Orbit/Spectrum ITU International Regulatory Framework

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1 Institute of Political Studies at the Charles University Prague Security Studies Institute and American Center Faculty of Electrical Engineering (ITU Academia member), CTU Prague Space Security in the 21st Century Orbit/Spectrum ITU International Regulatory Framework 2 December 2015, Prague, Czech Republic

2 ITU in brief Founded on 17 May 1865 Leading United Nations agency for Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) 5 Elected Officials 5 Elected Officials 193 Member States, > 700 Sector Members, Associates & Academia 750 staff & 100 nationalities Annual budget = US$180,000, regional offices, 8 area offices HQ in Geneva, Switzerland

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4 ITU Key priorities radio spectrum international standards emergency communications digital dividend cyber security 4

5 Summarizing The ITU-R coordinates global wireless communication and technical standards The ITU-D provides technical assistance to the un-connected, emergency communication, ICT The ITU-T produces interoperable technical ICT standards The ITU GS provides inter-sectorial coordination, management, promotion for the whole organization 5

6 development of communication satellites 23 rd ECSL Summer Course on Space Law & Policy 58 cm metal sphere 83 kg launch mass 1W TX / MHz

7 Copyright: ESA S. Corvaja, INMARSAT ALPHASAT Size of a London double-decker bus Total mass of more than 6.6 ton Solar arrays wing span of 45 m 12 kw total power Operational life time 15 years L band and 2 Gbit/s laser (opt.link) 9 wide beams and more than 200 narrow spot beams

8 Where do satellites operate Geostationary Orbit 35,786 km above the Earth's equator Highly Elliptical Orbit km in apogee Low Earth Orbit km Medium Earth Orbit km Molniya International Space Station Sub-orbital flight 8

9 Geostationary Satellite Orbit resource km belt around the Earth at km above Earth's equator and yet congested 9 9

10 ITU Legal Framework Extraordinary Administrative Radio Conference EARC-63 to allocate frequency bands for space radiocommunication purposes FIRST Space Radiocommunication Conference (Geneva, 1963) Principles of use of orbit/spectrum Allocation of frequency bands to services Procedures, Plans, operational measures Instruments (CS, CV, RR, RoPs, Recs)

11 UN Legal Framework United Nations Outer Space Treaty (1967) Outer space free for exploitation and use by all states in conformity with international regulations States retain jurisdiction and control over objects they have launched into outer space States shall be liable for damage caused by their space objects

12 ITU Constitution Article 44 Use of the Radio-Frequency Spectrum and of the GSO-Satellite and other Satellite Orbits Radio frequencies & satellite orbits are limited natural resources Rational, Efficient, Economical Use Equitable Access

13 ITU Constitution Article 45 Harmful Interference Shall not cause harmful interference to radio services of other member states (CS 197) Each Member State is responsible to ensure that the stations licensed by them (CS 198)

14 Why is ITU important for Satellite communication? International Legal Framework for Space Services UN Outer Space instruments (on space objects) ITU Instruments (on radio frequencies) free exploration and use under international law States responsibility & licensing jurisdiction & control States liable for damage Equitable access and rational use of spectrum under international law State - must license transmitting radio stations - shall not cause harmful interference No liability clauses

15 Radio & regulations history - 1 Prince Heinrich interoperability claim 1906 Radio Conference (Berlin) 1 st Radio Regulations; interoperability provision; identification of frequencies; SOS code; International Bureau in Bern Titanic disaster 1912 Radio Conference (London) Obligatory installation of radio aboard ships & continuous radio watch; new radio services, (e.g, meteorology); new identified frequencies 1 st World War Better radio technology (e.g., spectrum efficient vacuum tube transmitters) Beginning & expansion of broadcasting Spark transmitter phasing-out 1927 Radio Conference (Washington) Allocation of frequency bands (10 khz - 60 MHz) to defined classes of radio users called services ; procedures for rights to use of specific radio channels free from interference from stations of other nations; participation of private companies; establishment of a technical committee: CCIR (Comité Consultatif International pour la Radio) 15

16 Radio & regulations history Radio and Telegraph Conference (Madrid) 80 countries agreed on creation of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) which replaced the International Telegraph Union (unification of ITU) The new ITU Convention included the following regulations: the Telegraph Regulations the Telephone Regulations the Radio Regulations By that time, the basic international institutional arrangements for radiocommunication were conceived & implemented: regular meetings to prepare technical & operational standards, review of Table of Frequency Allocations, collection, recording and publication of telecommunication information by a central Bureau MARITIME, BROADCASTING, AERONAUTICAL, FIXED, AMATEUR Radio spectrum Notification to the Bureau: rights & recognition 16

17 Radio & regulations history (Radio expansion) Radio Conference (Cairo) Allocations to: intercontinental air routes, additional frequency bands to broadcasting, radar and broadcasting developments. Radiocommunications important for post-war reconstruction and propaganda: expansion and sophistication of radio technology and use (Birth of modern ITU) Radio Conference (Atlantic City) Creation of the International Frequency Registration Board (IFRB): members are custodians of international public trust (proposed as a kind of international court of justice for disputes on the use radio spectrum); extensive change to the Table of Frequency Allocation (higher frequencies < 10.5 GHz & new services, Regions 1/2/3). ITU joined the UN system New different approach to spectrum management: planned X notified 17

18 Radio & regulations history Planning period Radio Conference (Geneva) Plans for fixed, aeronautical & maritime services Development of draft plans for HF & tropical broadcasting, fixed and land mobile But Plans are only fragments; bulk of bands still used on an unplanned basis! Extraordinary Administrative Radio Conference to Allocate Frequency Bands for Space Radiocommunication Purposes (Geneva) No more insistence on a-priori allotment plan approach Table of Frequencies up to 40 GHz Introduction of the satellite service Special ITU Conference merged the CCIR and IFRB to the ITU-R sector directed by a Director of the Bureau RR Table of Frequency Allocations (bands & services) Planned & unplanned bands (procedures & standards Notification & rights + international recognition 18

19 The Wireless Development centrally planned regulated market-driven open satellite digital broadcasting IMT (3G) digital mobile IMT-Advanced (5G) COGNITIVE BROADBAND personal mobile-satellite wireless access PERSONALIZATION cellular satellite-navigation CONVERGENCE mobile-satellite radio-relay DIGITALIZATION First mobile phone (1924) MICROPROCESSOR SEMICONDUCTOR TUBES utility-based technology-based 1950 s 1960 s 1970 s 1980 s 1990 s 2000 s 2010 s First outer space artificial object (1957) 19

20 The Wireless Vision A Disappearing Technology Penetration Why isn t there an outlet here? Vanishing technology Everyone has it In almost every home An example: the light bulb In a few homes Exclusive Time Transforming radio from a physical device designed for a specific purpose into a core function embedded in every device 20

21 World Radio Conference (WRC) WRC performs a complete and detailed review of the Radio Regulations (RR) and its Rules of Procedure (RoP) WRC updates RR considering technological developments on Spectrum utilization and needs by the radiocommunication services and ITU-R sector studies, realities and challenges, to respond early and appropriately to these changes. WRC have the authority to modify the RR by addenda, modifications or deletions they deem pertinent. These modifications are made by consensus, and only if necessary, would vote (one vote per administration).

22 The WRC Process Agenda: in WRC Res, finalized in Council Res Proposals Informal Group (Structure & Chairmanship) Proposals Coordinated common proposals Member States RA WRC Final Acts CPM Report Regional preparation Resolution 72 (Rev.WRC-07) Director s Report Conference Secretariat (BR & GS) Radio Regulations (CS89) 22

23 ITU Radio Regulations - 1 Intergovernmental Treaty legal bindings on all Member states, governing the use of spectrum/orbit resources by administrations Define the rights and obligations of Member States in respect of the use of these resources The ITU Radio Regulations incorporates the decisions of WRCs, including all Articles, Appendices, Resolutions, Recommendations and ITU-R Recommendations incorporated by reference. Two main concepts: Frequency block allocations to defined radio services (FA Table - Article 5) Mandatory or voluntary regulatory procedures (Coordination, Plan, Notification) and Recording in the Master International Frequency Register (MIFR) that are adapted to the frequency allocation structure 23

24 ITU Radio Regulations - 2 OBJECTIVES: to facilitate equitable access to and rational use of the natural resources of the radio-frequency spectrum and any associated orbits; to ensure the availability and protection from harmful interference of the frequencies provided for distress and safety purposes; to assist in the prevention and resolution of cases of harmful interference between the radio services of different administrations; to facilitate the efficient and effective operation of all radiocommunication services; to provide for and, where necessary, regulate new applications of radiocommunication technology. 24

25 ITU Radio Regulations - 3 Frequency TABLE (9kHz-275GHz) Art 4-6 Procedures Coordination, Notification & Recording Art 9, 11 AP 4-8 Plans Maritime HF, VHF (AP 17-18) Maritime coast stations (AP 25) Aeronautical (OR) (AP 26) Aeronautical (R) (AP 27) Broadcasting-satellite(AP30-30A) Fixed-satellite (AP 30B) Status RIGHT for international recognition OBLIGATION to eliminate harmful interference Art 7-8 Interference & Monitoring Art Aps 9-10 Limits technical/operational Arts 21, 22 APs 1-3 MIFR (Master Register) Definitions Art 1-3, AP 14, 42 Administrative Secrecy/Licences/ Interception/Identification of stations/ call signs/service Publications Art Bureau & RRB Art Services Aeronautical Art Maritime Art Amateur, broadcasting, fixed, radiodetermination, standard freq. & time Art 12, AP 11-13, 16, 19 GMDSS Art AP 15 25

26 RADIO REGULATIONS - 4 RR classifies services that use radio communications, according to several parameters, namely: 1. Link type: Terrestrial (earth to earth) or satellite (earthspace, space-earth, space-space) 2. Type of coverage: land, global, maritime, aeronautical 3. Station type: fixed, mobile, ESV, ESinMotion, ESoMP 4.Type of use: communications, broadcasting, navigation, meteorological, scientific, earth observation (act/pass), time-standard, radio-astronomy, amateur-satellite, etc.

27 RADIO REGULATIONS - 5 RR is technically and technologically neutral, it does allocate frequency bands to radiocommunication services for example allocation for mobile (terrestrial) service Does not allocate to specific applications Does not allocate to particular technologies not for application or technology (GSM, LTE, Wimax, etc.)

28 RR REGIONS

29 RR Global Harmonization Example from Article 5 Frequency Allocation Table Region Column Frequency range footnotes Harmonized (common for 3 regions) PRIMARY service Secondary service Global Harmonization ultimate goal (as far as possible) should, wherever possible, allocate frequency bands on a worldwide basis (aligned services, categories of service and frequency band limits) taking into account safety, technical, operational, economic and other relevant factors; should, wherever possible, keep the number of footnotes in Article 5 to a minimum when allocating frequency bands through footnotes

30 Propagation of Radio waves Laws of physics Radio waves do not stop at national borders Interference possible between radio stations of different countries This risk is high in Space Radiocommunications Radio Regulations (RR) One of its main purposes - Interferencefree operation of Radiocommunications

31 Coordination provisions & interference GSO INTERFERENCE Nos. 9.12A, 9.13 RR Control of interference Nos. 9.18, 9.17 feeder links service links GSO ES No. 9.17A No feeder links N-GSO ES No service links Nos & 9.16 No Non-GSO Nos

32 Radio Regulations Mechanisms - 1 Control of Interference ALLOCATION Frequency separation of stations of different services COORDINATION between Administrations to ensure interference-free operations conditions POWER LIMITS PFD to protect TERR services / EIRP to protect SPACE services / EPFD to protect GSO from Non- GSO MONITORING International monitoring system RECORDING In the Master International Frequency Register (MIFR) International recognition

33 Radio Regulations Mechanisms - 2 Two mechanisms of sharing orbit / spectrum Rights & obligations + applicable procedures Coordination Approach First come, first served for actual requirements Planning Approach Equitable access Plan for future use International Recognition Registration in MIFR

34 Rational, Efficient, Economical Use Coordination Approach First come, first served for actual requirements Rights acquired through coordination with administrations concerning actual usage Efficient spectrum / orbit management Dense/irregular orbital distribution of space stations

35 Coordination Approach First come, first served for actual requirements Advanced Publication Information Start the clock (7 years to bring into use) Significant MOD by WRC-15 Coordination Obligatory negotiation (Goal: interference -free operation) (3 ~ 6 years) Notification Recording in Master Register (protection& international recognition) (Bringing into use)

36 Equitable Access Planning Approach Plan for future use Congestion of the GSO Frequency / orbital position plans Guarantee for equitable access to the spectrum / orbital resources Spectrum set aside for future use by all countries Predetermined orbital position & frequency spectrum

37 WHAT NEEDS TO BE NOTIFIED? Any frequency assignments of transmitting and receiving earth and space stations shall be notified to the Bureau under ART11, No.11.2 if: Capable of causing harmful interference; or Used for international radiocommunication; or Subject to coordination procedure of ART9; or Seeking to obtain international recognition; or Non conforming assignment under No. 8.4 seeking to be recorded into MIFR for information purposes only 37

38 Space statistics ITU BR Annual Space Report to the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee (STS) of the COPUOS on the use of the geostationary-satellite orbit (GSO) and other orbits Total count 80 ADM in the space MIFR Count of all satellite filings submitted to the Bureau and Notified (recorded) in the space MIFR Year All GSO/N All Non-GSO/N TOTAL/N NOV / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /1372

39 ITU - SPACE SERVICES WEBSITE SPACE SERVICES HOMEPAGE 21

40 ITU SNL ONLINE SNL - SPACE NETWORK LIST ONLINE PART A USE OF FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OCCUPANCY OF THE ORBITS PART B REFERENCE TO WIC / BRIFIC PUBLICATIONS PART C NETWORKS PUBLISHED AS RECEIVED DATES OF BRINGING INTO USE SUSPENSIONS CHANGE OF SATELLITE NAME BSS SERVICE EXCLUSION ANNUAL SPACE REPORT SNL LIST IN THE BRIFIC DVD-ROM EVERY 3 MONTHS ANNUAL COLLECTION ON DVD-ROM 40

41 ITU-R Academia membership HOW your university can actively participate in the ITU-R studies? Become an ITU Academia member (ITU brings together more than 700 Sector Members and Associates from industry, international and regional organizations, as well as academia In doing so, ITU provides a unique, trusted and global multi-stakeholder platform for partners from the public and private sectors to address major ICT issues) For more info 41

42 Key ITU documents free on-line The ITU Constitution: ITU Radio 2012: ITU-R Recommendations: WRC-15:

43 Dekuji za pozornost 80