DX University: Antennas
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1 DX University: Antennas 29 August 31 Kai Siwiak, KE4PT Prepared for N4II s s DX-University series Sponsored by the South Florida DX Association
2 No Antenna Theory, Just Results What does it take to work DX? Where you place the antenna matters because signals vary with height We want to know how well different ham antenna systems perform Yagis / Quads on Towers Mobiles and Verticals Indoor Antennas and Wire Simple Antennas About RF Exposure and Antenna Safety Antenna Modeling 29 August 31 KE4PT: Copyright K. Siwiak, All rights reserved. slide 2
3 Why Signal Strength Varies with Antenna Height Ground reflections cause vertical STANDING WAVE PATTERN, or variation in height gain Arrival angle vertical dimension exaggerated Reflection point Vertical Standing Wave means there is an Optimum Height for Antennas Stay tuned: Propagation will be covered in Session #5 29 August 31 KE4PT: Copyright K. Siwiak, All rights reserved. slide 3
4 Vertical Polarization: The Reflection Point is Sea Water Vertical polarization: over sea water like (VP6DX) optimum is at sea level meters 5 4 Deep nulls H ant, m 2 1 Optimum peak at sea level Source: VP6DX Ducie Antennas: Gain, db H/V=9, roughness=2 m db reference is free space (no ground reflection) 29 August 31 KE4PT: Copyright K. Siwiak, All rights reserved. slide 4
5 Horizontal Polarization: The Reflection is from Land or Sea Horizontal polarization: over earth or sea water: meters 5 Deep nulls 4 There is an optimum height that depends on: frequency, and arrival angle We want to place the antenna where the signal is strongest H ant, m Gain, db deg; H/V=9, roughness=2 m db reference is free space (no ground reflection) 28 Peaks elevated 29 August 31 KE4PT: Copyright K. Siwiak, All rights reserved. slide 5
6 Unique Vertical Standing Waves for each Arrival Angle, Frequency db relative to a free space path 1 5 2m band For lowest arrival angles (1 5 deg), higher antenna best deg But, higher arrival angles (>5 deg) exhibit nulls at lower heights deg 3 deg 1 deg Signal angle of arrival Need to know what angles are important Antenna height, m 29 August 31 KE4PT: Copyright K. Siwiak, All rights reserved. slide 6
7 So, what arrival angles are Important? Probability Density of Arrival Angles Probability Density of Arrival Angles 15 To World /From Southern Florida 15 To World /From Eastern Massachusetts % of Signals 1 5 % of Signals Signal Arrival Angle Signal Arrival Angle Angles averaged over 8m 1m to all regions of the world 5% of elevation angles < 6 deg 9% are less than 16 deg 99% are less than 27 deg 1 7 deg most important for DX 5 27 deg prevalent for shorter distances (within USA) Source: 29 August 31 KE4PT: Copyright K. Siwiak, All rights reserved. slide 7
8 Antenna Gain and Beam Width Important to Arrival Angle Arrival angle (25 deg shown) -3 db 28 deg -3 db 16 deg 15 dbi 1 dbi 2 dbi Ground Reflection Point 29 August 31 KE4PT: Copyright K. Siwiak, All rights reserved. slide 8
9 Antenna Azimuth Patterns Important for S/I Directivity improves desired signal, reduces off axis noise and QRM from pileups dBi 5dBi G = 15 dbi F/B = 2 db Sometimes better to place a null on QRM rather than peak the gain on the DX Peak the desired S/I G = 1 dbi F/B = 2 db G = 2 dbi F/B = db 29 August 31 KE4PT: Copyright K. Siwiak, All rights reserved. slide 9
10 A Quick Recap... Direct ray + ground ray produces a vertical standing wave Standing wave peaks and nulls depend on frequency and arrival angle Arrival angle Reflection point Standing Waves meters 5 4 CONCLUSION: There is an optimum antenna height Deep nulls 7 Peaks August 31 KE4PT: Copyright K. Siwiak, All rights reserved. slide 1
11 Which Frequencies and Arrival Angles are Important for You? db relative to a free space path 1 2 m 37 m 5 2m band Standing Waves There is an optimum height: for each band for arrival angle deg 5 deg 4 deg 3 deg 2 deg 1 deg Signal angle of arrival Antenna height, m Complex story, but: Optimum height for HF is around ft Lower antennas less effective for lowest angles Higher antennas less effective for medium and higher angles 29 August 31 KE4PT: Copyright K. Siwiak, All rights reserved. slide 11
12 How Can We Measure Antenna System Performance? CQ-DX-Marathon provides a uniform measure of achievement Rules: Work as many DX entities as possible in one year, Jan 1 Dec 31 Everyone has the same goal and same time frame Two classes, so we can track performance based on antennas and power Unlimited Class: Any antenna, any legal power level Formula Class Option 1: 1 watts, antennas on single tower, height under 65 feet Formula Class Option 2: 1 watts with either simple verticals less than 33 ft above ground, or wire antennas less than 6 ft above ground and lacking significant gain; no arrays, yagis, or quads CQ Magazine also sponsors the WPX and WAZ Awards Source: 29 August 31 KE4PT: Copyright K. Siwiak, All rights reserved. slide 12
13 If you Use a Top of the Line Station, and Use it Well Number of DX entities vs. day of the year W4QN 95 ft tower 1dBi antenna kilowatt 175 DX entities CW 4% SSB 55% RTTY 5% ft tower 1 dbi antenna A top operator at a top station can work ~27 DX entities in a year 29 August 31 KE4PT: Copyright K. Siwiak, All rights reserved. slide 13
14 If you Use a Top of the Line Station, and Use it Well Number of DX entities vs. day of the year N4II at W4MOT 85 ft tower 1 dbi antenna kilowatt 175 DX entities CW 72% SSB 17% RTTY 1% ft tower 1 dbi antenna A top operator at a top station can work ~27 DX entities in a year KE4PT photo 29 August 31 KE4PT: Copyright K. Siwiak, All rights reserved. slide 14
15 DX entities With a Moderate Height Station, and Favoring Voice Number of DX entities vs. day of the year CW 19% SSB 75% RTTY 6% W4DTA 55 ft tower 2 element quad then SteppIR antenna 55 ft tower 1 dbi antenna Typical station can work over 1 DX entities in a year 29 August 31 KE4PT: Copyright K. Siwiak, All rights reserved. slide 15
16 Mobile Station, Low Power but Favoring CW DX entities Source: DX entities vs. day of the year CW 72% SSB 17% RTTY 1% JA7OXR All mobile effort 5 watts can pick a quiet location Vertical mobile antenna A mobile station can work ~15 DX entities in a year 29 August 31 KE4PT: Copyright K. Siwiak, All rights reserved. slide 16
17 Indoor Antenna Station, Mostly CW KE4PT Indoor antenna ~ dbi 1 watts DX entities DX entities vs. day of the year CW 97% SSB 3% RTTY % Indoor antenna Modest station with no visible means of antenna can work ~13 DX entities in a year 29 August 31 KE4PT: Copyright K. Siwiak, All rights reserved. slide 17
18 Summary: CQ-DX Marathon 28 DX Entities DX Entities Worked in One Year ft Antenna 25 Unlimited 2 55 ft antenna % Placement In one calendar year, even with few sun spots... Unlimited Class stations can work almost 3 DX entities in a year: up to 3 db advantage over modest station: 1 db in height gain 1 db in antenna gain 1 db in power 97% of Unlimited Stations worked more than 1 DX entities in one year, CAN USE ANY MODE 29 August 31 KE4PT: Copyright K. Siwiak, All rights reserved. slide 18
19 Summary: CQ-DX Marathon DX Entities Worked in One Year In one calendar year, even with few sun spots... DX Entities 3 25 Mobile 2 Indoor 15 1 W 1 67% 5 5 W Formula Placement 67% of Modest Stations worked more than 1 DX entities in one year: BEST RESULTS with CW Modest stations 1 watts or less and with no significant antenna gain can work over 2 DX entities in a year QRP station (<1 watts) can aspire to 1 DX entities! 29 August 31 KE4PT: Copyright K. Siwiak, All rights reserved. slide 19
20 Not Really an Antenna Issue, but... CW/digital vs. SSB With 1 watt PEP transmitter, CW average power is 44 watts, with SSB it is only 22 watts A receiver CW filter noise BW is 35 Hz compared with 2,7 Hz for SSB CW operators, especially experienced DX operators, listen more intently to CW There is a net CW advantage equivalent to 3 S-units! 3 db advantage for CW 9 db advantage for CW 4 db advantage for CW Total: 16 db advantage for CW over SSB Similar advantage can be claimed for the narrow band digital modes 29 August 31 KE4PT: Copyright K. Siwiak, All rights reserved. slide 2
21 Summary: CQ-DX Marathon 28 DX Entities DX Entities Worked in One Year ft Antenna 25 Unlimited 2 Mobile 55 ft antenna Indoor 15 1 W 1 67% 97% 5 5 W Formula Placement In one calendar year, even with few sun spots... Unlimited Class stations can work almost 3 DX entities in a year: up to 3 db advantage over modest station Modest stations 1 watts or less and with no significant antenna gain can work over 2 DX entities in a year QRP station (<1 watts) can aspire to 1 DX entities! 29 August 31 KE4PT: Copyright K. Siwiak, All rights reserved. slide 21
22 Antennas: the take away DXCC possible using 1 1 watts and simple antennas within one year (67% probability) No Surprise: the probability increases to 97% for Yagis on optimum height towers, kilowatt, good operator: flexible with operating modes Optimum antenna height is feet for Horizontal Polarization Surprise: Mobiles, Verticals, Indoor Antennas can yield very good results: favor CW/Digital modes 29 August 31 KE4PT: Copyright K. Siwiak, All rights reserved. slide 22
23 What About RF Safety? Certify your Station Several ways to go... Tables and charts (Easy to use) Calculations (Simple calculator best) Measurements (Rarely a good idea) 29 August 31 KE4PT: Copyright K. Siwiak, All rights reserved. slide 23
24 READ CAREFULLY BEFORE SIGNING When you obtain or renew your ham license you use FCC form 65. By signing the form you agree to the following fine-print text: I certify that: I have read and WILL COMPLY with Section 97.13(c) of the Commission s Rules regarding RADIOFREQUENCY (RF) RADIATION SAFETY and the amateur service section of OST/OET Bulletin Number August 31 KE4PT: Copyright K. Siwiak, All rights reserved. slide 24
25 Without Exception: All Stations Must Be CERTIFIED Basis of RF exposure standards in the regulations 97.13(c) starts the process for Hams Radiofrequency radiation exposure limits Radiofrequency radiation exposure evaluation: portable devices (2 cm separation) Some stations are exempted from evaluation 29 August 31 KE4PT: Copyright K. Siwiak, All rights reserved. slide 25
26 Easiest: (Free) MPE Calculator Source: 29 August 31 KE4PT: Copyright K. Siwiak, All rights reserved. slide 26
27 Actual Fields are Messy, MPE Calculator and OET65 Tables are Easy to Use! height, m 15 1 < Maximum of electric or magnetic field relative to MPE limit, db Dipole: end view, 15 W < 5.2 feet: MPE calculator 47.6 feet: OET65 Table 7 5 < db < distance along ground, m Source: RF Exposure and You, ARRL, August 31 KE4PT: Copyright K. Siwiak, All rights reserved. slide 27
28 For most cases: Certify Your Station! Use MPE calculators Use FCC OET Bulletin 65 Avoid meters! For stubborn cases: Use calculations from NEC Help available: ARRL RF Safety Committee ARRL Technical Advisors Source: 29 August 31 KE4PT: Copyright K. Siwiak, All rights reserved. slide 28
29 Antenna Modeling
30 What the equations mean... H= D + J t B = μ H J = - ρ t B = x A D = ε E D = ρ B = E = - Φ - jωa 2 A + k 2 A = -μj + ( A + jωμεφ) A μ 4π IΔl e-jkr r z E = - B t H and E fields wrap (curl) around each other... subject to physical constants, and sources... and after much mathemagical manipulation currents radiate! 29 August 31 KE4PT: Copyright K. Siwiak, All rights reserved. slide 3
31 What the equations mean... H= D + J t E = - B t A magnetic field H will curl around a time-varying electric displacement D, and around a surface current J D=ε E J dipole An electric field E will curl around a time varying magnetic flux B E dipole H B=μ H 29 August 31 KE4PT: Copyright K. Siwiak, All rights reserved. slide 31
32 What the equations mean... These can be dangerous high voltage points! dipole D B=μ H dipole J = - ρ t D = ρ B = Diverging current densities J are related to moving charge densities ρ Electric displacement field D originates at charge densities ρ Magnetic flux lines don t terminate at points or surfaces 29 August 31 KE4PT: Copyright K. Siwiak, All rights reserved. slide 32
33 What the equations mean... Finally, we can perform lots of complex vector math to write a wave equation Solve the wave equation to give an expanding wave front e -jkr r due to the antenna current I B = x A E = - Φ - jωa 2 A + k 2 A = -μj + ( A + jωμεφ) A μ 4π IΔl e -jkr r z 29 August 31 KE4PT: Copyright K. Siwiak, All rights reserved. slide 33
34 How we use the equations... Hams solve these equations inside applications like 4nec2, EZNEC, MiniNEC, NEC-2,3,4, NEC-WinPro mm *(122 mm) 162 mm *(17 mm) original 2m element hair-pin de-coupler 162 mm *(16 mm) Magnetic fields magnetic base 5 ohm coax *(optimized with NEC) Geometry Electric fields VSWR, RL Patterns Source: 4nec2 by Arie Voors: 29 August 31 KE4PT: Copyright K. Siwiak, All rights reserved. slide 34
35 The Antenna in Two Bands... 2 m band VSWR, RL 2 m Electric fields Magnetic fields 7 cm band 7 cm band VSWR, RL 7 cm 29 August 31 KE4PT: Copyright K. Siwiak, All rights reserved. slide 35
36 QUESTIONS? Signals from the Ionosphere Antennas Towers RF Safety Antenna Theory 29 August 31 KE4PT: Copyright K. Siwiak, All rights reserved. slide 36
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