10 GHz Microwave Link

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1

2 10 GHz Microwave Link Project Project Objectives System System Functionality Testing Testing Procedures Cautions and Warnings Problems Encountered Recommendations Conclusion

3 PROJECT OBJECTIVES Implement a 10 GHz Wireless Communication Link Test the functionality of the link Implement it in an 10 Mbps Ethernet Network

4 SYSTEM FUNCTIONALITY System acts as a pair of wireless transceivers using Voltage Controlled Oscillators (VCOs) VCOs used are MACOM MA87728-MO1 MO1 Gunnplexer Units VCOs directly generate FM waves while being controlled by DC voltages

5 SYSTEM FUNCTIONALITY During transmission, VCO acts as an FM carrier During reception, VCO acts as a local oscillator Both transmission and reception cannot be done simultaneously

6 SIGNAL TRANSMISSION Before applying a modulating signal to the VCO, it must be made to be compatible For this application, level shifting and amplification must be performed Signal is then transmitted out an X-X band waveguide opening

7 SIGNAL RECEPTION VCO acts as a local oscillator Frequency of VCO must be 145 MHz away from the frequency of the transmitter FM signal is thus mixed down to 145 MHz

8 SIGNAL RECEPTION To recover original signal, IF signal must be demodulated Since the carrier frequency is reduced to 145 MHz, standard FM circuit components can be used Recovered signal must still be level shifted and amplified to reverse what is done in transmission

9 VCO UNITS Also called Gunnplexers Consist of 3 diodes and a resonant cavity Resonant cavity is where electric field is produced and emitted

10 VCO UNITS Gunn diode creates carrier signal Varactor (PIN) diode takes in modulating signal Mixer (Schottky) diode produces mixed down output using Gunn signal as local oscillator

11 ANTENNA DESIGN Horn antennas are ideal for the experiment Reflector antennas could be interesting for increased range Standard 10 db horns used for initial setup

12 ANTENNA DESIGN A cutout of a 15 db horn is provided Has not been used as of yet Higher gain antennas could be designed if need be

13 ATTENUATION CONSIDERATIONS It is desired to know how much attenuation is needed over a given distance Knowing the gain of the antennas and the wavelength of the signal as well as the distance, attenuation can be determined

14 ATTENUATION CONSIDERATIONS This is done using Friis free space transmission equation P r P t = G G t r 4 λ o πr 2

15 ATTENUATION CONSIDERATIONS For a distance of 100 meters, a frequency of approximately 10 GHz (wavelength is about 3cm) and 10 db antennas on either end: Friis says that the attenuation is db

16 TESTING PROCEDURES The project which we began came with certain testing procedures. Our system differs from the original. We therefore came up with some alternate testing methods which will briefly be discussed.

17 Calibrating the Gunns The VCOs are the first component of the system that is tested. The transceiver modules are currently being repaired. Upon return they should be calibrated. This is an extremely vulnerable part of the testing, since the mixer diodes on the Gunns are very sensitive to shock, static charge etc. There is a certain procedure to this. However, beforehand a test must be performed to ensure that the Gunnplexers are in working order.

18 Ensuring that the Mixer Diodes are Functional The detector diodes are very sensitive, and in general they should not be closer than one meter from one another. Diode readings should be taken. Specified measurements can then be compared to designated values to see if the diodes are damaged and need to be replaced.

19 Calibrating the Gunn Frequency There are three methods to perform the Gunn calibration. Any one of the three can be used.

20 Method 1 Using a Spectrum Analyzer. If one is available: Using the microwave spectrum analyzer, the screw of the first Gunnplexer is tuned to GHz, and the other Gunnplexer is tuned to GHz.

21 Method 2 Using an Oscilloscope If a spectrum analyzer is not available to perform the tests, calibration can be done in the following manner. The two Gunnplexers are placed at least one meter from one another with their apertures facing one another. Using an oscilloscope, measurements are taken until 145 MHz can be read off the mixer diode. A 10X probe will work better at picking up a signal since it is a better match to the impedance of the Gunnplexers.

22 Method 3 Using a Voltmeter. If a 145 MHz frequency generator can be obtained: the FSK demodulator circuitry should be aligned first. The mixer diode is connected to the test point of the demodulator assembly. If all was done correctly to date, a zero volt reading across pins 4 & 5 of the chip indicates 145 MHz.

23 FSK Demodulator Calibration The FSK demodulator is a circuit that takes in a 145 MHz signal from the mixer diode of the Gunnplexer and extracts an amplified, level shifted version of the desired Ethernet signal. Our circuit contains a fixed inductor. Thus we can only verify that this circuit is working properly, unless the inductor is changed for the tunable type There are several models of tunable inductors that we found and have included in the project document.

24 FSK Demodulator calibration A test signal emulating the Ethernet signal is needed Given the fact that the overall bandwidth of the 145 MHz signal is 40 MHz and the fact that the carried signal is 10 MHz, the sensitivity can be determined. This sensitivity is used to simulate a modulated signal.

25 FSK Demodulator calibration A signal that is 10 MHz that has 500mV peak to peak is taken as a test signal. It is passed to the two AUI input pins on the FSK modulator circuit board. From the pin that says To Varactor, It should be verified on an oscilloscope that the signal at that point is a level shifted, amplified version of the original signal. Using a stand alone FM generator, this test signal is modulated on 145 MHz

26 FSK Demodulator calibration On a spectrum analyzer the carrier should be centered at 145 MHz, with the lower end at 125 MHz and the upper end at 165 MHz. The signal must be applied to the pin labeled From Mixer. The output of the FSK Demodulator circuit should be tested on an oscilloscope. If the original test signal reappears then the FSK Demodulator is working properly.

27 Modulation Using the Gunn Diodes If demodulation is not occurring as expected, the inductor will have to be replaced with a tunable one The tunable inductor must be tuned until a 0V difference across pins 4 & 5 of the MC13155 is reached. If the circuits have covers, the cover of the circuit board should be installed and it should be verified that the values don t t change with the cover on. If they do change, compensate the inductor accordingly. This is similar to preloading the tank circuit with extra inductance.

28 FSK Modulator Deviation Adjustment The gain of the modulator is 3.6. This can be verified by testing the peak to peak output of a known input signal. This step has been completed but should be repeated to be thorough. Repeat the FSK modulation test with an actual Ethernet signal once one is available.

29 Enclosure of Power Supplies Before any testing should be done, metallic enclosures should be purchased for the circuits. These enclosures should not contain free wires and there should be bypass capacitors at their entrance points to block out any potential noise.

30 Finishing up Testing Make sure any testing equipment needed is promptly located and reserved The testing should be done with the confidence that a working system is ultimately going to be achieved. As the link is connected the test stages should be repeated to ensure continuous functionality

31 Cautions and Warnings Gunnplexers Use appropriate voltage polarity (+8V 10mW; -8V 100mW) Secure shorting strap between mixer and ground when not in use Avoid using waveguides as transmitting medium

32 Cautions and Warnings Circuitry If using polarized capacitors, verify that they are installed correctly RF Amplifiers may be damaged from when they were mounted.

33 Problems Encountered Damaged Mixer Diodes Initial testing through an attenuated waveguide produced no results Diode tests on mixer diodes showed they had been damaged Initial supplier of Gunnplexers could not furnish replacement diodes Found alternate MA-COM supplier Shipped Gunnplexers to be repaired

34 Problems Encountered Lack of Test Equipment Basic lab equipment useless for RF Had trouble getting RF quality test equipment 10 MHz signal generator Functional FM signal generator Oscilloscope with at least 145 MHz bandwidth Received a Tektronix 300 MHz scope Had to make a 10 MHz source using a crystal

35 Problems Encountered Components Mounted Incorrectly Testing of FSK Modulator section resulted in smoking component Cause: Polarized capacitor mounted backwards Problem not isolated to this sub circuit

36 Problems Encountered Noise and RF Interference Initially hypothesized that PCB will attract noise Hypothesis proven to be true Ground plane picking up interference Presence of noise may disrupt signal Causing distortion of waveform Resulting in an unrecoverable signal Solution #1: Cut PCB s and place in aluminum enclosures Solution #2: Restart design of circuitry implementation

37 Problems Encountered Little Documentation on PCBs No clear labels on any connector pads Had trace through circuitry to determine proper connections Connector have been labeled with a permanent marker No indication on the type of connectors to be used

38 Problems Encountered AUI Network Cards Difficult to find One available in H-847H May be able to find another one elsewhere in the school

39 PROJECT TIMELINE

40 RECOMMENDATIONS 1. The two main PCB s s should be made into the three smaller ones contained within it. After being cut they should be mounted in a metal enclosure similar to Hammond Diecast Aluminum 1590 series enclosures. Purpose? Doing this would be to reduce noise picked up by the system. Perhaps LEDs could be added to indicate that each voltage bus is on and working properly.

41 RECOMMENDATIONS 2. The power supplies could be placed in an enclosure that has some form of ventilation to keep the regulators cool. Use cheaper plastic enclosures that are also available from Hammond. 3. Decoupling capacitors should be added to all power components both at the point where the power cable exits the power supply and where it enters any sealed box containing circuitry. The decoupling capacitors on the sealed boxes would eliminate any potential RF noise that may enter the box

42 RECOMMENDATIONS 4. Build horn antennas to the specifications that were presented in this report. If necessary modify the design. A horn can be built with aluminum sheeting or an easier way is to male it with cardboard and cover it in aluminum foil.

43 RECOMMENDATIONS 5. It would be a good idea to use reflectors to try to maximize range. Standard reflectors should be readily available. Horn antennas should thus be designed to act as good feeds for the reflectors. This should take into account the aperture of the reflector as well as its focal point

44 RECOMMENDATIONS 6. The Gunnplexer s s Gunn diode could be upgraded from the 10 mw to the 100 mw model. This will further increase the range of the system by increasing the transmit power. CAUTION should be taken to ensure that they are mounted properly, that is backwards, so that the main connector will now require -8V instead of +8V

45 RECOMMENDATIONS 7. All necessary test equipment discussed in this report should be requested as early as possible. This is to enable the department plenty of time to process and grant the request for any given equipment. Also, should there be a problem; it could be dealt with earlier.

46 CONCLUSION Despite the fact that the microwave link system is not complete, much progress has been made to it. No additional hardware needs to be installed and, in theory, all the necessary test equipment should be available. If all goes well, very little work should need to be done to get the microwave link operational and, should anyone try to pursue this project, the probability of them achieving success is relatively high.

47 THANK YOU

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