High Frequency Gyrotrons and Their Applications
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1 High Frequency Gyrotrons and Their Applications Richard Temkin MIT Dept. of Physics and MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center Plasma Physics Colloquium Applied Physics and Applied Math Dept. Columbia University February 28, 2014
2 Topics Introduction to Gyrotrons Gyrotron Physics and Technology High Power Gyrotrons Applications
3 Gyrotrons Gyrotrons - most powerful MM wave and THz sources Updated from Granatstein et al. Proc. IEEE 1999
4 Gyrotron Concept MW gyrotron for plasma heating and current drive JAEA ITER 1 MW, 170 GHz gyrotron K. Sakamoto et al., Nucl. Fus. (2009)
5 Electron Cyclotron Maser Dispersion Relation Gyrotron is an electron cyclotron resonance maser Waveguide Mode: Cyclotron Mode: Dispersion Relation 2 2 = (1 - v / c ~ 28 GHz/T s = harmonic number g ) -1/ 2 Lorentz Factor Relativity
6 Gyrotron Devices Flyagin IEEE MTT 1977
7 Topics Introduction to Gyrotrons Gyrotron Physics and Technology High Power Gyrotrons Applications
8 Electron Gun Diode Magnetron Injection Gun for a 110 GHz Gyrotron Adiabatic compression of annular electron beam from the cathode to the resonator 2 Conservation of v ^ / B ; increase of v^ Low velocity spread required
9 Interaction Structure Open Resonator with cutoff towards the electron gun Beam radius is optimized to interact with the desired mode TE 22,6,1 Cavity at 110 GHz High Order Modes Optimal electron beam position Cavity Geometry There are 282 modes at lower frequency than the TE 22,6 mode! 14 l
10 Linear Theory: Starting Current and Mode Competition
11 Nonlinear Theory - Efficiency The equations of motion of an electron de r r = -eu E dt r dp r r r = -ee - eu B dt Efficiency plot r ^ W c v W = ^ c eb = gm e Efficiency Normalized Distance z/l
12 Output Coupler Internal Mode Converter (IMC) converts the cavity mode into a Gaussian Beam Launcher is a waveguide section with profiled walls designed to generate a mode mixture resulting in a Gaussian-like pattern on the surface Launcher designed using code LOT J. Neilson, JIMT (2006)
13 Topics Introduction to Gyrotrons Gyrotron Physics and Technology High Power Gyrotrons and Applications Plasma Heating with Megawatt Gyrotrons Spectroscopy with THz Gyrotrons Materials Processing Novel and Future Applications
14 Megawatt Gyrotrons Megawatt
15 D-IIID 110 GHz ECH System # Frequency Power GHz 1.0 MW GHz 1.2 MW GHz 1.5 MW Highest Power ECH System up to 10 s pulses Corrugated aluminum transmission lines propagate HE 11 mode with low loss J. Lohr, General Atomics, 2012
16 Megawatt Gyrotrons at DIII-D CVD Diamond Window 1MW, 110 GHz gyrotron installed in SC Magnet 1.2 MW, 110 GHz Gyrotron K. Felch, EPJ Conf. Web, 2012
17 W7-X Stellarator Germany 10 MW, 140 GHz ECH System (cryo-free magnets) V. Erckmann, W7-X, 2012
18 ITER
19 ITER ECH System M. Henderson, ITER, 2012
20 Low Loss Transmission Lines 24 MW of gyrotron power at 170 GHz; 20 MW at the plasma Gyrotron Gaussian Beam mode purity >95% Loss budget <17% 63.5 mm diameter corrugated Al waveguides transport the HE 11 mode Losses occur due to both ohmic loss and mode conversion loss to non- HE 11 modes US responsible for supplying the transmission lines HE11 LP11 LP32 E. Kowalski, IEEE MTT, 2010 M. Shapiro, FS&T, 2010 D. Rasmussen, US ITER, 2012
21 170 GHz, 1 MW JAEA Gyrotron K. Sakamoto, 2012
22 170 GHz, 1 MW Gyrotron - Russia TE 25,10 Mode Gyrotron 70kV, 45 A 0.96 MW 55% efficiency 1000 seconds G. Denisov, IVEC 2013
23 THz Gyrotrons THz High power at THz freq. is tens to hundreds of Watts
24 THz Gyrotrons for DNP/NMR - Transfer of e - spin polarization to nuclear spin polarization Gyrotron DNP signal enhancement = 80 m waves on m waves off 13 C Chemical Shift (ppm) 20 mm TOTAPOL in frozen glycerol/water with 2 M 13 C Urea Frequency Tuning range Power Power stability Frequency stability Transmission NMR magnet line GHz ~ 1 to 2 GHz W (CW) 1% for 24 hours 1 MHz L. R. Becerra et al. Phys Rev Lett (1993)
25 250 GHz Gyrotron for DNP/NMR Operation Voltage, V 0 (kv) Beam Current, I 0 (ma) Operating Mode TE 521 Gyrotron Tube Output Mode Magnetic Field, B 0 (T) 9.0 HE 11 Cyclotron Harmonic 1 Number Output Power (W) GHz / 380 MHz Dynamic Nuclear Polarization NMR yields signal increase up to 600! Gyrotron has 3 GHz tuning range K. E. Kreischer et al., Proc. IR MM Waves Conf. (1999) V. S. Bajaj et al., Journal of Magnetic Resonance Vol. 189 (2007)
26 Moving to Second Harmonic: 460 GHz Image of output beam c second harmonic Gain ~ ( v ) 2n ^ / c ( v / c) 2 = 0.04 at 12 kv ^ M. K. Hornstein et al., IEEE Trans. Elec. Devices (2005) A. C. Torrezan et al. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 2010
27 460 GHz gyrotron Voltage Tuning Broadband frequency 2w c : 1 GHz B o = 8.43 T, I b = 100 ma A. C. Torrezan et al. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 2010
28 Gyrotron Stability Stability Bandwidth Number (Arb. Units) Power (arb. Units) 24 hour run at 460 GHz; output power stable to 0.5 % Power (db) MHz Frequency (MHz) 140 GHz oscillator bandwidth < 1 MHz S-T Han et al., IEEE Trans Plasma Sci 2007
29 Bruker DNP/NMR Systems 263 GHz for 400 MHz NMR 527 GHz for 800 MHz NMR
30 Materials Processing Gyrotrons Materials Processing
31 Materials Processing Non-contact, rapid heating of ceramics, glass, semiconductors Power ~ 1-20 kw Frequencies ~ 24 to 84 GHz Used with materials of low loss tangent at lower frequencies power absorption increases with frequency Large scale applications? CPI 28 GHz 10 kw Industrial Gyrotron Gycom 30 GHz Gyrotron and Applicator
32 Gyrotron Amplifiers Applications: radar, spectroscopy Gyrotron Amplifiers (Peak Power)
33 Interaction Region Amplifiers have new physics challenges: Instabilities; single pass gain; role of velocity spread B 0 Electron Beam Amplifier Waveguide r p r r r =- ev B - ee t 0 RF w c eb g m = Note: e w c 1 g Input Output v B 0 v
34 Ultra High Gain Gyro-TWT Instability stopped by highly lossy circuit 93 kw, 70 db gain at 35 GHz, with 3 GHz Bandwidth K. R. Chu et al, PRL (1998)
35 Gyrotron Amplifier Research at MIT High power microwave amplifiers for time-domain DNP NMR spectroscopy based on novel structures 140 GHz Gyrotron Amplifier Confocal Structure 34 db Gain, 820 W 250 GHz Gyrotron Amplifier Photonic Band Gap Structure 38 db Gain, 45 W Electron gun 6 T magnet Output window Power supplies and control 25 W / GHz EIK tunable source
36 TE 03 -Like Mode Defect region in photonic structure confines waveguide mode Circular Waveguide: TE 03 Mode 4 mm PBG Waveguide: TE 03 -like Mode 10 mm
37 Experimental Setup Solid State Source 30 mw 248 GHz 258 GHz Gyrotron Amplifier HV Modulator Transmission Line Electron Gun 9.6 T Magnet Control System Heterodyne Frequency Detector
38 Peak Power and Gain 7.5 mw Input Power (after isolator) 45 W Output Power 37.8 db Gain (50 db Circuit Gain) Bandwidth = 400 MHz, limited by input coupler f = GHz V k = 32 kv I b = A α = 1.12 B 0 = 8.90 T E. Nanni et al. Phys Rev Lett 2013
39 Novel Applications
40 Imaging and Inspection GHz gyrotron radiation images material on a conveyor belt Application to the food industry Metal or other foreign objects are identified S-T Han, J. Phys. Soc. Korea 2012 S-T Han, IRMMW-THz Conf. 2011, 2012
41 MIT Study of Air Breakdown Air breakdown using 1 MW, 110 GHz pulsed (3 ms) gyrotron Open-shutter photographs of free-space breakdown. E Top View beam Side View 2D arrays, filaments Quarter-wavelength separation l/4 ~ 0.68 mm Y. Hidaka, PRL, 2008 J. Hummelt, PoP, 2012
42 Radioactive Material Detection 210 kw, 670 GHz gyrotron built with a pulsed solenoid Remote detection of radioactive materials Seed electrons produced by radioactivity will allow air breakdown by the THz radiation, leading to detection G. Nusinovich, JIMT, 2011 M. Glyavin, APL, 2012
43 Rocket Launcher Beamed Energy Propulsion Concept Lab test of rocket at JAEA by Univ. Tokyo team J. Oda, JAEA, 2012 Rocket Launch Artist s Concept, NASA A. Murakami, AIAA, 2012
44 Conclusions Gyrotrons are the most powerful sources of radiation in the millimeter wave and the Terahertz regions Gyrotron oscillators have three major applications Plasma Heating Materials Processing Spectroscopy including DNP/NMR Gyrotron amplifiers are less well developed but have significant applications Radar, Spectroscopy High power gyrotrons and applications have a promising future!
45 Acknowledgements Research supported by: National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Waves and Beams Division
46
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