Constructing VHF/UHF Antennas WB5CXC Larry Brown W5WF Charles Webb
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1 Constructing VHF/UHF Antennas WB5CXC Larry Brown W5WF Charles Webb We will be discussing construction of VHF/UHF antenna for portable and home use using common available materials. Our favorite supplies are PVC pipe and wire. Most of the antennas we will be describing will have elements of 3.2 mm or 6 mm. Most of the designs are from a German Ham DK7ZB Martin Steger. His designs are very popular in Europe winning antenna gain contests. Most of the models presented are lower gain antennas. I have kept the dimensions in metric as it is easier to measure and build. On 2M antennas the measurements are not a critical as they are on 70cm. It is easier to measure 1036 mm than to measure 40 13/16 inches and it is a lot easier to find the middle. The antennas are designed using a non-metallic boom. If you are going to construct your antenna using an aluminum boom, then the elements will have to be compensated for the metal boom. Things to consider before building an antenna: Single Frequency or Dual Frequency Repeater or Single Side Band Number of Elements Length of Boom Number of elements and boom length will determine the gain of the antenna.
2 Single or Dual Frequency: For a given size you will have better gain with a single frequency. For some of us we don t have big antenna systems & large lots so we are limited to how many and how high we can get our antennas, then a dual band might be a good choice. For portable operations a dual-band can be real handy. Repeater or Single Side Band: This will determine the band coverage and the orientation. Repeaters antennas are in the upper part of the band and are vertically polarized. Single Side Band (SSB) antennas are in the lower part of the band and are horizontally polarized. If you have a higher gain antenna then the antenna will probably not cover the entire band. Number of Elements: The number of elements determines the gain and the boom length. The more elements, the higher the gain, and the longer the boom. For repeater use, 3 elements on 2M and 5 elements on 70 cm should be adequate. For SSB, more elements usually are better. Length of Boom: As a rule the longer the boom the higher the gain (for same number of elements). If the boom is too long then the boom will have to be supported etc. For smaller portable antenna usually you don t want a very long boom. There could be design for the same number of elements with different boom lengths (2M 3 elements 19 boom, and 2M 3 elements 34 boom the longer boom will give more gain). Materials For the boom I use ¾ PVC pipe. In short lengths it is fairly rigid. You could use ½ or 1 PVC pipe. The ½ is usually a little small when you want to make your driven element inside a fitting. The elements can be 3.2mm/1/8 aluminum welding rod, or # 8 solid cooper ground wire (available at Lowes or Home Depot ~ /ft.). The 6mm tubing can be aluminum or ¼ copper tubing (the copper tubing is flexible and will tend to bend). The welding rods come in 3 lengths, and aluminum tubing can be 4 to 12, companies can ship 4 or 6 lengths without too much cost. One of the problems with the aluminum welding rods is they come in 36 lengths. Elements for 2M are a bit longer, so you have to join two rods together. I tried several solutions but ended up with a mechanical solution. I found some 5/32 brass tubing at the hobby store that fit perfectly. There is a problem on how to cut the brass tubes without distorting it. I asked a ham friend that does radio controlled planes on how to do it. He suggested that I use a Dremel with a cut-off blade. It worked great. I first make the elements. The Reflector and Directors are easy, just join two welding rods together with brass tubing. I crimp the brass tubing connection using a High Sierra coax connector crimper (it is just the right size). Measure from the middle of the brass tubing to each end and cut. Save the cut-off as they are long enough to make elements for 70cm.
3 Attaching elements to the boom is always a problem. Using 3.2mm or 6mm elements can make mounting to the boom simpler. For 3.2mm (aluminum welding rods, or # 8 solid copper wire) you can use conduit mountings. Drill a 1/8 hole (if you are using a brass tube in the middle you will need a little larger drill) through the top of the mounting and it is ready for attachment to the boom.
4 If you are using 6mm (1/4 tubing) drill a hole through the boom (snug fit). On the top of the boom drill a hole and tap it for a 6x32 or 8x32 screw. Slid the element in and the screw will hold it in place (use a brass or SS screw). Screw holding the element Making the driven element is similar to the regular elements. I just use 2 brass tubes and a 1/8 fiberglass rod for the insulator. I use the crimper for the mechanical joint. You can then solder the coax to the brass sleeves. Below are charts to construct 2M and 70cm antennas. All the selected antennas have a 50 ohm Driven Element. The Position column shows the distance from the Reflector to that element. The Reflector is the longest element on a Yagi antenna. The elements get shorter as you move away from the Reflector. Some of the charts have measurement for 3.2mm and 6mm elements.
5 2M 50 ohm Yagi 3 Element - 2M 50 ohm 19 Boom Reflector 0 mm 1039 mm 1036 mm Driven Element 300 mm 1020 mm 1018 mm Director 470 mm 931 mm 915 mm 3 Element 2M 50 ohm 19 Boom Yagi Antenna 3 Element - 2M 50 ohm 34 Boom Reflector 0 mm 1049 mm 1024 mm Driven Element 480 mm 981 mm 973 mm Director 850 mm 889 mm 868 mm
6 4 Element - 2M 50 ohm 39 Boom Reflector 0 mm 1022 mm 1016 mm Driven Element 260 mm 977 mm 980 mm Director mm 935 mm 924 mm Director mm 915 mm 890 mm 5 Element - 2M 50 ohm 60 Boom Reflector 0 mm 1037 mm 1034 mm Driven Element 280 mm 955 mm 988 mm Director mm 954 mm 939 mm Director mm 944 mm 929 mm Director mm 929 mm 912 mm 6 Element - 2M 50 ohm 80 Boom Reflector 0 mm 1028 mm 1036 mm Driven Element 260 mm 1001 mm 993 mm Director mm 956 mm 940 mm Director mm 940 mm 927 mm Director mm 940 mm 927 mm Director mm 914 mm 900 mm
7 Building 70cm or higher antennas require more precise measurements etc. The elements measurements and the spacing are critical on 70cm antenna and higher. To maintain the correct pattern and other antenna characteristics measurement need to be close. I found that using metric I can get a more accurate measurements. 70cm 50 ohm Yagi 7 Element 70cm 50 ohm 39 Boom Reflector 0 mm 341 mm 336 mm Driven Element 115 mm 336 mm 335 mm Director mm 312 mm 305 mm Director mm 302 mm 293 mm Director mm 299 mm 290 mm Director mm 302 mm 293 mm Director mm 295 mm 285 mm 9 Element 70cm 50 ohm 63 Boom Reflector 0 mm 337 mm 334 mm Driven Element 140 mm 336 mm 332 mm Director mm 313 mm 308 mm Director mm 300 mm 294 mm Director mm 294 mm 288 mm Director mm 291 mm 286 mm Director mm 291 mm 285 mm Director mm 293 mm 288 mm Director mm 280 mm 273 mm
8 Dual Band 2M/70cm Antennas The Dual Band 2M / 70cm antennas have a single feed point (50 ohm). These Yagi antennas have a unique element call an Open Sleeve. This is a director very close to the Driven Element (the Driven Element is sized for 2M). On 2M the Open Sleeve has very little effect on the the antenna. On 70cm (3 rd harmonic of 2M) the Open Sleeve acts as part of the Driven element has most of the current. 2M Current Distribution 5 Element 70cm Current Distribution 5 Element
9 Dual Band 2M/70cm Yagi 4 element Dual Band 2M/70cm 18 Inch Boom Element Position 6 mm Reflector 2M 0 mm 1022 mm Reflector 70 cm 230 mm 322 mm Driven Element 370 mm 938 mm Open Sleeve 70cm 392 mm 318 mm 5 element Dual Band 2M/70cm 20 Inch Boom Element Position 3.2 mm Reflector 2M 0 mm 1022 mm Reflector 70 cm 230 mm 320 mm Driven Element 379 mm 939 mm Open Sleeve 70cm 392 mm 297 mm Director 1 70cm 500 mm 284 mm
10
11 9 element Dual Band 2M/70cm 40 Inch Boom Element Position 3.2 mm Reflector 2M 0 mm 1022 mm Reflector 70 cm 110 mm 329 mm Driven Element 260 mm 977 mm Open Sleeve 70cm 300 mm 322 mm Director 1-70cm 440 mm 320 mm Director 1-2M 470 mm 935 mm Director 2-70cm 750 mm 285 mm Director 3-70cm 965 mm 297 mm Director 2-2M 985 mm 915 mm
12
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