Exercise Generation and Demodulation of DPSK Signal
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1 Exercise Generation and Demodulation of DPSK Signal EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will see the operation principle and characteristics of the DPSK signal generator by measuring the waveform and spectrum of a DPSK signal. You will also be familiar with the demodulation principle of the DPSK signal demodulator. DISCUSSION Figure 4-2 illustrates the block diagram for DPSK signal generation which consists of a DPSK encoder and a BPSK modulator. Thus, the procedure for a DPSK signal generation takes two separate steps; the differential encoding followed by the BPSK modulation. The DPSK encoder consists of an EXCLUSIVE NOR and a delay circuit, and the BPSK modulator consists of a level converter, carrier signal, and a multiplier. DPSK ENCODER LEVEL CONV. +_ 1 +_ A cos c t DELAY A cos c t Figure 4-2. The block diagram for DPSK signal generation The differential encoding refers to the procedure of encoding the data differentially, that is, the presence of a binary one or zero is manifested by the symbol s similarity or difference when compared to the preceding symbol. Figure 4-3 illustrates a differential encoding of a binary message data stream, m(k), where k is the sample time index. The differential encoding starts (second row in the figure) with the first bit of the code bit sequence, c(0), chosen arbitrarily (here taken to be one). Then the sequence of encoded bits, c(k), can be encoded in the following way: m k c k 1 c k where the symbol represents modulo-2 addition and the overbar denotes complement. In Figure 4-3, the differentially encoded message is obtained by using the above equation. In other words, the present code bit, c(k), is a one if the message bit, m(k), and the prior coded bit, c(k-1), are the same, otherwise, c(k) is a zero. The third row translates the coded bit sequence, c(k), into the phase shift sequence, θ(k), where a zero is characterized by a 180 phase shift, and a one is characterized by a 0 phase shift. 52 FACET by Lab-Volt
2 Information message Differentially encoded message Corresponding phase shift 1(ref.) Figure 4-3. Example of Differential Encoding The procedure for DPSK signal demodulation also takes two separate steps; the BPSK demodulation which uses coherent detection followed by the differential decoding. Figure 4-4 illustrates the block diagram for DPSK decoder which consists of an EXCLUSIVE NOR and a delay circuit. That is, the differentially encoded message is obtained by using the following equation. m k c k 1 c k where the symbol represents modulo-2 addition and the overbar denotes complement. In other words, the present message bit, m(k), is a one if the code bit, c(k), and the prior coded bit, c(k-1), are the same, otherwise, m(k) is a zero. Encoded Message Decoded Message DELAY Figure 4-4. The block diagram for DPSK decoder Figure 4-5 illustrates an example of a differential decoding of the sequence of encoded bits, c(k), where k is the sample time index. The sequence of encoded bits, c(k), is delayed by a bit to give the prior coded bit, c(k-1). Then the message data stream, m(k), can be decoded by the EXCLUSIVE NOR of the encoded bits, c(k) and the prior coded bit, c(k-1). Encoded message Delayed message Decoded message Figure 4-5. Example of Differential Decoding FACET by Lab-Volt 53
3 EQUIPMENT REQUIRED Description FACET base unit QPSK/OQPSK/DPSK circuit board Virtual Instrument* Oscilloscope, dual trace Spectrum Analyzer Function Generator Generator, sine/square wave Power supply, 15 Vdc (2 required)** * Throughout this manual, settings for the oscilloscope, function generator, and spectrum analyzer refer to Lab-Volt s Virtual Instrument Model Equivalent instrumentation may be substituted. ** Only required if the FACET base unit does not contain a power supply PROCEDURE 1. NRZ GENERATOR module, DPSK ENCODER module, QPSK MODULATOR_I module, CARRIER & PHASE SHIFT module, QPSK DEMODULATOR_I module, AMPLIFIER module, and DPSK DECODER module of QPSK/OQPSK/DPSK TRAINER are used in this exercise. 2. Locate the NRZ GENERATOR block. 3. Connect the output of the sine/square wave generator, to the CLOCK of the NRZ GENERATOR block shown in Figure 4-6. NRZ GENERATOR MSB LSB CLOCK BIPOLAR SYNC. UNIPOLAR Figure 4-6. NRZ GENERATOR module 54 FACET by Lab-Volt
4 4. Using the oscilloscope to observe, adjust the sine/square wave generator for a 0 to 5 V pk, 10 khz square wave at the CLOCK. (Time Base Sample frequency- 40µs/div, signal coupling-dc). 5. Adjust 8 DIP switches on the NRZ GENERATOR module for 8 LEDs to show the value of (MSB) (LSB). 6. Connect channel 1 of the oscilloscope to the UNIPOLAR of the NRZ GENERATOR block. 7. Oscilloscope settings: Measure: Channel 1 Trigger source: Signal coupling: DC external trigger. Connect to the SYNC terminal of the NRZ GENERATOR block. Time Base: Vertical: Sample frequency µs/div Auto Sync on the negative slope and adjust the trigger level for a stable display. 8. Measure the waveform and sketch it in Figure 4-7. Figure 4-7. The waveform of UNIPOLAR FACET by Lab-Volt 55
5 9. Observe the waveform and record the values at the right-hand side of Table 4-1. NOTE: This waveform should be the same as the theoretical value in the left column of Table 4-1 except that the oscilloscope displays the LSB at the far left and MSB at the far right. Theoretical value Measured value waveform MSB LSB LSB MSB bit time interval 0.1 ms 0.1 ms Table 4.1 UNIPOLAR 10. Deactivate the Scope instrument and activate the Spectrum instrument. Connect Channel 1 of the spectrum analyzer to the UNIPOLAR of the NRZ GENERATOR block. Measure and sketch the spectrum of the pulse signal in Figure 4-8. (Frequency range 12.5 khz, signal coupling-ac). Figure 4-8. The spectrum of UNIPOLAR 11. Connect the UNIPOLAR of the NRZ GENERATOR block to the of the DPSK ENCODER by inserting a lead wire as shown in Figure FACET by Lab-Volt
6 NRZ GENERATOR MSB LSB CLOCK BIPOLAR SYNC. DPSK ENCODER UNIPOLAR Figure 4-9. NRZ GENERATOR and DPSK ENCODER module 12. Deactivate the Spectrum instrument and activate the Scope instrument. 13. Connect channel 1 to the and Channel 2 to the of the DPSK ENCODER block. 14. Oscilloscope settings: Measure: Channel 1 and Channel 2 Trigger source: Signal coupling: DC external trigger. Connect to the SYNC terminal of the NRZ GENERATOR block. Time Base: Vertical: Sample frequency µs/div Auto Sync on the negative slope and adjust the trigger level for a stable display. 15. Observe the oscilloscope display and take notice of the figure below that matches your waveforms. Does your oscilloscope display correspond to one of the images shown in Figure 4-10? a. Yes b. No FACET by Lab-Volt 57
7 A B C D Figure Four images 16. The of the DPSK ENCODER has four possible waveform sequences. This occurs because the DPSK ENCODER uses two latches resulting in four initial startup conditions 00, 01, 10, and 11. Since the DECODER CIRCUIT is only looking for data transitions, the data is able to be recovered correctly at the of the DPSK DECODER. 17. Connect the of the DPSK ENCODER module to the of the QPSK MODULATOR_I block by connecting a lead wire as shown in Figure DPSK ENCODER QPSK MODULATOR_I I_MOD. COS Figure DPSK ENCODER and QPSK MODULATOR _I 18. Connect the output of the function generator, to the CARRIER of the CARRIER & PHASE SHIFT block shown in Figure Using the oscilloscope to observe, set the output of the function generator to a sine wave of 500 khz, 200mV pk-pk (Time Base Sample frequency- 2µs/div, signal coupling-ac, 1:1 Probe). 20. Use a two-post connector to connect the COS of the CARRIER & PHASE SHIFT block to the COS of the QPSK MODULATOR_I block. Center the potentiometer on the QPSK MODULATOR_I block. 58 FACET by Lab-Volt
8 CARRIER & PHASE SHIFT QPSK MODULATOR_I CARRIER SIN I_MOD. COS COS Figure CARRIER & PHASE SHIFT and QPSK Modulator_I blocks 21. Connect channel 1 to the COS of the CARRIER & PHASE SHIFT block. 22. Oscilloscope settings: Measure: Channel 1, 1:1 Probes Trigger source: Channel 1 Signal coupling: AC Time Base: Vertical: Sample frequency - 2 µs/div Auto Sync on the positive slope and adjust the trigger level for a stable display. 23. Measure the waveform and sketch it in Figure Figure The carrier wave FACET by Lab-Volt 59
9 24. The procedure for DPSK signal modulation takes two separate steps; the differential encoding flowered by the BPSK modulation. The modulated DPSK signal appears at the I_MOD of the QPSK MODULATOR_I block. 25. Connect channel 1 of the oscilloscope to the I_MOD of the QPSK MODULATOR_I block and channel 2 to the of the QPSK MODULATOR_I block. 26. Oscilloscope settings: Measure: Channel 1 and Channel 2, 10:1 Probes Trigger source: Signal coupling: DC external trigger. Connect to the SYNC terminal of the NRZ GENERATOR block. Time Base: Vertical: Sample frequency - 40 µs/div Auto Sync on the positive slope and adjust the trigger level for a stable display. 27. The waveforms that you observe should be similar to the ones shown in Figure 4-14 below. Note: Remember the of the DPSK ENCODER has four possible initial waveform sequences. The exact waveform that you observe depends on what waveform sequence is initialized. Ch1 V Ch2 V s 40.00μs 80.00μs μs μs μs μs μs μs μs μs Figure QPSK MODULATOR_I block I_MOD OUPUT and 60 FACET by Lab-Volt
10 28. The top waveform shown in Figure 4-14 displays a a. differential DPSK encoder signal. b. unipolar signal. c. DPSK modulated signal. d. carrier signal. 29. Thus far a DPSK modulated signal has been generated and measured. For the remainder of the exercise, the DPSK signal will be demodulated. 30. Using a two-post connector, connect the I_MOD of the QPSK MODULATOR block to the SUM_IN of the QPSK DEMODULATOR_I block shown in Figure QPSK DEMODULATOR_I SUM_IN I_DEMOD. COS Figure QPSK DEMODULATOR_I module To keep synchronization, the COS of the CARRIER & PHASE SHIFT block, which is already connected to the QPSK MODULATOR_I, is also internally connected to the COS OF THE QPSK DEMODULATOR_I block. 31. Center the potentiometer located on the QPSK DEMODULATOR_I blocks. 32. Use a two-post connector to connect the I_DEMOD of the QPSK DEMODULATOR_I block to the I_AMP Q_AMP of the AMPLIFIER block as shown in Figure QPSK DEMODULATOR_I I_AMP. AMPLIFIER DI_AMP. SUM_IN I_DEMOD. Q_AMP. I_AMP. COS Q_AMP. Figure QPSK DEMODULATOR_I and AMPLIFIER block 33. Connect channel 1 of the oscilloscope to the I_AMP of the AMPLIFIER block and channel 2 to the of the DPSK ENCODER block. FACET by Lab-Volt 61
11 34. Oscilloscope settings: Measure: Channel 1 and channel 2, 10:1 probes Trigger source: Signal coupling: DC external trigger. Connect to the SYNC terminal of the NRZ GENERATOR Time Base: Vertical: Sample frequency µs/div Auto Sync on the positive slope and adjust the trigger level for a stable display. 35. Observe the waveforms and sketch them in Figure Figure The of the DPSK ENCODER and demodulated waveform 36. The demodulated waveform sketched at the top of Figure 4-17 should correspond, but inverted, to the waveform at the of the DPSK ENCODER (bottom waveform). If the two waveforms do not coincide, make them coincide by controlling the potentiometers of the QPSK MODULATOR_I module and the QPSK DEMODULATOR_I module. Note: The of the DPSK ENCODER has four possible initial waveform sequences. The exact waveform pattern that you observe depends on what waveform sequence is initialized. No matter what the initial waveform sequence, the two waveforms displayed must match. 37. Use a lead wire to connect the I_AMP of the AMPLIFIER block to the of the DPSK DECODER block shown in Figure FACET by Lab-Volt
12 I_AMP. Q_AMP. AMPLIFIER DI_AMP. I_AMP. DPSK DECODER Q_AMP. Figure AMPLIFIER and DPSK DECODER 38. Connect channel 1 of the oscilloscope to the of the DPSK DECODER block and channel 2 to the of the DPSK ENCODER block. 39. Oscilloscope settings: Measure: Channel 1 and channel 2, 10:1 probes Trigger source: Signal coupling: DC external trigger. Connect to the SYNC terminal of the NRZ GENERATOR Time Base: Vertical: Sample frequency µs/div Auto Sync on the positive slope and adjust the trigger level for a stable display. 40. Observe the waveforms and sketch them in Figure Figure DECODER and ENCODER FACET by Lab-Volt 63
13 41. The DPSK DECODER waveform sketched in the top of Figure 4-20 should correspond to the waveform at the of the DPSK ENCODER (bottom sketched waveform). Note: The waveform patterns are the same (LSB MSB) but are shifted by several clock pulses. 64 FACET by Lab-Volt
14 REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. The DPSK ENCODER block uses two latches resulting in undetermined initial startup conditions. How many possible waveform sequences are at the of the DPSK ENCODER block? a. b. c. d The demodulated I_AMP waveform corresponds to the waveform at the of the DPSK ENCODER but it is a. b. c. d. shifted by two clock pulses. level shifted by two volts. ac coupled. None of the above. 3. What is the procedure for DPSK signal modulation? a. b. c. d. S/P converter, 2 level converters, 2 multipliers, carrier generator, phase shifter, adder exclusive NOR, level converter, carrier generator, multiplier S/P converter, time delay, 2 level converters, 2 multipliers, carrier generator, phase shifter, adder exclusive NOR, delay circuit, level converter, carrier generator, multiplier 4. What is the procedure for DPSK signal demodulation? a. b. c. d. QPSK DEMODULATOR_I, QPSK DEMODULATOR_Q, AMPLIFIER, DPSK DECODER QPSK DEMODULATOR_I, AMPLIFIER, DPSK DECODER QPSK DEMODULATOR_Q, DPSK DECODER QPSK DEMODULATOR_I, AMPLIFIER, DPSK ENCODER 5. In the QPSK/OQPSK/DPSK board the input to the DPSK ENCODER comes from the a. b. c. d. NRZ GENERATOR BIPOLAR. CARRIER & PHASE SHIFT COSINE. AMPLLFIER I_AMP. NRZ GENERATOR UNIPOLAR. FACET by Lab-Volt 65
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