Department of Electronic Engineering FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Department of Electronic Engineering FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT"

Transcription

1 FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT BEngECE-2006/07-<KMW>-<KMW-10-BEECE> Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design Student Name: Student ID: Supervisor: Assessor: LI KWOK CHUEN Dr WU, Angus K M Dr CHOW, Y T Bachelor of Engineering (Honours) in Electronic and Communication Engineering (Full-time)

2 Student Final Year Project Declaration I have read the student handbook and I understand the meaning of academic dishonesty, in particular plagiarism and collusion. I declare that the work submitted for the final year project does not involve academic dishonesty. I give permission for my final year project work to be electronically scanned and if found to involve academic dishonesty, I am aware of the consequences as stated in the Student Handbook. Project Title : Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design Student Name : LI KWOK CHUEN Student ID: Signature Date : Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 2

3 No part of this report may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transcribed in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of City University of Hong Kong. Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 3

4 TABLE OF CONTENT TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 LIST OF FIGURES 4 LIST OF TABLES 6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 7 ABSTRACT 8 OBJECTIVE 9 INTRODUCTION 10 CHAPTER 1 Background Studies 11 Section 1.1 History of Vacuum Tubes 11 Section 1.2 Vacuum Tube Vs Transistor 13 Section 1.3 Theory of Vacuum Tubes 14 Section Principles 14 Section Vacuum 15 Section Heater and Filament 16 Section Cathode 17 Section Plate (anode) 18 Section Grid 18 Section Tube Life 19 Section Why vacuum tube working in negative voltage? 21 Section How to amplify the signal? 23 CHAPTER 2 Structure 25 Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 4

5 Section 2.1 The flow to the loudspeaker 25 Section 2.2 Music Player 26 Section 2.3 Pre-amplifier 29 Section 2.4 Power Amplifier 31 Section Push-Pull Stage 32 Section Single Ended Stage 34 Section 2.5 Output Transformer 36 Section 2.6 Loudspeaker 37 CHAPTER 3 Methodology 39 Section 3.1 Design Procedure 39 Section 3.2 Design number of stage of the amplifier 40 Section 3.3 Choose the Vacuum Tube 41 Section Power Stage Tube 42 Section Driver Stage Tube 44 Section 3.4 Design Driver Stage 46 Section 3.5 Design Power Stage 51 Section 3.6 Transformers 53 Section Output transformers 53 Section Supply transformer 54 Chapter 4 Testing and Measurement 56 Section 4.1 Basic Testing 56 Section 4.2 Measure the Distortion 58 Section 4.3 Measure the Frequency Responds 60 Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 5

6 CHAPTER 5 Discussion 65 CHAPTER 6 Conclusion 66 REFERENCE 67 APPENDIX 68 Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 6

7 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Edison Effect 11 Figure 1.2 Metal Vacuum Tubes 12 Figure 1.3 Glass Vacuum Tubes 12 Figure 1.4 Symbol of Vacuum Tube 14 Figure 1.5 Structure of Vacuum Tube 15 Figure 1.6 Voltage on the grid to controls current through the tube 19 Figure 1.7(A) Provide Positive Grid Voltage 21 Figure 1.7(B) Provide Negative Grid Voltage 21 Figure 1.8 Glass Vacuum Tubes 22 Figure 1.9 Glass Vacuum Tubes 23 Figure 2.1 The flow from music player to loudspeaker 25 Figure 2.2 Phonograph Player 26 Figure 2.3 CD, DVD and SACD player 27 Figure 2.4 Pre-amplifier 29 Figure 2.5 Back of the Pre-amplifier 30 Figure 2.6 Example of the Push-Pull Stage 32 Figure 2.7 Example of the Single-Ended Stage 34 Figure 2.8 Audio Output Transformer 36 Figure 2.9 Loudspeaker 37 Figure 3.1 Single Ended Audio Power Amplifiers 39 Figure 3.2 Power Stage Tube and Driver Stage Tube 41 Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 7

8 Figure 3.3 Power Stage Tube 6B4G 42 Figure 3.4 Pin out of the 6B4G 43 Figure 3.5 Pin out of the 2A3 43 Figure 3.6 Driver Stage tube C3M 44 Figure 3.7 Characteristic of C3M in triode connection 46 Figure 3.8 Circuit of the C3M in triode connection 48 Figure 3.9 Characteristic of C3M in pentode connection 49 Figure 3.10 Circuit of the C3M in pentode connection 50 Figure 3.11 Characteristic of 6B4G 51 Figure 3.12 Circuit of the Power Stage 52 Figure 3.13 Output Transformer 53 Figure 3.14 Supply Transformer 54 Figure 3.15 Whole circuit 55 Figure 4.1 Output Waveform of the Right Channel Driver Stage 56 Figure 4.2 Output Waveform of the Left Channel Driver Stage 57 Figure 4.3 Output Waveform of the Right Channel Power Stage 57 Figure 4.4 Output Waveform of the Left Channel Power Stage 58 Figure 4.5 Distortion of the Right Channel 59 Figure 4.6 Distortion of the Left Channel 59 Figure 4.7 Frequency Responds of the Right Channel 61 Figure 4.8 Frequency Responds of the Right Channel 63 Figure 4.9 Final Testing by CD player 64 Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 8

9 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Data of Grid Voltage and Plate Current 21 Table 4.1 Data of Frequency Responds in the Right Channel 60 Table 4.2 Data of Frequency Responds in the Left Channel 62 Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 9

10 Acknowledgment I would like to express my most profound gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. WU, Angus K M, for his considerate encouragement and sincere support throughout this project. Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 10

11 Abstract The aim of this project was to design and develop a vacuum tube single ended audio power amplifier. This amplifier is mainly for the CD, VCD and DVD players which are the most common audio players today. In this project, we study the vacuum tube and audio amplifier circuits. Moreover study the flow of the whole system from the music player to the loudspeakers. Each functions of the components in the amplifier. Then, the whole single ended audio power amplifier is built by using vacuum tubes. After finish the whole have some different test and measurement to define the performance of the amplifier. Finally, the most important thing was use the amplifier listen music and feels the different of the transistor amplifier. Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 11

12 Objective 1. To study the theory of vacuum tube and the amplifier circuit. 2. To study the different of the single ended and push pull output stage. 3. To design and develop the single ended audio power amplifier 4. To test and measure the performance of the amplifier Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 12

13 Introduction In these recent years, the vacuum tube audio power amplifiers become more and more popular. Vacuum tube amplifier was a very large demanded consumer electronic market. The vacuum tube is an early device and the tube compare with the transistor that the tube has many disadvantages. So the transistor is replacement the vacuum tube in many applications. That what reason to lead many people like to use the vacuum tube to make an audio amplifier. The main reason is that most of the people feel the sound of vacuum tube audio amplifier better than the transistor amplifier. Because of the even order harmonic will make the sound pleasant. The tube can make the amplifier have richer even order harmonic. The forced of this project is how to design a vacuum tube amplifier. And the cost of this amplifier is low. Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 13

14 Chapter 1 Background Studies [1][2][3][6][9] Section 1.1 History of Vacuum Tubes In 1883, Thomas Edison discovered that a current streamed between the filament of a lamp and a plate in the vacuum (see the figure 1.1). The effect was called that Edison Effect, but this unexplained effect was no important application at the time. Figure 1.1 In 1899, J. J. Thomson proved that the current flowed was because of the stream of negatively-charged particles, electrons, that could be leaded by electric and magnetic fields. In 1907, Lee de Forest patented the triode that he called the audion. The triode was a third electrode, the grid was used to control the electron flowed. It was made a more sensitive detector, however amplifying characteristic was not used at the first time. To recommend of the high vacuum, and furthermore the improvement of the materials Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 14

15 and processes, especially the metal to glass seals which the vacuum tube become a very useful amplifying device. The vacuum tube made great developments in radio, telephony and sound reproduction. In 1919, Schottky used a screen grid between the plate and grid that the vacuum tubes become more useful at higher frequency. In 1935, the introduction of metal tube which the glass tube did not disappeared and furthermore was constantly improved. The final type of the vacuum tube was the miniature or all-glass that types of tube become the predominant tube after about Figure 1.2 Figure 1.3 In 1948, the transistors were invented that it used in the amplifying applications widespread. Moreover the transistors take over the position of the vacuum tubes. Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 15

16 Section 1.2 Vacuum Tube Vs Transistor Disadvantage of vacuum tube: Lager size Easy to over heat Expensive Lower reliability High power dissipation Why were vacuum tubes still used? First, we will need to know the affect of even & odd harmonics in audio. Even order harmonics sound as musical chords which can makes the sound "richer". Human listen the even order harmonics will feel pleasant. Odd order harmonics sound makes the sound less pleasant. The vacuum tube can make the audio amplifier more harmonics. Because of the reason most people will feel the vacuum tube audio amplifier have better sound than the transistor amplifier. Other reason to use the vacuum tube which was the characteristic of tube was more linear than the transistors. Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 16

17 Section 1.3 Theory of Vacuum Tubes Section Principles A vacuum tube was an electronic device that it uses to increase or amplify an electrical signal. This function makes it the basic part required to build an analog electronic circuit. A tube allows you to manipulate electrical signals by controlling or modulating electricity. The electricity goes in one end and then comes out the other in an altered state. It was the elements inside the tube that affect the electricity and cause it to behave in a different manner. Figure 1.4 The concepts of the vacuum tube were based on the early device Audion. We provide a heater voltage to the filament (cathode) that the heated cathode will emits the electrons. The electron will through a grid to the plate. The position of grid was between Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 17

18 the plate and the cathode that was use to control the current flow through the vacuum. The electrons then absorbed by the plate. A typical plate voltage was about positive several hundred voltages, and a grid voltage was normally about negative several voltages. The small AC signal voltage become larger AC signal voltage after the tube amplifies. Figure 1.5 Section Vacuum A special environment must exist that isolates the tube elements from the outside world. If there was air inside the tube, its molecules would interfere with the flow of the Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 18

19 electrons through the tube. Also, the air would react chemically with the internal parts and ruin them. So a vacuum tube must be a very pristine environment. Tube was a glass bulb which before the glass envelop was sealed which the air and gases were absorbed by a powerful vacuum pump. The standard of a good tube was vacuum can not more than a millionth of the air pressure. The good vacuum environment can lead the tube work better and increase the life time. Section Heater and Filament Heat was the source of energy used to stimulate the electrons to leave the cathode, in a process called thermionic emission. The element provides heat energy called a heater if it was separate from the cathode. It was called a filament if it was used for both heating and emitting. Because of the heater or the filament need a time to warm up sufficiently to emit the electrons, the electric circuits using tubes start slowly. Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 19

20 Section Cathode Two type of cathode: 1) The thoriated filament: This filament makes of tungsten which was similar the filament of the light bulb. The difference of the two filaments which was adds a less quantity of thorium to the tungsten filaments. The filament will emit electrons because of the thorium pass toward the surface of filament when it was heated to white hot (~ 2400 C). The filament with thorium compare with the plain tungsten filament that the electrons was easy to make by the filament with thorium. Most of the thoriated filaments usually use in the radio transmitters power tubes. 2) The oxide-coated cathode or filament: The mixture of barium, strontium oxides and other substances will coat to this filament which cathode was heated orange-hot (~ 1000 C). The oxides compare with the thoriated filament that was better to make electron. However, it was easy to damage by high voltages. It was seldom used in the power tubes. Normally, it was always used in smaller glass tubes. Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 20

21 Section Plate (anode) The output signal will appear to the plate (anode) which was an electrode. The plate was easy to get hot because it was absorb the electron from the cathode. It was easy to observe in power tubes. Because of the reason it will specially designed to cool itself, it will radiate the heat through the glass envelope or metal envelope. Most of the tubes use graphite to make a plate because it can accept high temperatures. The secondary electrons was emitted by the graphite plate was very few. Section Grid In early years, the grids of glass tubes almost were make of plated wire that grids were wound around two soft-metal posts. In the power tubes the grids need to accept a lot of heat energy. Thus it was always made of tungsten. Inside the amplifying tube, the most important thing was called secondary emission. The secondary emission was caused by electrons striking a smooth metal surface. The secondary electrons come out of the grid that it will lose control of the electron stream. This effect will cause the current run away and the tube destroys. Because of the reason, the grid usually coated with a metal. The metal gold can reduce the secondary emission. To prevent secondary emission can use surface finishing. Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 21

22 The grid was use to control the current through. From the figure 1.6, we can see how changing the voltage on the grid of a triode which can controls the current through the tube. Figure 1.6 Section Tube Life Speaking of tube life, the amount of plate current that flows through a tube was related to how long the tube lasts. The lower of the plate current that make the longer life time of the tube. That Designs class A or other high-current consume tubes in a hurry. By designing circuits that operate at lower current levels, you can greatly extend tube life. Class A was not a panacea for bad design; it was possible to design excellent-sounding circuits that consume much less current, put out less heat, and last much longer. Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 22

23 And the other factor that the tube life depends on the life time of the cathode emission. The life of the cathode depends on the temperature of cathode, the degree of the vacuum and the materials in the cathode. Tube life depends on the temperature that it depends on the operating voltage of the heater or filament. The heater or filament operates too hot or cool that it will make a shortened life. Some researchers proved that the life time of an oxidecathode tube can be increased when its heater operating at 20% below the rated voltage. The thoriated filaments provide longer life times than the oxide cathodes. Purity of the materials was a large issue in making a long life oxide cathode. Some impurities, such as silicates in the nickel tube that impurities will cause the cathode to lose emission prematurely. Oxide cathodes always use to make a small signal tubes. Good quality tubes of this type when it operated well within their ratings and at the correct heater voltages. It can last 100,000 hours or more. Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 23

24 Section Why vacuum tube working in negative voltage? Through this example we can easy to observe why vacuum tube working in negative voltage. Figure 1.7(A) & (B) First we provide the grid voltage from -5V to 5V that we can see the performance of the tube in the positive and negative grid voltage. Table 1.1 voltage. From the table 1.1, we can see that the plate current increase when the grid Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 24

25 Figure 1.8 From the figure 1.7, we can see that the negative grid voltage region was linear however the positive grid voltage region was nonlinear. Because of this reason the vacuum tubes need to operate in the negative grid voltage. Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 25

26 Section How to amplify the signal? Figure 1.9 The circuit was provide -2V grid voltage. From the table 1.1, the plate current was 6mA when the grid voltage was -2V. The point B voltage: 250V- (10k*6mA) = =190V The grid voltage was decrease to -3V which the plate current become 4mA. The point B voltage: 250V- (10k*4mA) = =210V Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 26

27 The 1V of the grid voltage change which the voltage of point B change to 20V. The signal was amplify 20 times. Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 27

28 Chapter 2 Structure [9][10] Section 2.1 The flow to the loudspeaker The flow that was show the CD converted to a music output. Figure 2.1 Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 28

29 Section 2.2 Music Player Nowadays, the main music players were CD, VCD and DVD. These kinds of the music players have providing a high signal levels output. Sine the maximum possible output was about 2V. However, if we make an amplifier for phonograph that the gain of the audio power amplifier must larger due to the very small phonograph signal about 30 to 50mV. Figure 2.2 Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 29

30 Two type of the music player: High signal output CD, VCD, DVD Low signal output phonograph, tape High signal output music player Compact Discs (CD) player was an electronic device that can play audio CD. This kind of the music players were usually installed in home audio systems, car audio systems and personal computers (PC). Recently, most of the players support different formats in addition to CDs; such as DVDs, CD-ROMs with audio files and video compact discs (VCD). Figure 2.3 Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 30

31 The CD player was including three major parts. These were drive motor, lens system and tracking mechanism. The function of the drive motor rotates the CD about 200 to 500 per minute. Then the lens system was moved to the spiral tracks by the tracking mechanism. And the lens system will use the laser beam to reads the information. The laser system was focusing a beam on the CD to read the information that the information will reflect to the sensor. And the sensor can detect the changes of the beam which change will convert to data. The data will pass through a digital to analog converter (DAC) to become sound output. Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 31

32 Section 2.3 Pre-amplifier Pre-amplifier was the first part of the amplification which amplifier use to prepare an electronic signal to further amplifier. Normally, the function of the pre-amplifier use to amplify a very low level input signal to a suitable level for further amplifier. In general, the pre-amplifier in a home audio system which use to switch the different music sources and provide a volume control. The voltage gain provides of the preamplifier was about 10 which was no current gain. Typically, the second amplifier was a power amplifier in an audio system. Figure 2.4 From the figure 2.4, show the volume control in the front. Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 32

33 Characteristic of the pre-amplifier: amplify about 10 have volume control can select the input source first stages of the audio amplifier combine into a housing or separate housing mounted in some equipment, such as turntables, electric basses and microphones. Figure 2.5 The figure 2.5, show the socket of the different music input. Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 33

34 Section 2.4 Power Amplifier Amplifier was a device which uses a small signal to control a larger signal. It was usually use in audio applications. Power amplifier relate to the amount of power delivered to the load. Normally, power amplifier was design the last amplifier in a transmission chain. Moreover, the amplifier stage requires most attention to power efficiency. The pre-amplifier and power amplifier were similar however they provide different gain. The power amplifier provides high current not the voltage gain that the high current use to drive the loudspeaker Amplifier output stages Two type of the output stages that these were the single ended and push pull. The difference of these two output stages were the connection of tubes to output transformer and use different types of the output transformer. Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 34

35 Section Push-Pull Stage Figure 2.6 The power supply was connected to the center-tap of the output transformer in the push-pull stage. Moreover the upper and lower side of the center-tap primary was connected to the tubes. The alternate cycles of the input waveform were conducted by the tubes. Most of the design push-pull were biased to class AB which connect have better efficiency and the output with less crossover distortion. Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 35

36 The push-pull stage can connected more tubes in parallel with each side that the resulting in the amplifier with four, six or even eight output tubes for higher power amplifiers. This parallel operation was called parallel push pull. However, the push-pull stage operates at least two tubes. The advantage of the push-pull stage that the tubes were matched and the output stage was balanced that the push-pull circuit was less or no unbalanced DC current in the output transformer. Even order harmonics and distortion products generated in the output stage were canceled out. Power supply hum was canceled out, allowing the designer to get by with less filtering of the power supply. However, this stage usually has more odd order harmonic distortion. The disadvantage in class AB operation was the DC supply current changes between off and full signal that require heavier filter to prevent supply "sag". Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 36

37 Section Single Ended Stage Class A was always in the single ended amplifier output stage. The output transformers have two connections that were not having the center tap in the transformer primary. The two connections of the output transformer connect to the power supply and the plate of the power tubes. Also, the tubes can connect in paralleled for high power operation which was similar to the parallel push-pull operation. And this connection was called parallel single ended. Figure 2.7 Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 37

38 The single-ended stage was the type of output stage which was used in the venerable Fender champ guitar amplifier and countless millions of early radios and TV. This output stage was good sounding and putting out low power level compare with the push-pull stages. However, the single ended stage was very inefficient. This type of stage also has another problem that was the continuous DC current must handle by the transformer. The results of this reason make the output transformer larger and higher cost. The disadvantages of the single-ended output stage were including: Need a heavier filtering to make the hum become acceptable because low rejections of power supply hum. No rejection of even order harmonics (advantage to guitar players). The asymmetrical limiting on overloads which further emphasizes even order harmonics. These disadvantages give the single-ended output stage a unique tone, compared to the push-pull output stage. The better or not was depending on the taste. Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 38

39 Section 2.5 Output Transformer The sound quality was limited by the audio transformers. The wide frequency response and low distortion were related to the output transformers design. Figure 2.8 In audio power amplifier that the audio output transformer was a main component. The vacuum tube output connects to the high impedance output transformers primary and the low impedance of secondary connects to the loudspeaker. It was because the vacuum tube operates a high voltage at low current and the loudspeakers operate a low voltage at high current. The output transformer was not applying in the transistor amplifier. Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 39

40 The large iron core of the output transformer can make better low frequency response. However the large iron core size was increase the high power handling. The designed of windings to make without any leakage inductance and stray capacitance which can lead better high frequency response. Because of the design and the large iron core that make the output transformer was an expensive component. Section 2.6 Loudspeaker The electrical signal to sound was converted by the speaker system. The range of its cost was from about $100 to several thousands dollars. Figure 2.9 Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 40

41 Loudspeaker can divide to four different type: 1. Full range type 2. Woofer type 3. Mid-range type 4. Tweeter type Loudspeaker was need to handle a continuous power and peak power. Typically the input impedance of the speaker systems were 4 Ω, 8 Ω and 16 Ω. The complete speaker systems can include 2 or more number of the drivers. The frequency response of the loudspeaker must lager than 20Hz to 20kHz. Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 41

42 Chapter 3 Methodology[1][2] Section 3.1 Design Procedure Have several steps to design an audio power amplifier. 1) -- Design number of stage of the amplifier 2) -- Choose Vacuum Tube 3) -- Design Driver Stage Circuit 4) -- Design Output Stage Circuit 5) -- Transformer Figure 3.1 Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 42

43 Section 3.2 Design number of stage of the amplifier Normally, the numbers of stage of the amplifier were either two or three stages. There were depending on the signal output of the music player. The high signal output music player can provide about 0.7V to 2V such as CD, VCD and DVD players. The low signal output music player only provide about several mv to 30 mv, such as phonograph. When the audio power amplifier was force on the high signal output music player that only need two stages to amplify the signal. However, the amplifier for the low signal music player that amplifier need one more stage to amplify the signal. Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 43

44 Section 3.3 Choose the Vacuum Tube Normally, the vacuum tube can divide to two types: Driver stage tube Power stage tube Figure 3.2 stage tube. From the figure 3.2, shows the difference of the driver stage tube and the power Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 44

45 Section Power Stage Tube The characteristic of the power stage tube: Larger size Higher power dissipate Very hot When talk about the power stage tube most of vacuum tube player will know the popular tubes 300B and 2A3. There two models were famous for provide a good sound. However, the costs of these two tubes were very expensive that cost was about 1000 dollars per each. Moreover it was not the best brand of the tubes. Because of the budget of the project that kind of tubes can not consider in the project. Figure 3.3 Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 45

46 Finally, find a power stage tube 6B4G that characteristic was similar to the 2A3. Moreover the cost of 6B4G was cheaper about 200 dollars when it was made by Russia. The differences of these two tubes were the heater voltage. Other differences were the pin out of the tube. Power tube 6B4G: Heater voltage of 6B4G--6.3V Eight pins Power tube 2A3: Heater voltage of 2A3--2.3V Four pins Figure 3.4 Figure 3.5 Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 46

47 Section Driver Stage Tube The characteristic of the power stage tube: Smaller size Lower power dissipate Not very hot Normally, the cost of the driver stage tube was cheaper which the cost usually below 100 dollar. So the driver stage tube forces on the linear characteristic. Finally, the driver stage tube uses the model C3M. It was not a popular driver tube and less people will use it to make an audio amplifier. However the tube have very good characteristic. Figure 3.6 Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 47

48 The characteristic of the C3M: Characteristic very linear Low noise Higher lifetime The C3M tube has three grids pin, so it can connect in triode mode and pentode mode. The advantage of the triode mode connects less components however it only can provide low gain. And the pentode mode can provide high gain but more components in the circuit. Disadvantage of the C3M was the heater voltage of the tube was 20V. Normally, the heater voltage of tube was about 6V and 12V. The 20V heater voltage was very special. That reason the power supply must make one more group for this heater voltage. Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 48

49 Section 3.4 Design Driver Stage When start to design a driver stage the most important thing was the amplifier for what type of the music player. Because the audio power amplifier was mainly for the CD players that players can provide a high signal output (max about 2V). Because of the high signal output of the CD players that I believe the gain of driver stage was about 15. The driver stage can connect in triode model. The figure 3.7, show the characteristic of C3M tube in triode connection. Load line Operation point Linear region Figure 3.7 Non-linear region Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 49

50 From the figure 3.7, can obverse the linear region and non-linear region. When design the driver stage need to avoid the tube operate on the non-linear region. Then set the load line and the operation point on the linear region. Finally, use the difference equations to calculate the values of each component. From the load line, we can see no current through the anode the voltage of anode was 300V. And no voltage across the anode the anode was 30mA. That we can set the value of anode resistor was 10kΩ (300V / 30mA = 10kΩ). Then the voltage of the operation point was 180V and the current was 12mA when no input signals. The grid voltage was -8V when no input signals. The cathode resistor was -8V/12mA = Ω that we use the 680Ω resistor. From the load line and the operation point that can observes the 1V change of the grid voltage will change about 15V of the anode voltage. That mean the gain of the circuit was about 15. Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 50

51 The figure 3.8 shows the circuit of the driver stage that connects in triode mode. Figure 3.8 However, after finish all parts of the amplifier then connect the loudspeaker and CD player to test the sound of the amplifier. The volume of the triode connection was not enough lager when the volume tunes to max. It was because the output of the music player was not enough. When I design the driver stage which was force on the max output of the music player was about 2V. But the average output of the CD player was about 0.8V. So we need to use the pentode mode to provide high gain. Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 51

52 Non-linear region Figure 3.9 Linear region Load line Operation point The figure 3.9 shows the characteristic of C3M tube in the pentode connection. The characteristic of pentode connection was different the triode mode. However the design procedure was similar to the triode connection. Find the linear and non-linear region. Make the load line and the operation point on the linear region. Use some equation to calculate the value of each component. Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 52

53 After calculate the whole circuit shows below figure And the gain of the circuit was about 58. Figure 3.10 Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 53

54 Section 3.5 Design Power Stage The characteristic of the 6B4G was similar to the C3M was triode connection. Moreover the design procedures also like the C3M triode mode. The main difference was the power tube was connecting to the output transformer not a resistor. P = (Vmax-Vmin)(Imax-Imin)/8 = (( )(120-10)/8000 = 3.64W Figure 3.11 Load line Linear region Operation point Non-linear region Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 54

55 The below figure was the final of the power stage circuit. Figure 3.12 Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 55

56 Section 3.6 Transformers Section Output transformers The output transformers were basic on the design to make. Because the resistance of the output stage was 2.5kΩ that the primary wing of the output transformer was 2.5kΩ. And the secondary wings of the output transformer were 0Ω, 4Ω, 8Ω and 16Ω that was match the standard of the loudspeakers. The figure 3.13 shows the structures of the output transformers. Figure 3.13 Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 56

57 Section Supply transformer The most important things were design the supply transformer: Need how many groups of voltage Need how many currents of each group. A group of the supply can provide more than one group of voltage. E.g. the below figure, can observes that the 6.3V supply group is provide 6.3V and 5V. The figure 3.14 shows the structure of the supply transformer in this project. The 6.3V and 20V were the heater voltage for the 6B4G and C3M respectively. The 300V was main supply for the whole circuit. it. After design the output and supply transformer that can go to find a factor to make Figure 3.14 Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 57

58 The figure was the whole circuit in the case. Figure 3.15 Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 58

59 Chapter 4 Testing and Measurement Section 4.1 Basic Testing After finish the whole circuit that needs to test the circuit. First, need to measure the voltage of each point. Then use the measure values compare with the calculate values (If two type of the date were similar that can do the next part). Next insert the tube and connect the 8Ω load to observe the waveform when input a sine wave (1 khz and 500mV). The figure 4.1 shows the output waveform of the right channel driver stage. It showed the voltage equal 27.4V when input 500mV. The gain of the right channel driver stage is 54.8 (27.4V/500mV). Figure 4.1 Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 59

60 The figure 4.2 shows the output waveform of the left channel driver stage. It showed the voltage equal 27.9V when input 500mV. The gain of the left channel driver stage is 55.8 (27.9V/500mV). Figure 4.2 The figure 4.3 shows the output waveform of the left channel power stage. It showed the voltage was reduced because the power stage was provided current gain. Figure 4.3 Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 60

61 The figure 4.3 shows the output waveform of the right channel power stage. The output waveform was very smooth. Figure 4.4 Section 4.2 Measure the Distortion The methods to measure the distortion use the signal generator. It generates a 1 khz signal to the amplifier. Then connect the CRO to the output that increase the voltage of the input from 0V to a voltage that the waveform starts to distortion. Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 61

62 From figure 4.5, shows the output waveform starts to distortion when the output reaches to 5.57V (Right channel). Figure 4.5 From figure 4.6, shows the output waveform starts to distortion when the output reaches to 5.57V (Left channel). Figure 4.6 Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 62

63 Section 4.3 Measure the Frequency Responds When measure the frequency responds that use the generator to generate a 500mV signal. Then change the frequency from 5Hz to 40kHz. This test wanted to know the amplifier can or not handle the frequency between 20Hz to 20kHz (human can hear). Frequency(Hz) Voltage(V) Frequency(Hz) Voltage(V) Table 4.1 Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 63

64 Figure 4.7 The above table and figure was showed the frequency responds in right channel. That showed the right channel of the amplifier can handle the human hear range. Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 64

65 The below table and figure was showed the frequency responds in left channel. That showed the left channel of the amplifier can handle the human hear range. Frequency(Hz) Voltage(V) Frequency(Hz) Voltage(V) Table 4.2 Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 65

66 Figure 4.8 Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 66

67 The final testing connected the amplifier to the loudspeakers and the CD player. Then play a CD and listen the song. And careful to listen the sounds have any problem or not. The connection liked the below figure. Figure 4.9 Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 67

68 Chapter 5 Discussion From the part of the testing and measurement I can observes that the output of the left channel is larger than the right channel. This is easy to observe when we force on the output waveform of the driver stage and power stage. The gain of the left driver stage is 55.8 but the gain of the right driver stage is Also the output stage of the left channel is lager than right 0.2V. This effect will make the volume of one side is larger than other side. The reason is the left and right channel components are not the same. Moreover each component has about 5% error, so the two channels have different value is very common. Because of the difference is not very larger that will not have larger effect. When we want to reduce the problem the more accurate component needed. And the vacuum tubes can use match pair that the tube characteristics are same. Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 68

69 Chapter 6 Conclusion Through this project I study the theory of the vacuum tube, amplifier circuit and advantage of the vacuum tube. Then start to design and build a single ended audio power amplifier. The testing and measurement also include in this project. The testing and measurement parts are observes a little problem that is the output of left channel larger than the right channel. To solve this problem is need to use the more accurate components Finally, I succeed to build the whole single ended audio power amplifier. This is mainly for the high output signals music player, such as CD, DVD, VCD players. And the amplifier can provide a good sound. Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 69

70 Reference 1. Bruce Rozenblit (1997). Beginner s Guide to Tube Audio Design. 2. Morgan Jones (1999). Valve Amplifiers sics Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 70

71 Appendix 1. Data sheets of the C3M tube 2. Data sheets of the 6B4G tube Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design 71

The Electro-Magnetic Spectrum

The Electro-Magnetic Spectrum The Electro-Magnetic Spectrum Part Three In This Issue: All about Tubes How a diode rectifier works How a triode amplifier works How the mixer in your receiver works Dear Friends: For quite some time I

More information

New Push-Pull Tube Amplifiers

New Push-Pull Tube Amplifiers New Push-Pull Tube Amplifiers By Menno van der Veen Introduction With landmark design work such as the author presents here, the future of the tube amps, which reached their peak around the middle of this

More information

Circuit Components Lesson 4 From: Emergency Management Ontario

Circuit Components Lesson 4 From: Emergency Management Ontario 4.1 Amplifier Fundamentals The role of a amplifier is to produce an output which is an enlarged reproduction of the features of the signal fed into the input. The increase in signal by an amplifier is

More information

Maltase cross tube. D. Senthilkumar P a g e 1

Maltase cross tube.  D. Senthilkumar P a g e 1 Thermionic Emission Maltase cross tube Definition: The emission of electrons when a metal is heated to a high temperature Explanation: In metals, there exist free electrons which are able to move around

More information

Western E/ectrk A V a c u u m T u b e

Western E/ectrk A V a c u u m T u b e 295A Western E/ectrk 2 9 5 A V a c u u m T u b e Classification Filamentary air- cooled triode May be used as an audio-frequency amplifier or as a radio-frequency amplifier, modulator o r o s c i l l a

More information

Contents. 1. Fundamentals of Amplification The Small-Signal Pentode 40. Acknowledgements. Some Useful Formulae

Contents. 1. Fundamentals of Amplification The Small-Signal Pentode 40. Acknowledgements. Some Useful Formulae Contents Preface Acknowledgements Some Useful Formulae vii ix x 1. Fundamentals of Amplification 1 1.1: Basic Theory of Valves 2 1.2: Valve Diodes 2 1.3: Triodes 4 1.4: Anode Resistance, r a 6 1.5: Amplification

More information

Sound recording & playback

Sound recording & playback Sound recording & playback Dynamic microphone Condenser microphone Carbon microphone Frequency response curves Sound recording Amplifiers Loudspeakers Sound recording & playback - 1 Dynamic microphone

More information

Western Electric D V a c u u m T u b e

Western Electric D V a c u u m T u b e 284D Western Electric 2 8 4 D V a c u u m T u b e Classification Fiiamentary air-cooied triode The tube is designed primarily for use as an audio-frequency amplifier or modulator and may be used as a replacement

More information

1. Summary. 15/08/2009 Philips Valve Amplifier Type LBH1015/01 Page 1 of 7. Valve PA Amplifier. Philips label Model Code LBH1015/01 Serial No 1080

1. Summary. 15/08/2009 Philips Valve Amplifier Type LBH1015/01 Page 1 of 7. Valve PA Amplifier. Philips label Model Code LBH1015/01 Serial No 1080 15/08/2009 Philips Valve Amplifier Type LBH1015/01 Page 1 of 7 1. Summary Valve PA Amplifier. Philips label Model Code LBH1015/01 Serial No 1080 Two input, mono 60W amplifier with tone control and 50V/70V/100V

More information

2 5 1 A Va c u u m T u b e

2 5 1 A Va c u u m T u b e 251A 2 5 1 A Va c u u m T u b e P L A T E L E A D INSULATORS W SPRING CONNECTOR - P L A T E L E A D -FILAMENT LEADS CONNECTOR GRID LEAD Classification The 251A Vacuum Tube is a three element, air-cooled,

More information

CHAPTER 9: ELECTRONICS

CHAPTER 9: ELECTRONICS CHAPTER 9: ELECTRONICS 9.1 Cathode Rays 9.1.1 Thermionic Emission Thermionic emission is the emission of electrons from a heated metal surface. Factors that influence the rate of thermionic emission: Temperature

More information

FOUNTEK ALTITUDE Integrated Amplifier OWNERS MANUAL. A3500 ( Version -V1) 240V AC

FOUNTEK ALTITUDE Integrated Amplifier OWNERS MANUAL. A3500 ( Version -V1) 240V AC FOUNTEK ALTITUDE 3500 Integrated Amplifier OWNERS MANUAL A3500 ( Version -V1) 240V AC 24-10-05 CONTENTS 3. INTRODUCTION 4. IMPORTANT NOTES ( WARNING!) 5. POWER INPUT CONNECTION 6. CONNECTING SPEAKERS 7.

More information

Why a push-pull amplifier?

Why a push-pull amplifier? Unison Research P70 Fully balanced dual mono valves Amplifier in Push- Pull topology Why a push-pull amplifier? A push-pull topology amplifier is characterised by a power stage in which active devices

More information

MC2301. Features and Benefits. Promotional Highlights TUBE POWER AMPLIFIER MCINTOSH LABORATORY INC., 2 CHAMBERS STREET, BINGHAMTON, NEW YORK 13903

MC2301. Features and Benefits. Promotional Highlights TUBE POWER AMPLIFIER MCINTOSH LABORATORY INC., 2 CHAMBERS STREET, BINGHAMTON, NEW YORK 13903 MC2301 Product Preview Page 1 McIntosh Laboratory, Inc., Binghamton, NY 13903 Design Engineering Department PRODUCT PREVIEW MC2301 TUBE POWER AMPLIFIER Project 1336 Promotional Highlights 300 Watts Mono

More information

THERMIONIC AND GASEOUS STATE DIODES

THERMIONIC AND GASEOUS STATE DIODES THERMIONIC AND GASEOUS STATE DIODES Thermionic and gaseous state (vacuum tube) diodes Thermionic diodes are thermionic-valve devices (also known as vacuum tubes, tubes, or valves), which are arrangements

More information

Transmitter Tetrode. Approx. weight 16 kg. 360 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft. ➀ Tube support ➁ Air inlet ➂ Do not use as terminal.

Transmitter Tetrode. Approx. weight 16 kg. 360 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft. ➀ Tube support ➁ Air inlet ➂ Do not use as terminal. Transmitter Tetrode RS 2795 Ordering code Q53-X2795 Coaxial metal-ceramic tetrode, forced-air-cooled, for frequencies up to 110 MHz, particularly suitable for single-sideband communications transmitters

More information

2 5 4 A V a c u u m T u b e

2 5 4 A V a c u u m T u b e V a c u u m T u b e 2 5 4 A V a c u u m T u b e Classification The No. 254A Vacuum Tube is a four-element, screen-grid tube for use as a radio-frequency power-amplifier and as a harmonic-generator at intermediate

More information

Device Interconnection

Device Interconnection Device Interconnection An important, if less than glamorous, aspect of audio signal handling is the connection of one device to another. Of course, a primary concern is the matching of signal levels and

More information

Communications Technology Lab 6: Fibre-Optics Communications

Communications Technology Lab 6: Fibre-Optics Communications Communications Technology Lab 6: Fibre-Optics Communications Your report for this lab is to be a description of what was done. An optical fibre is a strand of glass or plastic with special optical properties

More information

ELECTRICAL Cathode... coated unipotential Heater Voltage Volts Heater Current

ELECTRICAL Cathode... coated unipotential Heater Voltage Volts Heater Current Power Pentode The E34LS is a power pentode designed especially for high fidelity audio systems. It has a plate dissipation of 30 watts and delivers high power without drawing control-grid current. The

More information

ONLINE TUTORIALS. Log on using your username & password. (same as your ) Choose a category from menu. (ie: audio)

ONLINE TUTORIALS. Log on using your username & password. (same as your  ) Choose a category from menu. (ie: audio) ONLINE TUTORIALS Go to http://uacbt.arizona.edu Log on using your username & password. (same as your email) Choose a category from menu. (ie: audio) Choose what application. Choose which tutorial movie.

More information

Filament Thoriated tungsten. Filament voltage...14 volts Nominal filament current... 6 amperes Average thermionic emission...

Filament Thoriated tungsten. Filament voltage...14 volts Nominal filament current... 6 amperes Average thermionic emission... Classification Filamentary Air-cooled Triode. Application May be used as an audio-frequency amplifier or modulator; or as a radiofrequency oscillator or amplifier. Dimensions Large four-pin bayonet base

More information

GRID CONTROLLED POWER SUPPLY IS A VERSATILE UNIT Uses Pair of RCA-2050 s for Wide Voltage Range

GRID CONTROLLED POWER SUPPLY IS A VERSATILE UNIT Uses Pair of RCA-2050 s for Wide Voltage Range 10/30/07 11:55 PM Thyratrons GRID CONTROLLED POWER SUPPLY IS A VERSATILE UNIT Uses Pair of RCA-2050 s for Wide Voltage Range By J. H. OWENS, W2FTW and G. D. HANCHETT, W1AK/2 RCA Ham Tips Volume 6, Number

More information

Unusual Tubes. Tom Duncan, KG4CUY March 8, 2019

Unusual Tubes. Tom Duncan, KG4CUY March 8, 2019 Unusual Tubes Tom Duncan, KG4CUY March 8, 2019 Tubes On Hand GAS-FILLED HIGH-VACUUM Neon Lamp (NE-51) Cold-cathode Voltage Regulator (0B2) Hot-cathode Thyratron (884) Photomultiplier (931A) Magic Eye (1629)

More information

22A3 Monaural Amplifier Owner s Manual

22A3 Monaural Amplifier Owner s Manual 22A3 Monaural Amplifier Owner s Manual www.bandwidthaudio.com sales@bandwidthaudio.com WARNING Never power on the amplifier without connecting a proper load Failure to do so will result in permanent damage

More information

An Experiment with a Passive Six-Channel Volume Control for Surround Sound: The Kimber/DACT Design. February, John E. Johnson, Jr.

An Experiment with a Passive Six-Channel Volume Control for Surround Sound: The Kimber/DACT Design. February, John E. Johnson, Jr. Page 1 of 11 An Experiment with a Passive Six-Channel Volume Control for Surround Sound: The Kimber/DACT Design February, 2003 John E. Johnson, Jr. Introduction With all of the new music formats on CDs

More information

A hi-fi system begins with the source and ends with the loudspeakers.

A hi-fi system begins with the source and ends with the loudspeakers. A hi-fi system begins with the source and ends with the loudspeakers. >> Any information lost at the source can never be recovered by a subsequent component in the system. >> No matter how good the amplification,

More information

Preface... xv Acknowledgments... xix. Chapter 1 An Overview of Vacuum Tube Audio Applications... 1

Preface... xv Acknowledgments... xix. Chapter 1 An Overview of Vacuum Tube Audio Applications... 1 Contents Preface... xv Acknowledgments... xix Chapter 1 An Overview of Vacuum Tube Audio Applications... 1 The Evolution of Analog Audio... 1 Technology Waves... 3 Tube vs. Solid State.................................................

More information

Professional Equalizer-Preamp Suitable for Home Use

Professional Equalizer-Preamp Suitable for Home Use A combined Professional Equalizer-Preamp Suitable for Home Use KENNETH W. BETSH* Designed originally for broadcast-station use, this preamplifier can be adapted to any installation where it would be desirable

More information

CAN TRANSISTORS SOUND LIKE VALVES? ABSTRACT

CAN TRANSISTORS SOUND LIKE VALVES? ABSTRACT CAN TRANSISTORS SOUND LIKE VALVES? M. J. K. Aitchison Studying MSc by Research. Steve Fenton Supervising Tutor University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK ABSTRACT An objective comparison

More information

Review Title. Secondary Title

Review Title. Secondary Title YG Acoustics Review Title Anat Reference Main Module 2,300,000 (per pair) Secondary Title Extremely Pleasant, Natural, Super-Energetic Sounds with Zero Irritation By Hiromi Wada Main Text My overall impression

More information

MZ2 HEADPHONE AMPLIFIER, PREAMP, & STEREO AMPLIFIER USER GUIDE

MZ2 HEADPHONE AMPLIFIER, PREAMP, & STEREO AMPLIFIER USER GUIDE MZ2 HEADPHONE AMPLIFIER, PREAMP, & STEREO AMPLIFIER USER GUIDE Linear Tube Audio Takoma Park, MD, USA WARNING: For safety, the cover of this amplifier should be secured at all times. DC voltages as high

More information

4X150A/7034 Radial Beam Power Tetrode

4X150A/7034 Radial Beam Power Tetrode 4X15A/734 Radial Beam Power Tetrode T The Svetlana 4X15A/734 is a compact radial beam tetrode. The 4X15A is intended for Class AB SSB linear RF amplifier service. It is intended for stationary and mobile

More information

Lab 10 - INTRODUCTION TO AC FILTERS AND RESONANCE

Lab 10 - INTRODUCTION TO AC FILTERS AND RESONANCE 159 Name Date Partners Lab 10 - INTRODUCTION TO AC FILTERS AND RESONANCE OBJECTIVES To understand the design of capacitive and inductive filters To understand resonance in circuits driven by AC signals

More information

Speakers are Important In or Out of the Circuit

Speakers are Important In or Out of the Circuit Innovation. Amplified. Chapter 7 Speakers are Important In or Out of the Circuit by Hartley Peavey Speakers are Important In or Out of the Circuit. Most guitar players have heard that operating a tube

More information

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 16 Sound 16-1 Characteristics of Sound Sound can travel through h any kind of matter, but not through a vacuum. The speed of sound is different in different materials; in general, it is slowest

More information

Electric Circuits Review

Electric Circuits Review Electric Circuits Review 3.1 Electric Circuits Be able to: o define current o solve problems for current, charge, and time o relate conventional current direction to the electron flow in a conductor o

More information

Svetlana 3CX3000F7/8162 High-Mu Power Triode

Svetlana 3CX3000F7/8162 High-Mu Power Triode High-Mu Power Triode T he Svetlana 3CX3F7/8162 is a high-performance ceramic/metal power triode designed for use in zero-bias, class AB, or class B RF or audio amplifiers. A modern mesh filament is used,

More information

c a r b o n b l a c k c a r b o n b l a c k

c a r b o n b l a c k c a r b o n b l a c k carbon black Tannoy has always been a leader where quality sound reproduction is concerned and the no-compromise design of Kingdom Royal epitomizes this. 80 years of audio engineering expertise distilled

More information

University of Huddersfield Repository

University of Huddersfield Repository University of Huddersfield Repository Aitchison, Michael and Fenton, Steven Can Transistors Sound like Valves? Original Citation Aitchison, Michael and Fenton, Steven (2010) Can Transistors Sound like

More information

BARINGO COUNTY EDUCATIONALIMPROVEMENT EXAMINATION Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education

BARINGO COUNTY EDUCATIONALIMPROVEMENT EXAMINATION Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education NAME: INDEX NO. ADM NO... 232/2 Signature: PHYSICS PAPER 2 JULY/ AUGUST 2011 Date: TIME: 2 HRS. BARINGO COUNTY EDUCATIONALIMPROVEMENT EXAMINATION Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education INSTRUCTIONS TO

More information

Navy Electricity and Electronics Training Series

Navy Electricity and Electronics Training Series NONRESIDENT TRAINING COURSE March 2012 Navy Electricity and Electronics Training Series Module 6 Electronic Emission, Tubes, and Power Supplies NAVEDTRA 14178A S/N 0504LP1122347 Notice: NETPDTC is no longer

More information

Super Stealth Monobloc Power Amplifier

Super Stealth Monobloc Power Amplifier Super Stealth Monobloc Power Amplifier Special Edition Users' Manual Rev. Oct. /1 Mapletree Audio Design Lloyd Peppard R. R. 1, Seeley's Bay, Ontario, Canada, K0H N0 (61) -0 info@mapletreeaudio.com http://www.mapletreeaudio.com

More information

Loudspeakers. Juan P Bello

Loudspeakers. Juan P Bello Loudspeakers Juan P Bello Outline 1. Loudspeaker Types 2. Loudspeaker Enclosures 3. Multiple drivers, Crossover Networks 4. Performance Measurements Loudspeakers Microphone: acoustical sound energy electrical

More information

Bel Canto Design evo Digital Power Processing Amplifier

Bel Canto Design evo Digital Power Processing Amplifier Bel Canto Design evo Digital Power Processing Amplifier Introduction Analog audio power amplifiers rely on balancing the inherent linearity of a device or circuit architecture with factors related to efficiency,

More information

Simulating Saturated Vacuum Tube Characteristics of a Valve Guitar Preamp

Simulating Saturated Vacuum Tube Characteristics of a Valve Guitar Preamp Simulating Saturated Vacuum Tube Characteristics of a Valve Guitar Preamp by Alex Mendoza The goal of this DSP code is to simulate the characteristics of a signal when amplified in the preamp section of

More information

MC24O OWNER'S MANUAL STEREO POWER AMPLIFIER CONTENTS

MC24O OWNER'S MANUAL STEREO POWER AMPLIFIER CONTENTS STEREO POWER AMPLIFIER MC24O CONTENTS GENERAL DESCRIPTION 1 TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION 1 PANEL FACILITIES 4 INSTALLATION 5 CONNECTIONS 5 Input Stereo 5 Input Twin Amp 5 Input Mono 6 Output Stereo or Twin Amp

More information

Learning Objectives:

Learning Objectives: Learning Objectives: At the end of this topic you will be able to; recall the conditions for maximum voltage transfer between sub-systems; analyse a unity gain op-amp voltage follower, used in impedance

More information

[Q] DEFINE AUDIO AMPLIFIER. STATE ITS TYPE. DRAW ITS FREQUENCY RESPONSE CURVE.

[Q] DEFINE AUDIO AMPLIFIER. STATE ITS TYPE. DRAW ITS FREQUENCY RESPONSE CURVE. TOPIC : HI FI AUDIO AMPLIFIER/ AUDIO SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION TO AMPLIFIERS: MONO, STEREO DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STEREO AMPLIFIER AND MONO AMPLIFIER. [Q] DEFINE AUDIO AMPLIFIER. STATE ITS TYPE. DRAW ITS FREQUENCY

More information

Transmitter Tetrode TH 347

Transmitter Tetrode TH 347 Coaxial metal-ceramic tetrode, forced-air-cooled, for frequencies up to 1000 MHz. The tube is especially suitable for TV transmitters and TV translators, band IV/V. Dimensions in mm Approx. weight 2,3

More information

Transmitter Tetrode RS 1034

Transmitter Tetrode RS 1034 For frequencies up to 960 MHz Coaxial metal-ceramic tetrode with integrated resonance suppression, forced-air-cooled or vaporcondensation-cooled, particularly suitable for TV transmitters, band IV/V. Forced-air-cooled

More information

6884 Power Tube. Beam Power Tube

6884 Power Tube. Beam Power Tube 6884 Power Tube Beam Power Tube - CERMOLOX - Oxide-Coated Cathode - Forced-Air Cooled - 80 Watts CW Power Output at 400 MHz - 40 Watts CW Power Output at 1215 MHz BURLE-6884 is a compact, forced-air cooled

More information

Moving Coil Cartridge Head Amps

Moving Coil Cartridge Head Amps Page 1 of 7 W. Marshall Leach, Jr. Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0250 Copyright 1999 Prologue For all practical purposes, the disk

More information

Triode Dick's Page. TentLabs filament supply. ...to apply with directly heated tubes

Triode Dick's Page. TentLabs filament supply. ...to apply with directly heated tubes Triode Dick's Page TentLabs filament supply...to apply with directly heated tubes A pleasant surprise A while ago I received a package with a pair of neat modules, with regards from Guido Tent, who runs

More information

ZOTL40 Mk.II POWER AMPLIFIER USER GUIDE. Linear Tube Audio Takoma Park, MD, USA

ZOTL40 Mk.II POWER AMPLIFIER USER GUIDE. Linear Tube Audio Takoma Park, MD, USA ZOTL40 Mk.II POWER AMPLIFIER USER GUIDE Linear Tube Audio Takoma Park, MD, USA WARNING: For safety, the cover of this amplifier should be secured at all times. DC voltages as high as 1000V and peak AC

More information

THE PHYSICS AND THE ART OF COMMUNICATION VI I

THE PHYSICS AND THE ART OF COMMUNICATION VI I VI I PHYSICS AND THE ART OF COMMUNICATION THE rst important contribution of physics to the art of fi communication was the electric telegraph early in the last century. This was followed by the telephone

More information

Lab 4: Junction Diodes

Lab 4: Junction Diodes Page 1 of 5 Laboratory Goals Analyzing, simulating and building a diode-based circuit. Taking measurements and applying transformations to obtain the diode I-V curve. Use the curve tracer to verify the

More information

4/30/2012. General Class Element 3 Course Presentation. Circuit CoCircuit Componentsmponents. Subelement G6. 3 Exam Questions, 3 Groups

4/30/2012. General Class Element 3 Course Presentation. Circuit CoCircuit Componentsmponents. Subelement G6. 3 Exam Questions, 3 Groups General Class Element 3 Course Presentation ti ELEMENT 3 SUB ELEMENTS General Licensing Class Subelement G6 Circuit Components 3 Exam Questions, 3 Groups G1 Commission s Rules G2 Operating Procedures G3

More information

Approximate Circuit Model for a Magnetic Pickup Piezoelectric Pickups Piezoelectric Pickup Analysis Guitar Volume and Tone Control

Approximate Circuit Model for a Magnetic Pickup Piezoelectric Pickups Piezoelectric Pickup Analysis Guitar Volume and Tone Control Contents 1 Power Supplies... 1 Introduction... 1 A Simple Power Supply Circuit..... 1 The Transformer.............. 2 The Rectifier........................................................ 3 The Frequency

More information

Physics of Music Projects Final Report

Physics of Music Projects Final Report Physics of Music Projects Final Report John P Alsterda Prof. Steven Errede Physics 498 POM May 15, 2009 1 Abstract The following projects were completed in the spring of 2009 to investigate the physics

More information

The Ins and Outs of Audio Transformers. How to Choose them and How to Use them

The Ins and Outs of Audio Transformers. How to Choose them and How to Use them The Ins and Outs of Audio Transformers How to Choose them and How to Use them Steve Hogan Product Development Engineer, Jensen Transformers 1983 1989 Designed new products and provided application assistance

More information

Western Electric. The two types differ in heater rating, type of base and type of grid cap. In all other respects

Western Electric. The two types differ in heater rating, type of base and type of grid cap. In all other respects V a c u u m T u b e s Western Electric 262B and 347A Vacuum Tubes Classification Low-power triodes with indirectiy-heated cathodes These tubes are intended for use in audio-frequency amplifiers where exceptionally

More information

Section 10.3 Telephones

Section 10.3 Telephones Section 10.3 Telephones Telephones allow you to talk to friends over great distances by measuring the sound of one person's voice and recreating that sound in another person's ear. Telephones perform this

More information

For the filter shown (suitable for bandpass audio use) with bandwidth B and center frequency f, and gain A:

For the filter shown (suitable for bandpass audio use) with bandwidth B and center frequency f, and gain A: Basic Op Amps The operational amplifier (Op Amp) is useful for a wide variety of applications. In the previous part of this article basic theory and a few elementary circuits were discussed. In order to

More information

Department of Electronic Engineering FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT

Department of Electronic Engineering FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT Department of Electronic Engineering FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT BEngECE-2009/10-- Student Name: CHEUNG Yik Juen Student ID: Supervisor: Prof.

More information

Summit Audio Model EQP-200B Dual Program Equalizer Operating Manual

Summit Audio Model EQP-200B Dual Program Equalizer Operating Manual Summit Audio Model EQP-200B Dual Program Equalizer Operating Manual IMPORTANT!: CAREFULLY READ THE ENTIRE INSTRUCTION MANUAL BEFORE HOOKUP OR OPERATION OF THE EQP-200B. WARNING!: HIGH VOLTAGE. THIS UNIT

More information

Transmitter Triode RS 2041 V YD 1262

Transmitter Triode RS 2041 V YD 1262 YD 1262 Ordering code Q53-X2041 Coaxial triode in metal-glass-ceramic technology, vapor-cooled, suitable for broadcast transmitters up to 300 kw medium and short wave, for modulators in transmitters up

More information

Experiment 6: Franck Hertz Experiment v1.3

Experiment 6: Franck Hertz Experiment v1.3 Experiment 6: Franck Hertz Experiment v1.3 Background This series of experiments demonstrates the energy quantization of atoms. The concept was first implemented by James Franck and Gustaf Ludwig Hertz

More information

Mechanical Amplifiers.

Mechanical Amplifiers. Mechanical amplifiers Page 1 of 6 Mechanical Amplifiers. A celebration of an almost forgotten technology. Mechanical Amplifiers in Cable Broadcasting. (External link) This page last updated: 24 Feb 2001

More information

Radar. Radio. Electronics. Television. .104f 4E011 UNITED ELECTRONICS LABORATORIES LOUISVILLE

Radar. Radio. Electronics. Television. .104f 4E011 UNITED ELECTRONICS LABORATORIES LOUISVILLE Electronics Radio Television.104f Radar UNITED ELECTRONICS LABORATORIES LOUISVILLE KENTUCKY REVISED 1967 4E011 1:1111E111611 COPYRIGHT 1956 UNITED ELECTRONICS LABORATORIES POWER SUPPLIES ASSIGNMENT 23

More information

ZeroUno DAC & ZeroUno PLUS by CanEVER Audio unite the digital & analog World of High End Audio

ZeroUno DAC & ZeroUno PLUS by CanEVER Audio unite the digital & analog World of High End Audio ZeroUno DAC & ZeroUno PLUS by CanEVER Audio unite the digital & analog World of High End Audio We are putting the band back together! (Jake Blues) Even very critical listeners accept computer audio as

More information

NAME.. Index No Candidate s Signature... Date... 2 Hours NYANDARUA WEST CLUSTER EVALUATION

NAME.. Index No Candidate s Signature... Date... 2 Hours NYANDARUA WEST CLUSTER EVALUATION NAME.. Index No Candidate s Signature... Date..... 232/2 PHYSICS PAPER 2 (THEORY) July/August 2018 2 Hours NYANDARUA WEST CLUSTER EVALUATION - 2018 Instructions to Candidates - Write your name and index

More information

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015) Pingqiang Zhou. Lecture 2 Concepts. 9/24/2015 Reading: Chapter 1. Lecture 2

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015) Pingqiang Zhou. Lecture 2 Concepts. 9/24/2015 Reading: Chapter 1. Lecture 2 Concepts 9/24/2015 Reading: Chapter 1 1 Outline Electrical quantities Charge, Current, Voltage, Power and Energy Sign conventions Ideal basic circuit elements I-V characteristics of circuit elements Construction

More information

How a Vacuum Tube Guitar Amplifier Operates

How a Vacuum Tube Guitar Amplifier Operates An Introduction How a Vacuum Tube Guitar Amplifier Operates Jacob Evans For decades, musicians of all types have trusted the tube guitar amplifier to deliver unparalleled tone and reliability for recording

More information

Svetlana 4CX7500A Radial Beam Power Tetrode

Svetlana 4CX7500A Radial Beam Power Tetrode Svetlana CX7500A Radial Beam Power Tetrode T he Svetlana CX7500A is designed for audio and radio frequency applications. The Svetlana CX7500A has a directly-heated thoriated tungsten mesh filament for

More information

Al-Saudia Virtual Academy Online Tuition Pakistan Pakistan Online Tutor. Electronics

Al-Saudia Virtual Academy Online Tuition Pakistan Pakistan Online Tutor. Electronics Al-Saudia Virtual Academy Online Tuition Pakistan Pakistan Online Tutor Electronics Q1. What do you mean Electronics? Ans: ELECTRONICS: It is that branch of Physics which deals in the structure and analysis

More information

-built on the bulwark of permanence, reliability, and fair. To You. The User of Fine Radio Tubes. This Manual Is Dedicated

-built on the bulwark of permanence, reliability, and fair. To You. The User of Fine Radio Tubes. This Manual Is Dedicated , r L This Manual Is Dedicated To You The User of Fine Radio Tubes NE of the earliest landmarks in,"wireless- was the RCA Tube and Equipment Manual released in November, 1921. Through the years, the name

More information

Summit Audio Model DCL-200 Dual Compressor-Limiter Operating Manual

Summit Audio Model DCL-200 Dual Compressor-Limiter Operating Manual Summit Audio Model DCL-200 Dual Compressor-Limiter Operating Manual IMPORTANT!: CAREFULLY READ THE ENTIRE INSTRUCTION MANUAL BEFORE HOOKUP OR OPERATION OF THE DCL-200. WARNING!: HIGH VOLTAGE. THIS UNIT

More information

Siemens Aktiengesellschaft 137

Siemens Aktiengesellschaft 137 RS 865, YD 1032 For frequencies up to 30 MHz Ordering code Q53-X2001 Vapor-cooled triode with coaxial grid lead-through, suitable for application as RF amplifier and modulator. FRAME4/home/SMC-Archiv-DB/GG-RO-engl/DB-Senderoehren-96_BNR-B442-P4213-X-X-

More information

Physics 4BL: Electricity and Magnetism Lab manual. UCLA Department of Physics and Astronomy

Physics 4BL: Electricity and Magnetism Lab manual. UCLA Department of Physics and Astronomy Physics 4BL: Electricity and Magnetism Lab manual UCLA Department of Physics and Astronomy Last revision April 16, 2017 1 Lorentz Force Laboratory 2: Lorentz Force In 1897, only 120 years ago, J.J. Thomson

More information

PartIIILectures. Multistage Amplifiers

PartIIILectures. Multistage Amplifiers University of missan Electronic II, Second year 2015-2016 PartIIILectures Assistant Lecture: 1 Multistage and Compound Amplifiers Basic Definitions: 1- Gain of Multistage Amplifier: Fig.(1-1) A general

More information

Stealth 60i Integrated Stereo/Mono Power Amplifier

Stealth 60i Integrated Stereo/Mono Power Amplifier Stealth 60i Integrated Stereo/Mono Power Amplifier Users' Manual (Beta) Rev. Apr. 11/16 Mapletree Audio Design Lloyd Peppard R. R. 1, Seeley's Bay, Ontario, Canada, K0H 2N0 (613) 387-3830 info@mapletreeaudio.com

More information

186 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft

186 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft 4 CX 5000 A Especially for communications transmitters, P 2 approx. 10 kw Ordering code Q51-X2014 Coaxial metal-ceramic tetrode for frequencies up to 110 MHz, forced-air-cooled; particularly suitable for

More information

1111Di0 CORPORATION o! AM. ilde LIVPSION HARRISON, N.

1111Di0 CORPORATION o! AM. ilde LIVPSION HARRISON, N. 1111Di0 CORPORATION o! AM ilde LIVPSION HARRISON, N. CONTENTS PAGE POWER -TUBE FUNDAMENTALS 3 Basic Considerations, Vacuum Tubes, Gas Tubes, Generic Tube Types, Diodes, Triodes, Tetrodes, Pentodes, Beam

More information

Power Amplifiers. Class A Amplifier

Power Amplifiers. Class A Amplifier Power Amplifiers The Power amplifiers amplify the power level of the signal. This amplification is done in the last stage in audio applications. The applications related to radio frequencies employ radio

More information

From time to time it is useful even for an expert to give a thought to the basics of sound reproduction. For instance, what the stereo is all about?

From time to time it is useful even for an expert to give a thought to the basics of sound reproduction. For instance, what the stereo is all about? HIFI FUNDAMENTALS, WHAT THE STEREO IS ALL ABOUT Gradient ltd.1984-2000 From the beginning of Gradient Ltd. some fundamental aspects of loudspeaker design has frequently been questioned by our R&D Director

More information

The Micromega MyAMP. A serious design challenge

The Micromega MyAMP. A serious design challenge The Micromega MyAMP A serious design challenge Following the successful launch of the MyDAC, MyZIC and MyGROOV, the Micromega engineers had a serious design challenge: to complete the MY range by adding

More information

Siemens Aktiengesellschaft 211

Siemens Aktiengesellschaft 211 YD 1002 For frequencies up to 70 MHz Ordering code Q53-X2021 Vapor-cooled triode with coaxial grid lead-through, suitable for use as RF amplifier, oscillator and modulator. FRAME4/home/SMC-Archiv-DB/GG-RO-engl/DB-Senderoehren-96_BNR-B442-P4213-X-X-

More information

Form 4: Integrated Science Notes TOPIC NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING

Form 4: Integrated Science Notes TOPIC NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING Form 4: Integrated Science Notes TOPIC NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING OBJECTIVES: 1. Define natural and artificial lighting. 2. Use of fluorescent and filament lamps. 3. Investigation of white light and

More information

JCM W GUITAR AMPLIFIER. User s Manual

JCM W GUITAR AMPLIFIER. User s Manual JCM 800 2203 100W GUITAR AMPLIFIER User s Manual 1 Thank you for the purchase of your Ceriatone guitar amplifier! Here, we hope to explain how best to use your new amp. Table of Contents 1) About the 2203..

More information

LeMay Audio Products. MK-I Preamplifier Users Manual John P. LeMay All Rights Reserved Rev A

LeMay Audio Products. MK-I Preamplifier Users Manual John P. LeMay All Rights Reserved Rev A LeMay Audio Products MK-I Preamplifier Users Manual 2008 John P. LeMay All Rights Reserved Rev A 08.12.24 Congratulations on purchasing one of the world s finest professional instrument preamplifiers!

More information

4-400C/6775 Radial Beam Power Tetrode

4-400C/6775 Radial Beam Power Tetrode Radial Beam Power Tetrode The Amperex 4-400C/6775 is a compact, ruggedly constructed, broadcast quality tetrode having a maximum plate dissipation rating of 400 watts. It is intended for use as an amplifier,

More information

Thank you very much for choosing Shuguang Audio Classic Series vacuum tube amplifier

Thank you very much for choosing Shuguang Audio Classic Series vacuum tube amplifier Thank you very much for choosing Shuguang Audio Classic Series vacuum tube amplifier (845 version). When opening the package, please carefully unpack all tubes and install each tube to its marked location

More information

TDA W Hi-Fi AUDIO POWER AMPLIFIER

TDA W Hi-Fi AUDIO POWER AMPLIFIER 32W Hi-Fi AUDIO POWER AMPLIFIER HIGH OUTPUT POWER (50W MUSIC POWER IEC 268.3 RULES) HIGH OPERATING SUPPLY VOLTAGE (50V) SINGLE OR SPLIT SUPPLY OPERATIONS VERY LOW DISTORTION SHORT CIRCUIT PROTECTION (OUT

More information

Electrical Components and their Functions

Electrical Components and their Functions Electrical Components and their Functions Electricity & Electronics All electrical appliances and electronic devices depend on electrical circuits. The main difference between electricity & electronics

More information

Decoding European Valve numbers

Decoding European Valve numbers Decoding European Valve numbers European system, also known in Britain as the Mullard Code Two codes are used, one for transmitting and industrial valves, the other for receiving valves. Both consist of

More information

Electrical Functions Notes

Electrical Functions Notes Electrical Functions Notes Electrical Function An electrical function is the role that a component plays in the control or transformation of electric current. Power Supplies Power supply is the electrical

More information

Ionization (gas filled) tubes

Ionization (gas filled) tubes Ionization (gas filled) tubes So far, we've explored tubes which are totally "evacuated" of all gas and vapor inside their glass envelopes, properly known as vacuum tubes. With the addition of certain

More information

8791 Power Tube. Linear Beam Power Amplifier Tube

8791 Power Tube. Linear Beam Power Amplifier Tube 8791 Power Tube Linear Beam Power Amplifier Tube Ruggedized, Reliable 80 Watt Average-Noise-Power Output with White Noise Loading 250 Watt Power Output in VHF-Linear Translator Service 500 Watt PEP Output

More information

To understand what makes the DTA-9.4 unique, it s important to compare its design topology with that of conventional amplifiers.

To understand what makes the DTA-9.4 unique, it s important to compare its design topology with that of conventional amplifiers. Our engineers had one simple goal: make the best sounding, most efficient amplifier possible. Their work started with the most basic section of any electronic component, the power supply A design that

More information