measured as the spread angle of the emitted beam. A typical value for low cost commercial lasers divergence is about 1 mrad (or milliradian). The relationship between degrees and radians is: where r is in radians and d is in degrees. 360 d r Therefore, a beam divergence of 1 mrad is equivalent to a divergence angle of: 3

4 360 d r 360 d d Another important aspect of understanding laser power levels is to be able to know how many photons exist in a given area. Looking at the previous diagram, we can see two different locations marked A1 and A. If A1 is 5 inches away from the laser diode and the divergence is 1 mrad, then we can calculate how many photons exist per square inch. The equation to calculate the photons per unit of area for a diverging beam at range is: area n l tan Where n is the number of photons generated by the source (per second), l is the distance in whatever units you choose and θ is the beam divergence angle. Looking at our earlier example we can calculate the number of photons receivable from a spacecraft some distance from Earth. If the spacecraft is 1,000,000 miles away and it has a 650 nm 30mW laser pointing with 0.1 mrad divergence pointed at Earth, then from our earlier equation: p n n n photons/s Using the photons per unit area equation we just introduced, we can see that the area of the beam at Earth is: area area n l tan tan area photons_ per_ unit_ area photons per second / square mile If we had a telescope of 10 inches in diameter, we could determine how many photons per second would be received there. A 10 inch diameter telescope has an aperture area of 78.5 square inches. Since there are x10^9 square inches per square mile:

5 sqin 1square_ mile photons/ s photons/ s 9 10" scope sqin 1square_ mile 10" scope With a 10 inch diameter scope, there are photons per second (not counting atmospheric losses). Using the equation relating photons per second to the power in watts, we can determine how many watts to which this is equivalent. p 5 n n p p p p Watts This is roughly equivalent to a 10th magnitude star in brightness. Is it possible to detect these photons? The answer is yes if you use a photon counting sensors like photomultiplier tubes or Avalanche Photo Diodes. 8 5 Photon Counting Sensors There are several kinds of sensors that are useful for measuring weak light signals: Charged Coupled Devices (CCD s), Photomultiplier Tubes (PMT's) and Avalanche Photo Diodes (APD's) are the ones most likely for microlauncher missions. Each has different benefits for the purposes of laser communications. Charge Coupled Devices Charge Coupled Devices (CCD s) are familiar as the sensors for video cameras. They have a unique capability to build up an electrical charge on each picture element related to the intensity of light over time. By waiting one can allow sufficient charge buildup to count the number of arrived photons over longer durations of time. This can allow very weak signals to be detected and imaged. Photomultiplier Tubes Photomultiplier Tubes (PMT s) are an older electron tube based technology which enables single photons to cause avalanches of electron generation within the tube; they can have gains as high as one million. Therefore, a single photon can generate possibly millions of electrons in the sensor and thereby make even small signals detectable. Avalanche Photodiodes 5

6 Avalanche Photodiodes (APD s) are solid-state diode-based sensors that operate similarly to PMT s. Each photon that impacts the sensor can generate many electrons which can be detected. Therefore, they too have an in-sensor gain which enables the detection of very small signals. Detector Optics Given the availability of a suitable sensor (either PMT, CCD or APD), it is necessary to build a supportive system to make a suitable laser communications receiver. The first, obviously, is some sort of passive light amplifier like a telescope. The optics focuses the light impinging on a larger area to be focused to a smaller area and thereby collects more photons than a bare sensor would be able to detect. Another necessary component which is part of the sensing system is a suitable optical filter which removes almost all light except the desired transmitted laser light. This allows the signal to be more easily detected without too much extraneous light interfering. Typically, what are known as interference filters are used because they allow only a very narrow band of light to strike the photodetector. A filter like this greatly reduces the amount of noise seen by the sensor. An Integrated Transceiver It is possible to integrate the transmission and reception functions into one assembly. This allows a single amplifying/focusing telescope to be used for both transmission and reception. In this example, the downlink transmitter (out from the spacecraft) uses a 650 nm laser and a 780 nm signal wavelength is used for reception. By using a dichroic mirror/filter, the incoming 780 nm signal can be reflected towards the CCD sensor while the outgoing 650 nm transmission laser signal passes through the filter. A 780 nm filter in front of the CCD improves incoming signal discrimination. 6

7 Laser Source Tracking Because the laser light source appears as such a small spot of light, and because the receiving telescope likely has a narrow receiving cone, it is necessary to be able to ensure that the receiver is pointed at the transmitter. The method used to track the transmitter source depends on the type of receiver used. In almost all cases, though, the principle of quadrant sensing is the likely mechanism. This consists of using four (or more) receiving elements in a x square array and using the pattern of signal intensity to indicate the direction of error and correction. If one is using a CCD as the receiver sensor, then some number of picture elements in the middle of the sensor can serve as both tracking sensors and signal sensors. There are APD's available in the quadrant layout which can be used to track the laser source. A similar but more complicated technique might use an optical chopper when one uses a photomultiplier tube. A slight variation of this approach might use two sensor sets: one a signal sensor and the other a CCD for tracking. By using a beam splitter, the incoming signal can be sent to both the signal sensor (of whatever kind) and also to the CCD so that tracking can be performed. 7

Deep- Space Optical Communication Link Requirements

Deep- Space Optical Communication Link Requirements Deep- Space Optical Communication Link Requirements Professor Chester S. Gardner Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois cgardner@illinois.edu Link Equation: For a free-

More information

Nanosatellite Lasercom System. Rachel Morgan Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue

Nanosatellite Lasercom System. Rachel Morgan Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue SSC17-VIII-1 Nanosatellite Lasercom System Rachel Morgan Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue remorgan@mit.edu Faculty Advisor: Kerri Cahoy Massachusetts Institute of Technology

More information

is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending light through an optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic

is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending light through an optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending light through an optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information. The

More information

1170 LIDAR / Atmospheric Sounding Introduction

1170 LIDAR / Atmospheric Sounding Introduction 1170 LIDAR / Atmospheric Sounding Introduction a distant large telescope for the receiver. In this configuration, now known as bistatic, the range of the scattering can be determined by geometry. In the

More information

Figure 2d. Optical Through-the-Air Communications Handbook -David A. Johnson,

Figure 2d. Optical Through-the-Air Communications Handbook -David A. Johnson, onto the detector. The stray light competes with the modulated light from the distant transmitter. If the environmental light is sufficiently strong it can interfere with light from the light transmitter.

More information

6.014 Recitation 1: Wireless Radio and Optical Links

6.014 Recitation 1: Wireless Radio and Optical Links 6.014 Recitation 1: Wireless Radio and Optical Links A. Review Wireless radio links were introduced in Lecture 1. The basic equations introduced there are repeated in Figure R1-1 and below. First is the

More information

EE119 Introduction to Optical Engineering Spring 2003 Final Exam. Name:

EE119 Introduction to Optical Engineering Spring 2003 Final Exam. Name: EE119 Introduction to Optical Engineering Spring 2003 Final Exam Name: SID: CLOSED BOOK. THREE 8 1/2 X 11 SHEETS OF NOTES, AND SCIENTIFIC POCKET CALCULATOR PERMITTED. TIME ALLOTTED: 180 MINUTES Fundamental

More information

By Pierre Olivier, Vice President, Engineering and Manufacturing, LeddarTech Inc.

By Pierre Olivier, Vice President, Engineering and Manufacturing, LeddarTech Inc. Leddar optical time-of-flight sensing technology, originally discovered by the National Optics Institute (INO) in Quebec City and developed and commercialized by LeddarTech, is a unique LiDAR technology

More information

Polarization Experiments Using Jones Calculus

Polarization Experiments Using Jones Calculus Polarization Experiments Using Jones Calculus Reference http://chaos.swarthmore.edu/courses/physics50_2008/p50_optics/04_polariz_matrices.pdf Theory In Jones calculus, the polarization state of light is

More information

Optical Fiber. n 2. n 1. θ 2. θ 1. Critical Angle According to Snell s Law

Optical Fiber. n 2. n 1. θ 2. θ 1. Critical Angle According to Snell s Law ECE 271 Week 10 Critical Angle According to Snell s Law n 1 sin θ 1 = n 1 sin θ 2 θ 1 and θ 2 are angle of incidences The angle of incidence is measured with respect to the normal at the refractive boundary

More information

Absorption: in an OF, the loss of Optical power, resulting from conversion of that power into heat.

Absorption: in an OF, the loss of Optical power, resulting from conversion of that power into heat. Absorption: in an OF, the loss of Optical power, resulting from conversion of that power into heat. Scattering: The changes in direction of light confined within an OF, occurring due to imperfection in

More information

echo-based range sensing L06Ua echo-based range sensing 1

echo-based range sensing L06Ua echo-based range sensing 1 echo-based range sensing mws@cmu.edu 16722 20080228 L06Ua echo-based range sensing 1 example: low-cost radar automotive DC in / digital radar signal out applications include pedestrians / bicycles in urban

More information

Wireless Power and Data Acquisition System for Large Detectors

Wireless Power and Data Acquisition System for Large Detectors Wireless Power and Data Acquisition System for Large Detectors Himansu Sahoo, Patrick De Lurgio, Zelimir Djurcic, Gary Drake, Andrew Kreps High Energy Physics Division 5th Annual Postdoctoral Research

More information

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1 Q1. Just over two hundred years ago Thomas Young demonstrated the interference of light by illuminating two closely spaced narrow slits with light from a single light source.

More information

RADIOMETRIC TRACKING. Space Navigation

RADIOMETRIC TRACKING. Space Navigation RADIOMETRIC TRACKING Space Navigation Space Navigation Elements SC orbit determination Knowledge and prediction of SC position & velocity SC flight path control Firing the attitude control thrusters to

More information

The below identified patent application is available for licensing. Requests for information should be addressed to:

The below identified patent application is available for licensing. Requests for information should be addressed to: DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY OFFICE OF COUNSEL NAVAL UNDERSEA WARFARE CENTER DIVISION 1176 HOWELL STREET NEWPORT Rl 0841-1708 IN REPLY REFER TO Attorney Docket No. 300048 7 February 017 The below identified

More information

Ground-based optical auroral measurements

Ground-based optical auroral measurements Ground-based optical auroral measurements FYS 3610 Background Ground-based optical measurements provides a unique way to monitor spatial and temporal variation of auroral activity at high resolution up

More information

LTE. Tester of laser range finders. Integrator Target slider. Transmitter channel. Receiver channel. Target slider Attenuator 2

LTE. Tester of laser range finders. Integrator Target slider. Transmitter channel. Receiver channel. Target slider Attenuator 2 a) b) External Attenuators Transmitter LRF Receiver Transmitter channel Receiver channel Integrator Target slider Target slider Attenuator 2 Attenuator 1 Detector Light source Pulse gene rator Fiber attenuator

More information

Page 1. Ground-based optical auroral measurements. Background. CCD All-sky Camera with filterwheel. Image intensifier

Page 1. Ground-based optical auroral measurements. Background. CCD All-sky Camera with filterwheel. Image intensifier Ground-based optical auroral measurements FYS 3610 Background Ground-based optical measurements provides a unique way to monitor spatial and temporal variation of auroral activity at high resolution up

More information

Laser Beam Analysis Using Image Processing

Laser Beam Analysis Using Image Processing Journal of Computer Science 2 (): 09-3, 2006 ISSN 549-3636 Science Publications, 2006 Laser Beam Analysis Using Image Processing Yas A. Alsultanny Computer Science Department, Amman Arab University for

More information

Fiber Optic Communications

Fiber Optic Communications Fiber Optic Communications ( Chapter 2: Optics Review ) presented by Prof. Kwang-Chun Ho 1 Section 2.4: Numerical Aperture Consider an optical receiver: where the diameter of photodetector surface area

More information

Laser Telemetric System (Metrology)

Laser Telemetric System (Metrology) Laser Telemetric System (Metrology) Laser telemetric system is a non-contact gauge that measures with a collimated laser beam (Refer Fig. 10.26). It measure at the rate of 150 scans per second. It basically

More information

CHAPTER 9 POSITION SENSITIVE PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBES

CHAPTER 9 POSITION SENSITIVE PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBES CHAPTER 9 POSITION SENSITIVE PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBES The current multiplication mechanism offered by dynodes makes photomultiplier tubes ideal for low-light-level measurement. As explained earlier, there

More information

Physics 431 Final Exam Examples (3:00-5:00 pm 12/16/2009) TIME ALLOTTED: 120 MINUTES Name: Signature:

Physics 431 Final Exam Examples (3:00-5:00 pm 12/16/2009) TIME ALLOTTED: 120 MINUTES Name: Signature: Physics 431 Final Exam Examples (3:00-5:00 pm 12/16/2009) TIME ALLOTTED: 120 MINUTES Name: PID: Signature: CLOSED BOOK. TWO 8 1/2 X 11 SHEET OF NOTES (double sided is allowed), AND SCIENTIFIC POCKET CALCULATOR

More information

Coherent Receivers Principles Downconversion

Coherent Receivers Principles Downconversion Coherent Receivers Principles Downconversion Heterodyne receivers mix signals of different frequency; if two such signals are added together, they beat against each other. The resulting signal contains

More information

RADIOMETRIC TRACKING. Space Navigation

RADIOMETRIC TRACKING. Space Navigation RADIOMETRIC TRACKING Space Navigation October 24, 2016 D. Kanipe Space Navigation Elements SC orbit determination Knowledge and prediction of SC position & velocity SC flight path control Firing the attitude

More information

Passive Microwave Sensors LIDAR Remote Sensing Laser Altimetry. 28 April 2003

Passive Microwave Sensors LIDAR Remote Sensing Laser Altimetry. 28 April 2003 Passive Microwave Sensors LIDAR Remote Sensing Laser Altimetry 28 April 2003 Outline Passive Microwave Radiometry Rayleigh-Jeans approximation Brightness temperature Emissivity and dielectric constant

More information

Light Detectors (abbreviated version, sort of) Human Eye Phototubes PMTs CCD etc.

Light Detectors (abbreviated version, sort of) Human Eye Phototubes PMTs CCD etc. Light Detectors (abbreviated version, sort of) Human Eye Phototubes PMTs CCD etc. Human Eye Rods: more sensitive no color highest density away from fovea Cones: less sensitive 3 color receptors highest

More information

NON-AMPLIFIED PHOTODETECTOR USER S GUIDE

NON-AMPLIFIED PHOTODETECTOR USER S GUIDE NON-AMPLIFIED PHOTODETECTOR USER S GUIDE Thank you for purchasing your Non-amplified Photodetector. This user s guide will help answer any questions you may have regarding the safe use and optimal operation

More information

Status of Free-Space Optical Communications Program at JPL

Status of Free-Space Optical Communications Program at JPL Status of Free-Space Optical Communications Program at JPL H. Hemmati Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA 91 109, M/S 161-135 Phone #: 8 18-354-4960

More information

Developing An Optical Ground Station For The CHOMPTT CubeSat Mission. Tyler Ritz

Developing An Optical Ground Station For The CHOMPTT CubeSat Mission. Tyler Ritz Developing An Optical Ground Station For The CHOMPTT CubeSat Mission Tyler Ritz tritz@ufl.edu Background and Motivation Application of precision time transfer to space Satellite navigation systems ( x

More information

PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT OF INTERSATELLITE OPTICAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATION WITH MULTIPLE TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVERS

PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT OF INTERSATELLITE OPTICAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATION WITH MULTIPLE TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVERS PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT OF INTERSATELLITE OPTICAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATION WITH MULTIPLE TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVERS Kuldeepak Singh*, Dr. Manjeet Singh** Student*, Professor** Abstract Multiple transmitters/receivers

More information

LASER SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

LASER SATELLITE COMMUNICATION LASER SATELLITE COMMUNICATION INTRODUCTION a)transmission at frequencies in 10 14 b)advantage Greater bandwidth Smaller beam divergence angles Smaller antennas c)modes of communication Aerial Fiber optical

More information

Receiver Signal to Noise Ratios for IPDA Lidars Using Sine-wave and Pulsed Laser Modulation and Direct Detections

Receiver Signal to Noise Ratios for IPDA Lidars Using Sine-wave and Pulsed Laser Modulation and Direct Detections Receiver Signal to Noise Ratios for IPDA Lidars Using Sine-wave and Pulsed Laser Modulation and Direct Detections Xiaoli Sun and James B. Abshire NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Solar System Division,

More information

In order to get an estimate of the magnitude limits of the CHARA Array, a spread sheet

In order to get an estimate of the magnitude limits of the CHARA Array, a spread sheet Throughput Calculations and Limiting Magnitudes T. A. ten Brummelaar CHARA, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 In order to get an estimate of the magnitude limits of the CHARA Array, a spread

More information

OPTI510R: Photonics. Khanh Kieu College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona Meinel building R.626

OPTI510R: Photonics. Khanh Kieu College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona Meinel building R.626 OPTI510R: Photonics Khanh Kieu College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona kkieu@optics.arizona.edu Meinel building R.626 Photodetectors Introduction Most important characteristics Photodetector

More information

OPTICAL NETWORKS. Building Blocks. A. Gençata İTÜ, Dept. Computer Engineering 2005

OPTICAL NETWORKS. Building Blocks. A. Gençata İTÜ, Dept. Computer Engineering 2005 OPTICAL NETWORKS Building Blocks A. Gençata İTÜ, Dept. Computer Engineering 2005 Introduction An introduction to WDM devices. optical fiber optical couplers optical receivers optical filters optical amplifiers

More information

Option G 4:Diffraction

Option G 4:Diffraction Name: Date: Option G 4:Diffraction 1. This question is about optical resolution. The two point sources shown in the diagram below (not to scale) emit light of the same frequency. The light is incident

More information

Chapter 3 OPTICAL SOURCES AND DETECTORS

Chapter 3 OPTICAL SOURCES AND DETECTORS Chapter 3 OPTICAL SOURCES AND DETECTORS 3. Optical sources and Detectors 3.1 Introduction: The success of light wave communications and optical fiber sensors is due to the result of two technological breakthroughs.

More information

Some Basic Concepts of Remote Sensing. Lecture 2 August 31, 2005

Some Basic Concepts of Remote Sensing. Lecture 2 August 31, 2005 Some Basic Concepts of Remote Sensing Lecture 2 August 31, 2005 What is remote sensing Remote Sensing: remote sensing is science of acquiring, processing, and interpreting images and related data that

More information

OFCS OPTICAL DETECTORS 11/9/2014 LECTURES 1

OFCS OPTICAL DETECTORS 11/9/2014 LECTURES 1 OFCS OPTICAL DETECTORS 11/9/2014 LECTURES 1 1-Defintion & Mechanisms of photodetection It is a device that converts the incident light into electrical current External photoelectric effect: Electrons are

More information

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA College of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA College of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA College of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences EECS 145L: Electronic Transducer Laboratory FINAL EXAMINATION Fall 2013 You have three hours to

More information

1.6 Beam Wander vs. Image Jitter

1.6 Beam Wander vs. Image Jitter 8 Chapter 1 1.6 Beam Wander vs. Image Jitter It is common at this point to look at beam wander and image jitter and ask what differentiates them. Consider a cooperative optical communication system that

More information

Applications of Optics

Applications of Optics Nicholas J. Giordano www.cengage.com/physics/giordano Chapter 26 Applications of Optics Marilyn Akins, PhD Broome Community College Applications of Optics Many devices are based on the principles of optics

More information

Spatially Resolved Backscatter Ceilometer

Spatially Resolved Backscatter Ceilometer Spatially Resolved Backscatter Ceilometer Design Team Hiba Fareed, Nicholas Paradiso, Evan Perillo, Michael Tahan Design Advisor Prof. Gregory Kowalski Sponsor, Spectral Sciences Inc. Steve Richstmeier,

More information

NON-AMPLIFIED HIGH SPEED PHOTODETECTOR USER S GUIDE

NON-AMPLIFIED HIGH SPEED PHOTODETECTOR USER S GUIDE NON-AMPLIFIED HIGH SPEED PHOTODETECTOR USER S GUIDE Thank you for purchasing your Non-amplified High Speed Photodetector. This user s guide will help answer any questions you may have regarding the safe

More information

NGSLR's measurement of the retro-reflector array response of various LEO to GNSS satellites

NGSLR's measurement of the retro-reflector array response of various LEO to GNSS satellites NGSLR's measurement of the retro-reflector array response of various LEO to GNSS satellites Jan McGarry Christopher Clarke, John Degnan, Howard Donovan, Benjamin Han, Julie Horvath, Thomas Zagwodzki NASA/GSFC

More information

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R S Technical and operational characteristics of satellites operating in the range THz

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R S Technical and operational characteristics of satellites operating in the range THz Rec. ITU-R S.1590 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R S.1590 Technical and operational characteristics of satellites operating in the range 0-375 THz (Question ITU-R 64/4) (00) The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly,

More information

PHYS2090 OPTICAL PHYSICS Laboratory Microwaves

PHYS2090 OPTICAL PHYSICS Laboratory Microwaves PHYS2090 OPTICAL PHYSICS Laboratory Microwaves Reference Hecht, Optics, (Addison-Wesley) 1. Introduction Interference and diffraction are commonly observed in the optical regime. As wave-particle duality

More information

Direct Measurement of Optical Cross-talk in Silicon Photomultipliers Using Light Emission Microscopy

Direct Measurement of Optical Cross-talk in Silicon Photomultipliers Using Light Emission Microscopy Direct Measurement of Optical Cross-talk in Silicon Photomultipliers Using Light Emission Microscopy Derek Strom, Razmik Mirzoyan, Jürgen Besenrieder Max-Planck-Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany 14

More information

9. Microwaves. 9.1 Introduction. Safety consideration

9. Microwaves. 9.1 Introduction. Safety consideration MW 9. Microwaves 9.1 Introduction Electromagnetic waves with wavelengths of the order of 1 mm to 1 m, or equivalently, with frequencies from 0.3 GHz to 0.3 THz, are commonly known as microwaves, sometimes

More information

Wireless Laser communication link using array sensor and GPS/ electronic compass based aligner

Wireless Laser communication link using array sensor and GPS/ electronic compass based aligner Wireless Laser communication link using array sensor and GPS/ electronic compass based aligner K.K. Sharma, Col. S.K. Razdan, Shammi Wadhwa, Rachna Deepanshu, R.K. Sharma CO 2 Laser Division, Laser Science

More information

Lecture 08. Fundamentals of Lidar Remote Sensing (6)

Lecture 08. Fundamentals of Lidar Remote Sensing (6) Lecture 08. Fundamentals of Lidar Remote Sensing (6) Basic Lidar Architecture q Basic Lidar Architecture q Configurations vs. Arrangements q Transceiver with HOE q A real example: STAR Na Doppler Lidar

More information

Observational Astronomy

Observational Astronomy Observational Astronomy Instruments The telescope- instruments combination forms a tightly coupled system: Telescope = collecting photons and forming an image Instruments = registering and analyzing the

More information

Comparison in Behavior of FSO System under Clear Weather and FOG Conditions

Comparison in Behavior of FSO System under Clear Weather and FOG Conditions Comparison in Behavior of FSO System under Clear Weather and FOG Conditions Mohammad Yawar Wani, Prof.(Dr).Karamjit Kaur, Ved Prakash 1 Student,M.Tech. ECE, ASET, Amity University Haryana 2 Professor,

More information

Fiber Optic Communications Communication Systems

Fiber Optic Communications Communication Systems INTRODUCTION TO FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS A fiber-optic system is similar to the copper wire system in many respects. The difference is that fiber-optics use light pulses to transmit information down

More information

Direct Measurement of Optical Cross-talk in Silicon Photomultipliers Using Light Emission Microscopy

Direct Measurement of Optical Cross-talk in Silicon Photomultipliers Using Light Emission Microscopy Direct Measurement of Optical Cross-talk in Silicon Photomultipliers Using Light Emission Microscopy Derek Strom, Razmik Mirzoyan, Jürgen Besenrieder Max-Planck-Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany ICASiPM,

More information

Photons and solid state detection

Photons and solid state detection Photons and solid state detection Photons represent discrete packets ( quanta ) of optical energy Energy is hc/! (h: Planck s constant, c: speed of light,! : wavelength) For solid state detection, photons

More information

FPPO 1000 Fiber Laser Pumped Optical Parametric Oscillator: FPPO 1000 Product Manual

FPPO 1000 Fiber Laser Pumped Optical Parametric Oscillator: FPPO 1000 Product Manual Fiber Laser Pumped Optical Parametric Oscillator: FPPO 1000 Product Manual 2012 858 West Park Street, Eugene, OR 97401 www.mtinstruments.com Table of Contents Specifications and Overview... 1 General Layout...

More information

Chapters 11, 12, 24. Refraction and Interference of Waves

Chapters 11, 12, 24. Refraction and Interference of Waves Chapters 11, 12, 24 Refraction and Interference of Waves Beats Two overlapping waves with slightly different frequencies gives rise to the phenomena of beats. Beats The beat frequency is the difference

More information

Period 3 Solutions: Electromagnetic Waves Radiant Energy II

Period 3 Solutions: Electromagnetic Waves Radiant Energy II Period 3 Solutions: Electromagnetic Waves Radiant Energy II 3.1 Applications of the Quantum Model of Radiant Energy 1) Photon Absorption and Emission 12/29/04 The diagrams below illustrate an atomic nucleus

More information

New Focus High Speed Photoreceivers

New Focus High Speed Photoreceivers New Focus High Speed 1 About New Focus Products Newport s New Focus products are among our most innovative, high-performance, high-quality, and easy-to-use photonics tools and equipment. They include exceptional

More information

Silicon Photomultiplier

Silicon Photomultiplier Silicon Photomultiplier Operation, Performance & Possible Applications Slawomir Piatek Technical Consultant, Hamamatsu Corp. Introduction Very high intrinsic gain together with minimal excess noise make

More information

Photon Count. for Brainies.

Photon Count. for Brainies. Page 1/12 Photon Count ounting for Brainies. 0. Preamble This document gives a general overview on InGaAs/InP, APD-based photon counting at telecom wavelengths. In common language, telecom wavelengths

More information

Overview: Integration of Optical Systems Survey on current optical system design Case demo of optical system design

Overview: Integration of Optical Systems Survey on current optical system design Case demo of optical system design Outline Chapter 1: Introduction Overview: Integration of Optical Systems Survey on current optical system design Case demo of optical system design 1 Overview: Integration of optical systems Key steps

More information

VCSEL SENSOR FLAT WINDOW TO CAN

VCSEL SENSOR FLAT WINDOW TO CAN DATA SHEET VCSEL SENSOR FLAT WINDOW TO CAN SV3637-001 FEATURES: Designed for low drive currents between 7 and 15mA Flat Window TO-46 style package High speed 1 Ghz The SV3637 combines many of the desired

More information

AIM payload OPTEL-D. Multi-purpose laser communication system. Presentation to: AIM Industry Days ESTEC, 22nd February 2016

AIM payload OPTEL-D. Multi-purpose laser communication system. Presentation to: AIM Industry Days ESTEC, 22nd February 2016 AIM payload OPTEL-D Multi-purpose laser communication system Presentation to: AIM Industry Days ESTEC, 22nd February 2016 Outline 1. Objectives OPTEL-D 2. Technology Development Activities 3. OPTEL-D payload

More information

Performance Analysis of WDM-FSO Link under Turbulence Channel

Performance Analysis of WDM-FSO Link under Turbulence Channel Available online at www.worldscientificnews.com WSN 50 (2016) 160-173 EISSN 2392-2192 Performance Analysis of WDM-FSO Link under Turbulence Channel Mazin Ali A. Ali Department of Physics, College of Science,

More information

Instruction manual and data sheet ipca h

Instruction manual and data sheet ipca h 1/15 instruction manual ipca-21-05-1000-800-h Instruction manual and data sheet ipca-21-05-1000-800-h Broad area interdigital photoconductive THz antenna with microlens array and hyperhemispherical silicon

More information

Working in Visible NHMFL

Working in Visible NHMFL Working in Visible Optics @ NHMFL NHMFL Summer School 05-19-2016 Stephen McGill Optical Energy Range Energy of Optical Spectroscopy Range SCM3 Optics Facility Energy Range of Optical Spectroscopy SCM3

More information

Project: IEEE P Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks N

Project: IEEE P Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks N July, 2008 Project: IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks N (WPANs( WPANs) Submission Title: Millimeter-wave Photonics for High Data Rate Wireless Communication Systems Date Submitted:

More information

Point Spread Function. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Confocal Aperture. Optical aberrations. Alternative Scanning Microscopy

Point Spread Function. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Confocal Aperture. Optical aberrations. Alternative Scanning Microscopy Bi177 Lecture 5 Adding the Third Dimension Wide-field Imaging Point Spread Function Deconvolution Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy Confocal Aperture Optical aberrations Alternative Scanning Microscopy

More information

WHITE PAPER LINK LOSS BUDGET ANALYSIS TAP APPLICATION NOTE LINK LOSS BUDGET ANALYSIS

WHITE PAPER LINK LOSS BUDGET ANALYSIS TAP APPLICATION NOTE LINK LOSS BUDGET ANALYSIS TAP APPLICATION NOTE LINK LOSS BUDGET ANALYSIS WHITE PAPER JULY 2017 1 Table of Contents Basic Information... 3 Link Loss Budget Analysis... 3 Singlemode vs. Multimode... 3 Dispersion vs. Attenuation...

More information

A Measurement of the Photon Detection Efficiency of Silicon Photomultipliers

A Measurement of the Photon Detection Efficiency of Silicon Photomultipliers A Measurement of the Photon Detection Efficiency of Silicon Photomultipliers A. N. Otte a,, J. Hose a,r.mirzoyan a, A. Romaszkiewicz a, M. Teshima a, A. Thea a,b a Max Planck Institute for Physics, Föhringer

More information

Photometer System Mar 8, 2009

Photometer System Mar 8, 2009 John Menke 22500 Old Hundred Rd Barnesville, MD 20838 301-407-2224 john@menkescientific.com Photometer System Mar 8, 2009 Description This paper describes construction and testing of a photometer for fast

More information

Theoretical Approach. Why do we need ultra short technology?? INTRODUCTION:

Theoretical Approach. Why do we need ultra short technology?? INTRODUCTION: Theoretical Approach Why do we need ultra short technology?? INTRODUCTION: Generating ultrashort laser pulses that last a few femtoseconds is a highly active area of research that is finding applications

More information

A new ground-to-train communication system using free-space optics technology

A new ground-to-train communication system using free-space optics technology Computers in Railways X 683 A new ground-to-train communication system using free-space optics technology H. Kotake, T. Matsuzawa, A. Shimura, S. Haruyama & M. Nakagawa Department of Information and Computer

More information

Astronomical Cameras

Astronomical Cameras Astronomical Cameras I. The Pinhole Camera Pinhole Camera (or Camera Obscura) Whenever light passes through a small hole or aperture it creates an image opposite the hole This is an effect wherever apertures

More information

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Mechanical Engineering Department. 2.71/2.710 Final Exam. May 21, Duration: 3 hours (9 am-12 noon)

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Mechanical Engineering Department. 2.71/2.710 Final Exam. May 21, Duration: 3 hours (9 am-12 noon) MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Mechanical Engineering Department 2.71/2.710 Final Exam May 21, 2013 Duration: 3 hours (9 am-12 noon) CLOSED BOOK Total pages: 5 Name: PLEASE RETURN THIS BOOKLET WITH

More information

AY 105 Lab Experiment #1: Radiometry/Photometry

AY 105 Lab Experiment #1: Radiometry/Photometry AY 105 Lab Experiment #1: Radiometry/Photometry Purpose This lab will introduce you to working on an optical table. Many of the principles of optical alignment (in three dimensions), stray light control,

More information

CPSC 4040/6040 Computer Graphics Images. Joshua Levine

CPSC 4040/6040 Computer Graphics Images. Joshua Levine CPSC 4040/6040 Computer Graphics Images Joshua Levine levinej@clemson.edu Lecture 04 Displays and Optics Sept. 1, 2015 Slide Credits: Kenny A. Hunt Don House Torsten Möller Hanspeter Pfister Agenda Open

More information

Assignment: Light, Cameras, and Image Formation

Assignment: Light, Cameras, and Image Formation Assignment: Light, Cameras, and Image Formation Erik G. Learned-Miller February 11, 2014 1 Problem 1. Linearity. (10 points) Alice has a chandelier with 5 light bulbs sockets. Currently, she has 5 100-watt

More information

Single Slit Diffraction

Single Slit Diffraction PC1142 Physics II Single Slit Diffraction 1 Objectives Investigate the single-slit diffraction pattern produced by monochromatic laser light. Determine the wavelength of the laser light from measurements

More information

Polarimetric Imaging Laser Radar (PILAR) Program

Polarimetric Imaging Laser Radar (PILAR) Program Richard D. Richmond Air Force Research Laboratory AFRL/SNJM 3109 P Street Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433 Bruno J. Evans Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control 1701 W. Marshall Drive, M/S PT-88 Grand

More information

User s Guide Modulator Alignment Procedure

User s Guide Modulator Alignment Procedure User s Guide Modulator Alignment Procedure Models 350, 360, 370, 380, 390 series Warranty Information Conoptics, Inc. guarantees its products to be free of defects in materials and workmanship for one

More information

2.5GBPS 850NM VCSEL LC TOSA PACKAGE

2.5GBPS 850NM VCSEL LC TOSA PACKAGE DATA SHEET LC TOSA PACKAGE FEATURES: 850nm multi-mode oxide isolated VCSEL Extended Temperature Range Operation ( 40 to +85 deg operating range) Capable of modulation operation from DC to 2.5Gbps TO-46

More information

Antennas and Propagation. Chapter 5

Antennas and Propagation. Chapter 5 Antennas and Propagation Chapter 5 Introduction An antenna is an electrical conductor or system of conductors Transmission - radiates electromagnetic energy into space Reception - collects electromagnetic

More information

Optical Modulation and Frequency of Operation

Optical Modulation and Frequency of Operation Optical Modulation and Frequency of Operation Developers AB Overby Objectives Preparation Background The objectives of this experiment are to describe and illustrate the differences between frequency of

More information

HF Upgrade Studies: Characterization of Photo-Multiplier Tubes

HF Upgrade Studies: Characterization of Photo-Multiplier Tubes HF Upgrade Studies: Characterization of Photo-Multiplier Tubes 1. Introduction Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are very sensitive light detectors which are commonly used in high energy physics experiments.

More information

Broadband Photodetector

Broadband Photodetector LASER INTERFEROMETER GRAVITATIONAL WAVE OBSERVATORY LIGO Laboratory / LIGO Scientific Collaboration LIGO-D1002969-v7 LIGO April 24, 2011 Broadband Photodetector Matthew Evans Distribution of this document:

More information

Optical Receivers Theory and Operation

Optical Receivers Theory and Operation Optical Receivers Theory and Operation Photo Detectors Optical receivers convert optical signal (light) to electrical signal (current/voltage) Hence referred O/E Converter Photodetector is the fundamental

More information

*CUP/T28411* ADVANCED SUBSIDIARY GCE 2861 PHYSICS B (ADVANCING PHYSICS) Understanding Processes FRIDAY 11 JANUARY 2008 Candidates answer on the question paper. Additional materials: Data, Formulae and

More information

DETECTORS Important characteristics: 1) Wavelength response 2) Quantum response how light is detected 3) Sensitivity 4) Frequency of response

DETECTORS Important characteristics: 1) Wavelength response 2) Quantum response how light is detected 3) Sensitivity 4) Frequency of response DETECTORS Important characteristics: 1) Wavelength response 2) Quantum response how light is detected 3) Sensitivity 4) Frequency of response (response time) 5) Stability 6) Cost 7) convenience Photoelectric

More information

Optical fibre. Principle and applications

Optical fibre. Principle and applications Optical fibre Principle and applications Circa 2500 B.C. Earliest known glass Roman times-glass drawn into fibers Venice Decorative Flowers made of glass fibers 1609-Galileo uses optical telescope 1626-Snell

More information

visibility values: 1) V1=0.5 2) V2=0.9 3) V3=0.99 b) In the three cases considered, what are the values of FSR (Free Spectral Range) and

visibility values: 1) V1=0.5 2) V2=0.9 3) V3=0.99 b) In the three cases considered, what are the values of FSR (Free Spectral Range) and EXERCISES OF OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS BY ENRICO RANDONE AND CESARE SVELTO EXERCISE 1 A CW laser radiation (λ=2.1 µm) is delivered to a Fabry-Pérot interferometer made of 2 identical plane and parallel mirrors

More information

Physics 1C Lecture 27B

Physics 1C Lecture 27B Physics 1C Lecture 27B Single Slit Interference! Example! Light of wavelength 750nm passes through a slit 1.00μm wide. How wide is the central maximum in centimeters, in a Fraunhofer diffraction pattern

More information

HIGH SPEED FIBER PHOTODETECTOR USER S GUIDE

HIGH SPEED FIBER PHOTODETECTOR USER S GUIDE HIGH SPEED FIBER PHOTODETECTOR USER S GUIDE Thank you for purchasing your High Speed Fiber Photodetector. This user s guide will help answer any questions you may have regarding the safe use and optimal

More information

Components of Optical Instruments

Components of Optical Instruments Components of Optical Instruments General Design of Optical Instruments Sources of Radiation Wavelength Selectors (Filters, Monochromators, Interferometers) Sample Containers Radiation Transducers (Detectors)

More information

Chapter 18: Fiber Optic and Laser Technology

Chapter 18: Fiber Optic and Laser Technology Chapter 18: Fiber Optic and Laser Technology Chapter 18 Objectives At the conclusion of this chapter, the reader will be able to: Describe the construction of fiber optic cable. Describe the propagation

More information

Examination Optoelectronic Communication Technology. April 11, Name: Student ID number: OCT1 1: OCT 2: OCT 3: OCT 4: Total: Grade:

Examination Optoelectronic Communication Technology. April 11, Name: Student ID number: OCT1 1: OCT 2: OCT 3: OCT 4: Total: Grade: Examination Optoelectronic Communication Technology April, 26 Name: Student ID number: OCT : OCT 2: OCT 3: OCT 4: Total: Grade: Declaration of Consent I hereby agree to have my exam results published on

More information