Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203 dickrp/eecs203/ Grading scheme. Review.

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1 Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS dickrp/eecs203/ Grading scheme Instructor: Robert Dick Office: 77 Tech Phone: T: Neal Oza Office: Tech. Inst. L375 Phone: TT: David ild Office: Tech. Inst. 70 Phone: % homeworks 35% labs 20% midterm exam 30% final exam 3 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203 Planned schedule Mondays: Labs assigned and collected Wednesdays: s collected and assigned Friday s class will normally focus on the lab and homework of the week, and will be given by Neal Oza What is a truth table? Combinational vs. sequential logic? Symbol and notation for ND, OR, NOT? Other gates also exist, e.g., NND, NOR, XOR, XNOR 4 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203 Case study of simple combinational logic design Seven-segment display Case study Seven-segment Given: four-bit binary input Display a decimal digit ranging from zero to nine Use a seven-segment display L5 L1 L2 L3 L6 L7 i 3 i 2 i 1 i 0 dec R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203 Case study Seven-segment Implement L5 L1 L2 L3 L6 L7 i 3 i 2 i 1 i 0 dec L1 L2 L i 3 i 2 i 1 i 0 dec R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

2 implementation Switch-based design representation i 3 i 0 i 1 i 0 i 2 i 1 i 2 In a future lecture, I ll explain how to do this sort of design. switch shorts or opens two points dependant on a control signal Used as models for digital transistors Why is using normally open and normally closed particularly useful for CMOS? NMOS and PMOS transistors easy to model 11 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203 Switch-based definitions Microwave control example at least five minutes elapsed water vapor sensed control normally open switch closed switch control normally closed switch open switch cancel button pressed halt microwave open switch closed switch What happens if the cancel button is not pressed and five minutes haven t yet passed? The output value is undefined. 14 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203 Constraints on network output Switch-based ND a b Under all possible combinations of input values Each output must be connected to an input value No output may be connected to conflicting input values Note that this requires Normally closed switches that transmit signals well Normally open switches that transmit signals well output 16 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203 Relationship with CMOS NND gate Metal Oxide Semiconductor Positive and negative carriers Complimentary MOS PMOS gates are like normally closed switches that are good at transmitting only (high) signals NMOS gates are like normally open switches that are good at transmitting only (low) signals Therefore, NND and NOR gates are used in CMOS design instead of ND and OR gates a PMOS NMOS = b output 19 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

3 Transistors gate asic device in NMOS and PMOS (CMOS) technologies Can be used to construct any logic gate source (N) oxide channel drain (N) silicon bulk (P) 21 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203 CMOS Metal, oxide, semiconductor (MOS) Then it was polysilicon, oxide, semiconductor Now it is metal, hafnium-based low-k dielectric, semiconductor P-type bulk silicon doped with positively charged ions N-type diffusion regions doped with negatively charged ions Gate can be used to pull a few electrons near the oxide Forms channel region, conduction from source to drain starts NMOS turns on when the gate is high PMOS just like NMOS, with N and P regions swapped PMOS turns on when the gate is low NMOS good at conducting low (0s) PMOS good at conducting high (1s) Use NMOS and PMOS transistors together to build circuits Complementary metal oxide silicon (CMOS) 23 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203 CMOS NND gate CMOS NND gate layout pull up network PMOS NMOS pull down network 25 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203 CMOS inverter operation NND operation =? =0 =? =1 =1 =0 =0 =1 =0 =1 =0 =1 27 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

4 NOR operation NMOS/PMOS transistors for ND/OR =0 =0 =1 =0 =1 =1 Recall that NMOS transmits low values easily......transmits high values poorly PMOS transmits high values easily......transmits low values poorly This is due to the effect of the transistors threshold definitions 29 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203 NMOS/PMOS transistors for ND/OR V T, or threshold voltage, is commonly 0.7 V NMOS conducts when V GS > V T gate PMOS conducts when V GS < V T What happens if an s source is high? Or a PMOS transistor s source is low? lternatively, if one states that V TN = 0.7 V and V TP = 0.7 V then NMOS conducts when V GS > V TN and PMOS conducts when V GS < V TP source (N) oxide channel silicon bulk (P) drain (N) 32 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203 NMOS/PMOS transistors for ND/OR NND/NOR easy to build in CMOS If an s input were (high), for V GS > V TN, the gate would require a higher voltage than If an PMOS transistor s input were (low), for V GS < V TP, the gate would require a lower voltage than =0 =0 =1 34 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203 ND/OR requires more area, power, time CMOS transmission gates (switches) NMOS is good at transmitting 0s ad at transmitting 1s PMOS is good at transmitting 1s ad at transmitting 0s To build a switch, use both: CMOS 36 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

5 CMOS transmission gate (TG) Other TG diagram C C 39 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203 What can we build with TGs? Computer geek culture reference nything...try some examples R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203 Reading assignment M. Morris Mano and Charles R. Kime. Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals. Prentice-Hall, NJ, fourth edition, 2008 Sections R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

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