ECE 4203: COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING LAB II

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1 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER ENGINEERING ECE 4203: COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING LAB II SEMESTER 2, 2017/2018 DIGITAL MODULATIONS

2 INTRODUCTION In many digital communication systems, cable (as for data transmission modems) or radio ones (e.g. the digital radio bridges, the cellular telephone system GSM, the digital TV,...), the data signal modulates a sine carrier. The modulations used the most are: ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying): the data signal modulates the amplitude of a sine carrier FSK (Frequency Shift Keying): the data signal modulates the frequency of a sine carrier PSK (Phase Shift Keying): the data signal modulates the phase of a sine carrier. The PSK has different types: -2-phase or binary (2-PSK or BPSK) -4-phases or quadrature (4-PSK or QPSK) -8 or 16-phases (8-PSK, 16-PSK) -absolute or differential QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation): the data signal modulates the phase and amplitude of a sine carrier. PURPOSE of the MODULATION Fig.1: Digital Modulations NRZ Signal In a digital communication system, the data bits are represented via electrical signals. The simplest one uses two levels to represent the binary digit 0 and 1, e.g. +5 for 1 and 0V for 0. Usually a level is kept fixed for 1 bit duration, and so, in this case, we speak of NRZ format (Non Return-to-Zero). The wave-form of the NRZ signal, so, is a sequence of rectangular pulses of casual kind, with continuous power spectrum (fig.2).

3 Fig.2: NRZ Digital Signal Limited Band Channel Let s consider, e.g., (digital) data transmission through the telephone line. As the data signal spectrum starts from zero frequency (d.c. component) and usually overcomes 3400 Hz, the transmission of this signal on a limited band channel (as the telephone signal) is not possible. Note that the frequencies which can be transmitted on the telephone channel are those ranging between 300 and 3400 Hz (voice band). Considering the electrical signal associated to the data signal you can see, e.g., that with alternated 1/0 bits there is a square wave with frequency equal to half the transmission speed. Supposing you want to transmit alternated 1/0 data at 9600 bit/s (fig.3), you would get a squarewave of 4800-Hz frequency. According to the theory of Fourier, a square-wave is composed by the sum of more sine-waves: the main one, the third harmonic, the fifth harmonic and all the next odd harmonics. If the data signal at 9600 bit/s should be applied directly to a public telephone line, there would be no signal at the line output, as all the spectral components would be eliminated by the filtering effect of the same line. The connection could not be carried out, unless the data information would be set inside the voice band. Fig.3: Data Signal Transmission on Limited Band Channel

4 Different modulation techniques are used to carry out a spectrum matching, and the data signal, which is digital with very large spectrum, is converted into an analog signal with much more restricted spectrum. In case of data transmission on public telephone lines, the equipment performing this function are the phone Modems which translate the data signal within the phone band. They use the following modulations: ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying): rare applications at very low speeds FSK (Frequency Shift Keying): up to 1200 b/s PSK (Phase Shift Keying): up to 4800 b/s QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation): up to 9600 b/s in normal mode, up b/s with trellis data coding. In this case Trellis Coded Modulation - TCM. BIT per SECOND and BAUD In the simplest cases of digital modulation, each binary symbol (bit) corresponds to an analog symbol, i.e. a modulation state generated by the modulator. Fig.4 shows an example of 2-phase PSK modulation, in which each bit 0 corresponds to a signal with a certain phase, bit 1 corresponds to a signal of opposed phase. When the data flow increases, to keep the spectrum of the modulated signal within the phone band you must reduce the "frequency" of the modulating signal, i.e. reduce the speed with which the data signal modulates the carrier. One of the techniques used is to divide the data flow into "groups" of more bits (2, 3, 4, etc.) before the modulation, and not to carry out the modulation at each single bit but in correspondence to each "group" of bits (this technique is known as "Multi-level modulation "). Each "modulation state" (or "symbol") is used to transfer the whole group of bits. Fig.5 shows an example of 4-phase PSK modulation, in which the 4 analog symbols (carrier with 0, 90, 180, 270 phase) are generated by the same number of combinations of 2-bit groups (00, 01, 11, 10). It is easy to understand that the frequency of the modulating signal is lowered in this way, contributing to the modulated signal spectrum reduction. Two different concepts of speed are obtained: digital information speed (data) and analog information speed (symbols transmitted across the modulation). These speeds are expressed with different terms: bit/s: it is the transmission speed of binary information, and is given by the number of binary elements (bit) transmitted in the time unit (1 second) BAUD: it is the modulation (or symbol) speed, and is identified by the number of states of the modulated signal (symbols) sent in the time unit. If a speed data flow Fb is divided into "n" bit groups, the Baud is equal to Fb/n. Se n=1 (modulation made bit per bit) the transmission speed and the Baud coincide.

5 Fig.4: 1-bit per symbol transmission (Baud=bit/sec) Fig.5: 2-bit per symbol transmission (Baud bit/sec)

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