Dynamic bandwidth direct sequence - a novel cognitive solution for ultra-wideband communications
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1 University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2008 Dynamic bandwidth direct sequence - a novel cognitive solution for ultra-wideband communications Jie Zhao University of Wollongong Recommended Citation Zhao, Jie, Dynamic bandwidth direct sequence - a novel cognitive solution for ultra-wideband communications, ME-Res thesis, School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: research-pubs@uow.edu.au
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3 Dynamic Bandwidth Direct Sequence A Novel Cognitive Solution for Ultra-wideband Communications A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree Master of Engineering Research From UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG By Jie Zhao Master of Engineering Studies SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, COMPUTER AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING 2008
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5 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS... I TABLE OF FIGURES... III LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...V LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...V ABSTRACT...VII 1 INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND CONTRIBUTIONS LITERATURE REVIEW INTRODUCTION ULTRA WIDEBAND (UWB) CONCEPTS Definition of Ultra wideband Spectrum and Regulations HISTORY OF ULTRA WIDEBAND MAINSTREAM TECHNOLOGIES OF ULTRA WIDEBAND DS based UWB Multiband OFDM UWB APPLICATIONS Consumer Electronics Devices UWB for PC oriented Applications UWB for Other Applications COGNITIVE UWB RADIO Need of Cognition Cognitive Radio Concepts...19 I
6 2.6.3 Implementing Cognitive Radio on UWB CHAPTER SUMMARY SYSTEM MODEL OF DYNAMIC BANDWIDTH DIRECT SEQUENCE MULTICODE INTERLEAVED DIRECT SEQUENCE (MCIDS) CYCLIC PREFIX FOR ISI SUPPRESSION SPECTRUM ADJUSTING OVER MCIDS SYSTEM MODEL CHAPTER SUMMARY ALGORITHM ALGORITHM IN IDEAL GAUSSIAN CHANNEL ALGORITHM IN MULTIPATH FADING CHANNEL CHAPTER SUMMARY SIMULATION STRUCTURE SIMULATION STRUCTURE OF TRANSMITTER SIMULATION STRUCTURE OF UWB CHANNEL SIMULATION STRUCTURE OF RECEIVER CHAPTER SUMMARY RESULT ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION SIMULATION IN IDEAL GAUSSIAN CHANNEL SIMULATION IN MULTIPATH GAUSSIAN CHANNEL DISCUSSION CHAPTER SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES...69 II
7 Table of Figures FIGURE 1. EXAMPLES OF ORTHOGONAL HERMITE PULSES IN FOUR ORDERS FIGURE 2. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE DS UWB TRANSCEIVER. (A) TRANSMITTER. (B) RECEIVER FIGURE 3. EXAMPLE OF TF CODING FOR AN MB OFDM SYSTEM [9] FIGURE 4. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE MD OFDM TRANSCEIVER, (A) TRANSMITTER. (B) RECEIVER FIGURE 5. (A) UNDERLAY MODE AND (B) OVERLAY MODE OF UWB SPECTRUM SHARING WITH PRIMARY USERS FIGURE 6. AN EXAMPLE OF MCIDS SPREADING FIGURE 7. ILLUSTRATION OF ISI SUPPRESSION BY CP FIGURE 8. EXAMPLE OF FILTERED IMPULSES, (A) M = 0, WITH FULL BANDWIDTH, (B) M =1, IMPULSE WITH HALF BANDWIDTH (C) M =2, IMPULSE WITH QUARTER BANDWIDTH FIGURE 9. SPECTRAL SHAPED SIGNAL SEQUENCE FIGURE 10. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EQUIVALENT SYSTEM MODEL FIGURE 11. ONE LOOP OF SPREADING SPECTRUM FIGURE 12. P ( P P) + SIZED BUFFER MATRIX ROW WISELY FILLED BY CHIPS AND CP FIGURE 13. EVERY 2 m CHIPS ARE ADDED INTO ONE CHIP, WHILE OTHERS ARE SET TO ZERO FIGURE 14. EXAMPLE OF DESPREADING TWO BITS (C AND D) FROM THE SAME BITS (AAAAAA) USING DIFFERENT CODE FIGURE 15. CHIPS STORED COLUMN WISELY IN N P MATRIX FIGURE 16. RATE 2 m DOWN SAMPLED MATRIX FIGURE 17. DISPREADING AND COMBINING STRUCTURE FIGURE 18. COMBINED SEQUENCE THROUGH MULTIPATH CHANNEL FIGURE 19. ROW COMBINATION IN MATRIX FIGURE 20. MULTIPATH DELAYED SEQUENCE STORED IN MATRIX FIGURE 21. RATE 2 m DOWN SAMPLED MATRIX FIGURE 22. THE DBDS TRANSMITTER STRUCTURE FIGURE 23. THE DBDS RECEIVER STRUCTURE III
8 FIGURE 24. AVERAGE PERFORMANCE FOR RAISED COSINE FILTER UNDER IDEAL GAUSSIAN CHANNEL WITHOUT CP FIGURE 25. AVERAGE PERFORMANCE USING RAISED COSINE FILTER WITH 4 BIT CP IN IDEAL GAUSSIAN CHANNEL FIGURE 26. AVERAGE PERFORMANCE USING HALF BANDWIDTH HIGH PASS AND LOW PASS FILTER WITH 4 BIT CP IN IDEAL GAUSSIAN CHANNEL FIGURE 27. AVERAGE PERFORMANCE BY HALF BANDWIDTH (A) BAND PASS AND (B) HIGH PASS LIMITATION UNDER MULTIPATH GAUSSIAN CHANNEL FIGURE 28. AVERAGE PERFORMANCE WITH A. 1/2 BAND LOW PASS FILTER IN 2 PATHS CHANNEL; B. 1/4 BAND LOW PASS FILTER IN 4 PATH CHANNEL; C.1/4 HIGH PASS FILTER IN 3 PATH CHANNEL; D. 1/4 HIGH PASS FILTER IN 4 PATH CHANNEL; E.1/4 BAND PASS FILTER IN 4 PATH CHANNEL IV
9 List of Abbreviations ADC AWGN BER BPSK CP CR DBDS DS DVR Eb/No FCC FFT FH HD HDTV IFFT LAN MB-OFDM MCIDS NBI PAN PN RF Analog - digital converter Additive white Gaussian noise Bit error rate Binary phase shift keying Cyclic prefix Cognitive radio Dynamic bandwidth direct sequence Direct sequence Digital video recorder Ratio of Energy per bit to the noise spectral density Federal communications commission Fast Fourier transform Frequency hopping High definition High definition television Inverse fast Fourier transform Local area network Multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing Multicode interleaved direct sequence Narrow band interference Personal area network Pseudo noise Radio frequency V
10 SNR TFC TV UWB WAN WLAN WPAN Signal to noise ratio Time frequency coding Television Ultra-wideband Wide area network Wireless local area network Wireless personal area network VI
11 Abstract Ultra-wideband (UWB) Communication is currently considered as a key technology of the next generation wireless personal area network and wireless local area network. The use of very wide transmission bandwidth brings significant advantages in terms of high speed as well as low power transmission compared to traditional narrow band technologies. Ultra-wideband operation does not require a spectrum license but ultrawideband devices are required to share spectrum with licensed narrow band users. As a concept to solve coexistence issues with other devices, cognitive radio used with ultra-wideband now becomes a new hot topic. Two mainstream development directions of ultra-wideband, MB-OFDM and DS based UWB, have all provided some cognitive solutions. However, both of them involve complicated computations such as IFFT/FFT and multiple pulse combination, not only increasing system complexity but also increasing manufacturing cost and power consumption. This thesis presents a novel system for DS based UWB. The proposed dynamic bandwidth direct sequence (DBDS) system, focused on exploring a new idea rather than concentrating on impulse manipulation, provides a cognitive solution for DS based UWB in much simpler and more efficient way. Enhanced from the original MCIDS algorithm, this system is able to transfer data under a fraction of original spread spectrum signal bandwidth and different spectral shapes while maintaining the same data rate. This system does not require generating specific impulse for working environment, therefore significantly reduces system complexity. Different types of filters in the system enable a variety of potential transmission spectrums to satisfy VII
12 cognitive radio needs. This thesis also introduces a symbol combining mechanism over the original MCIDS to guarantee system performance under multipath channel. Simulation results demonstrate that the DBDS has a very exciting performance. Even received with different bandwidths and different spectral shapes, the data information can still be fully recovered at the same data rate. The BER-Eb/No curve in ideal Gaussian channel exactly matches the theoretical curve, indicating that this system performs lossless with partial signal bandwidth. In multipath channel, the DBDS system still offers an excellent performance, incurring only a slight loss due to the cyclic prefix compared to the result in ideal Gaussian channel. VIII
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