Electric Circuit Experiments

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1 Electric Circuit Experiments 1. Using the resistor on the 5-resistor block, vary the potential difference across it in approximately equal increments for eight different values (i.e. use one to eight D- cells). a. Measure the potential difference between the ends of the resistor. (oltmeter Range-DC-20) b. Measure the current through the resistor. (mmeter Range - DC-200m) c. Touch the resistor at various times during the experiment. What do you feel? What does this mean? d. Plot a graph of vs. I (even though this violates our normal convention.) Repeat this experiment for R Y and R Z in your kit. Plot all three graphs on one set of axes. What is the significance of the slope of these graphs? Use the resistor color code chart in your textbook to determine the accepted value of the resistance of your resistor. Measure the resistance with the ohmmeter. Calculate experimental error using both the resistor color code value and the measured resistance from the ohmmeter. e. Draw conclusions. 2. Using the 9-resistor block, connect the resistor network to a battery whose potential difference is approximately 3 (2 D- cells). ary the resistance from 100 Ω to 900 Ω in increments of 100 Ω as shown on the block. a. Measure the potential difference between the ends each new resistance. (oltmeter Range-DC-20) R b. Measure the current through the resistor. (mmeter Range - DC-200m, Drop to DC-20m when the current drops below 20 m) c. Plot a graph of current vs. resistance and find an equation which describes the relationship between them. What is the significance of the constant of proportionality? Determine your experimental error. d. Draw conclusions. 3. Connect three long bulbs in series with a battery as shown in the circuit to the right. ary the potential difference of the battery from about 1.5 (one cell) to about 10.5 (7 cells) in increments of 1.5 (one cell). a. Measure the potential difference across the first long bulb. (oltmeter Range-DC-20) L L b. Measure the current through the first long bulb. (mmeter Range - DC-2) L c. Plot a graph of vs. I (even though this violates our normal convention.) What is the significance of the slope of this graph? Do whatever is necessary with your data to develop a mathematical model relating potential difference and current for a long bulb. d. Draw conclusions. P Physics-Electric Circuits Experiments Rice-2014 Page 1

2 4. Using the five resistor block, connect R, R B, and, in series with a battery whose potential difference is approximately 6 (4 D-cells) a. Measure the potential difference across each resistor and across the battery. (oltmeter Range-DC-20) b. Measure the current in each connecting wire. (mmeter Range - DC-200m, R Drop to DC-20m if the current is below 20 m) c. Use the mathematical model developed in experiments 1 and 2 to determine the equivalent resistance of this circuit as viewed from the terminals of the battery. R B How does this resistance relate to the individual resistances of the resistors? d. Draw conclusions from your measurements and calculations. 5. Using the five resistor block, connect R, R B, and, in parallel with a battery whose potential difference is approximately 6 (4 D-cells). a. Measure the potential difference across each resistor and across the battery. (oltmeter Range-DC-20) b. Measure the current in each connecting wire. (mmeter Range - DC-200m, R Drop to DC-20m if the current is below 20 m) c. Use the mathematical model developed in experiments 1 and 2 to determine the effective resistance of this circuit as viewed from the terminals of the battery. d. Draw conclusions from your measurements and calculations. 6. Using the five resistor block, connect, R Y, and R Z, in series with a battery whose potential difference is approximately 6 (4 D-cells). a. Measure the potential difference across each resistor and across the battery. (oltmeter Range-DC-20) b. Measure the current in each connecting wire. (mmeter Range - DC-200m, Drop to DC-20m if the current is below 20 m) c. Use the mathematical model developed in experiments 1 and 2 to determine the effective resistance of this circuit as viewed from the terminals of the battery. d. Draw conclusions from your measurements. P Physics-Electric Circuits Experiments Rice-2014 Page 2 R Z R B R Y

3 7. Using the five resistor block, connect, R Y, and R Z, in parallel with a battery whose potential difference is approximately 6 (4 D-cells). a. Measure the potential difference across each resistor and across the battery. (oltmeter Range-DC-20) b. Measure the current in each connecting wire. (mmeter Range - R Y DC-200m, Drop to DC-20m if the current is below 20 m) c. Use the mathematical model developed in experiments 1 and 2 to determine the effective resistance of this circuit as viewed from the terminals of the battery. Draw conclusions from your measurements and calculations. Writeup notes: For each investigation described above you should include the following: Briefly discuss the purpose and procedure of the experiment. Draw a schematic diagram using proper circuit symbols. Include meter placement in your schematic diagram. Include a data table which shows each of the measured and calculated values. Show your calculations. n appropriate data table for experiments 4 through 7 might look like the following: Circuit Element () I () Published R (Ω) Measured R (Ω) Calculated R (Ω) R Z R Y R Z Battery/ External Circuit For experiments 1, 2, and 3, include each graph and, where appropriate, a mathematical analysis. Each section of the lab report should have its own independent conclusion outlining the important ideas of that investigation. Experiments 1, 2, and 3 should discuss slope significance and the final mathematical model that results from the analysis of the experiment. Experiments 4 through 7 should relate the resistances of the individual resistors to the equivalent resistance of the entire circuit as measured at the terminals of the battery. Experiments 4 through 7 should also discuss the relation among the potential differences measured in each circuit as well as the relation among the measured currents. Error analysis: For investigations 1 and 2, error calculations should be performed with respect to the slope of your final graphs and the significance of those slopes. For investigations 4 through 7, you should perform error calculations comparing the equivalent resistance as calculated using the potential difference and current as measured at the terminals of the batteries to the equivalent resistance as calculated using the resistor values. When you have completed all seven investigations, you should write a final conclusion which discusses the general principles shown by the set of experiments. P Physics-Electric Circuits Experiments Rice-2014 Page 3

4 Useful Information for DC Circuits Measuring Current--mmeters When using an ammeter, always connect it in series with the circuit element through which you wish to measure the current. mmeters have very low resistance, and if connected in parallel (even for a fraction of a second) the current through the meter will be high enough to cause a fuse to blow if your meter is fused, or can destroy the meter if you are not so fortunate as to be using a setting that is fused. If you are unsure of the approximate value of the current that you are measure, start with the ammeter set to the highest available range and work down to the appropriate range for the measurement you are making. For the Cen-Tech P30756 meter, a DC range of 200 m should be fine if you stay within the potential difference and resistance values suggested in the experiments. The red test lead should be connected to the Ωm hole (high potential) and the black test lead should be connected to the COM hole (low potential). If you get a negative current reading it means that the meter is connected backwards, i.e. high potential to the COM hole and low potential to the Ωm hole. Connect the test leads to these two holes for measuring currents of 200 m or less. For currents greater than 200 m (up to 10 ) the top and bottom holes are used with the meter switched to the 10 position. Note: Be very careful when using the 10 range because the meter is not fuse protected in this mode. Measuring Potential Difference--oltmeters When using a voltmeter, always connect it in parallel with the circuit element across which you wish to measure the potential difference. oltmeters have very high resistance and are therefore unlikely to be damaged if connected improperly. Because of this high resistance, however, your readings will be nonsensical if the meter is connected in series with a circuit element. Start with the highest range and work down to the appropriate range for the measurement you are making. Setting your multimeter at the 20 DC range should work fine for measuring all of the potential differences you will encounter in this set of experiments. Use these two holes when measuring potential difference. Measuring Electrical Resistance--Ohmmeters Ohmmeters are connected in parallel with the element being measured. The connections to the meter are the same as for measuring potential difference. The leads should be in the Ωm and COM holes. Note that ohmmeters actually calculate resistance by measuring current through the device to which they are connected and the potential difference across the device as created by a battery within the ohmmeter. If the battery in the ohmmeter is low, the resistance values is measures may be suspect. Disconnect the battery from your circuit before measuring resistance values for elements of your circuit. When measuring the total resistance of the circuit, place the leads of the ohmmeter at the positions that the battery would be placed if it were in the circuit. Use these two holes when measuring resistance. P Physics-Electric Circuits Experiments Rice-2014 Page 4

5 Resistor Color Code Resistor color codes are read by multiplying a two-digit number (01 to 99) by a power of ten multiplier. For instance, a resistor with four color bands that are red, green, orange, gold respectively would be read as follows: Red = 2, Green = 5, Orange =3, Gold = 5% This resistor is therefore Ω. or a 25 kω resistor within 5%. Schematic Symbol Circuit Element Switch Resistor 1 Cell 3-Cell Battery Capacitor mmeter oltmeter Breadboards For many situations, the circuits can be connected on a special circuit board known as a breadboard or a prototyping board. These boards are useful for quickly connecting circuits without having to twist wires together or to solder the connections. Such a board is diagrammed to the right. The holes in a given row (consider row 1 for example) are electrically connected from a to e. Inserting wires in row 1, holes a, b, c, d, and/or e will cause those wires to be electrically connected. Likewise holes f through k in a given row are electrically connected to each other, but electrically isolated from row 1 holes a through e. The board shown is actually two boards side by side. The left half of the board is independent of the right side. Each row is electrically isolated from every other row, so row 1 is not connected to row 2. The are two columns labeled and B in the center of the board. Every hole in column is connected to every other hole in column. Similarly each hole in column be is connected to every other hole in column B. Column is electrically isolated from column B. P Physics-Electric Circuits Experiments Rice-2014 Page 5

6 Note bout Electric Circuits: ll circuit elements and test equipment have a certain amount of smoke built into them when they are manufactured. This smoke must stay inside of the circuit for the device to function properly. Part of your grade on this lab will be based on your ability not to let the smoke out of the components. P Physics-Electric Circuits Experiments Rice-2014 Page 6

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