1. PAM - PPM- PWM MODULATION & DEMODULATION TRAINER [VCT - 01]

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2 1. PAM - PPM- PWM MODULATION & DEMODULATION TRAINER [VCT - 01] PAM- PPM- PWM is the basic pulse modulation techniques. This trainer provides complete setup to the students for performing Experiments on these techniques. They can study Sampling, Pulse Modulation & Signal reconstruction process. Separate circuits are provided for each Techniques. Features: * PAM- PPM- PWM Modulation and Demodulation Techniques, using Natural and Flat - top Sampling. * Natural Sample, Sample and Hold and Flat-top outputs. * Selectable 2 different sampling pulse frequencies on board. * On board Sine wave generators. * Voice communication using dynamic microphone and speaker * On board Filters and Amplifier * Functional blocks indicated on board schematic * Input- Output and Test points provided on board. * Built in DC Power Supply * Fully documented operating Manual Technical Specifications: * Pulse Modulation Techniques : 1) Pulse Amplitude Modulation 2) Pulse Width Modulation 3) Pulse position Modulation * Crystal Frequency : 6.14MHz * Sampling Frequency : 16 KHz, 32 KHz * Sine wave Generator : 1 KHz &500Hz, Amplitude (0-5)V, Tolerance +5% * Low Pass Filter : th 4 Order BW Filter * Cut off frequency : 3.4 KHz * Voice Communication : Voice Link using dynamic mic & speaker * AC Amplifier : With Adjustable Gain control * Microphone type : Dynamic, 600 Ohm. * Audio Pre-amplifier : Op-amp based * Power amplifier : 1W Mono * Interconnections : BS2 Connector. * Power : 230V, 50Hz * Accessories : Manual, Set of Patch chords, Microphone, BNC to SP7 cable, power chord & Speaker Experiments: 1. Study of Pulse Amplitude Modulation using Sample & Hold, Natural and Flat Top sampling & Demodulation 2. Study of Pulse position modulation & Demodulation 3. Study of Voice Communication using PAM, PPM & PWM Techniques. 4. Study of Pulse width modulation & Demodulation Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 1 ]

3 2. PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION TRAINER (VCT- 01A) Features: * IC Based PAM generator. * In built message signal. * Active PAM, Demodulation. * In built power supply. * Test points provided. Technical Specification: * Message signal # Frequency : 1 KHz (approx.) # Amplitude : 0 to 2V (adjustable) * PPM type : VCO based * Filter type : th 4 order butter worth LPF * Filter cut off frequency : 3 KHz * Power supply : +5V, ±12V, GND 3. PULSE POSITION MODULATION & DEMODULATION TRAINER (VCT-01B) Features: # IC555 Based PPM generator # In built message signal. # Active PPM, Demodulation. # In built power supply. # Test points provided. Technical Specification: * Message signal # Frequency : 1 KHz (approx.) # Amplitude : 0 to 2V (fixed) * PPM type : VCO based * Filter type : th 4 order butter worth LPF * Filter cut off frequency : 3 KHz * Power supply : +5V, ±12V, GND Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 2 ]

4 4. TDM - PAM MODULATION AND DEMODULATION [VCT - 02] FEATURES * Crystal based clock generator * On-board synchronized sine wave generator (250Hz, 500 Hz, 1KHz, 2KHz) * On-board DC voltage for receiver synchronization * Four channel Time Division Multiplexing & Demultiplexing * Three wire, Two wire and single wire transmission system * On-board PLL for clock Recovery * Comparator for receiver channel synchronization * Fourth order butter worth Low pass filter TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION Crystal Frequency : 6.4MHz Sinewave Type : On-board synchronized Sinewave Frequency : 250KHz, 500Hz, 1KHz, 2KHz DC Level : 0 to 5V (Variable) Number of Channel : Four Multiplexer Type : Switch Based Demultiplexer Type : Switch Based Channel Synchronization : Comparator Clock Recovery : Phase Locked Loop Filter Type : Butter worth, Low Pass Filter Filter Cut off Frequency : 3.4 KHz EXPERIMENTS: 1. Study of Sampling & Reconstruction 2. Study of Time Division Multiplexing and Demultiplexing 3. Study of PLL as Frequency Multiplier to generate clock from synchronous signal. 4. Study of three Modes of operation to regenerate original signal. a) 3 wire system between transmitter and receiver (clock, sync, information) b) 2 Wire system (information, sync) Clock regenerated at receiver. c) Single wire system (information only). Clock and Sync regenerated at receiver Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 3 ]

5 5. AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION MODULE (VCT- 03) This module is used to study the Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation technique, for the students. Features: * On board carrier and modulating signal generator with amplitude and frequency adjustable * Carrier and modulating signals are provided in the unit with frequency variable. * In-built regulated power supply * On board envelope detector * Schematic diagram provided in the front panel Technical Specifications: * Modulating Signal # Frequency : (300Hz-3 KHz) # Amplitude : (0-5) V * Carrier Signal # Frequency : 10 KHz - 50 KHz # Amplitude : (0-15) V Modulators: * Type of Modulator : 1. Ring Modulator 2. Transistor based Modulator * Method of Modulation : 1. Under Modulation 2. Critical Modulation 3. Over Modulation * Demodulator : Envelope detector * Power supply : 230V/50Hz Experiments: 1. Study of Amplitude modulation using Ring Diode modulator 2. Study of Amplitude Modulation using transistor based modulator 3. Study of AM demodulation using envelope detector Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 4 ]

6 6. PULSE WIDTH MODULATION & DEMODULATION TRAINER [VCT 05P] Features: * On board fixed frequency sine wave generator with adjustable amplitude * On board triangular wave generator with adjustable amplitude * On board gain adjustable amplifier * Fourth order butter worth filter Technical Specification: * Sine source # Frequency : 1 KHz (fixed) # Amplitude : 0 to 5V (adjustable) * Triangular wave generator # Frequency : 21 KHz # Amplitude : 6 12V (adjustable) * PWM type : Op-Amp based * Filter type : th 4 order butter worth filter * Filter cut off frequency : 3 KHz * Power supply : +5V, ±12V, GND Experiments: * To study the function of pulse width modulation * To study the function of pulse width demodulation Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 5 ]

7 7. AM SUPER HETERODYNE RECEIVER [VCT - 06] FEATURES * On board sine wave generator with amplitude and frequency adjustable. * CXA1619BS chip based AM receiver. * On board audio power amplifier based on CTC810. * Audio volume adjustable. * On board AM transmitter. * RF AM power level adjustable. SPECIFICATION * Audio oscillator (P2) # Frequency : 170Hz to 4KHz # Amplitude : 10mV to 3V * AM Transmitter carrier (P5) # Frequency : 1.1MHz to 1.6MHz # Amplitude : 2V to 3.2V * Audio power amplifier Gain in db : 9.5 * Local oscillator frequency : 390KHz to 1341KHz * Center frequency : 455KHz * Connecting cables : SP7 patch chord,p8003 cable * Power supply DC : ±12V,+5V,GND AC : 230V,50Hz EXPERIMENTS 1. Study of AM super heterodyne receiver (Without using inbuilt transmitter) 2. Study of AM super heterodyne receiver using inbuilt transmitter. 3. Study of selectivity. 4. Study of sensitivity Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 6 ]

8 8. PULSE CODE MODULATION/DEMODULATION [VCT-07] Features: * In-built sine wave generator * Test points to study different waveforms * In-built DC Power supply Technical Specifications: * Sine wave Generator : Frequency: 1 KHz Amplitude : 0 to 3Vpp * DC Voltage : -1.5 V to +1.5V * Clock Generator : Crystal based, 4.096MHz * Data rate : 64 kbps (for 8 KHz sampling rate) 128kbps (for 16 KHz sampling rate) * ADC and DAC bits : 8 * Demodulator filter type : Butterworth low pass filter * Filter type : th 6 * Filter cut-off frequency : 3.4 KHz * Mic Pre-amplifier : Transistor based * Companding range : -80dBm to +20dbm * Switched faults : 4 * Test points : 35 * Fuse : 30V, 100mV * DC Supply : ±5V, ±12V * System Bandwidth : 3.4 KHz * Interface connector : Signal in/out : 2mm socket Power : 3pin power chord Experiments: * Study of ADC and Quantization noise * Study of Pulse Code Modulation and Demodulation. * Study of measurement of dynamic range and SNR of PCM system * Study of analog companding * Study of sampling, framing and data rate for PCM system * Study of voice communication * Study of PCM system using switched faults. Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 7 ]

9 9. AM TRANSMITTER [VCT-08] & RECEIVER [VCT-06]TRAINER TRANSMITTER [VCT-08] Features: * On board carrier generator (Variable) * In-built regulated power supply * On-board sine wave generator * On board audio and Mic pre-amplifier Specifications: * Carrier generator Range : 1-2MHz # Amplitude : (1-5)V * Sine wave generator Range : 300Hz - 10KHz # Amplitude : (0-5)V * Mic pre amplifier Gain : 20 * Audio amplifier Gain : 100 AM SUPERHETERODYNE RECEIVER [VCT- 06] This unit provides practical training to the students involved in learning the concept of AM reception. Features: * On-board sinewave generator with amplitude and frequency adjustable. * CXA1619BS Chip based AM Receiver. * On-board 6W audio power amplifier based on CTC810. * Audio Volume adjustable. * On-board AM Transmitter * RF AM Power Level adjustable. Technical Specifications: * Audio Oscillator Frequency : 750Hz to 4.5KHz. * Audio Signal Amplifier : 50mv to 3V (Variable). * AM Transmitter carrier frequency : 1 MHz to 1.7 MHz (Approximately). * AM Transmitter carrier amplitude : 2.5V to 3.5V. * Local Oscillator Frequency range : 1 to 2 MHz (Approximately) * Receiving Frequency Range : 530KHz to 1560KHz. * Center Frequency : 455KHz. * Output Signal Monitor : Uninsulated socket, P8001 Connector. * AM Receiver Section : RF Amplifier, Mixer, IF Amplifier, AM detector and Audio Power Amplifier. * Audio Amplifier Power : 7W * Speaker size, Power and Resistance : 4", 10 Watt and 4 Ohms. Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 8 ]

10 10. WIRELESS DATA MODEM TRANSMITTER [VCT-10A] & RECEIVER [VCT-10B] a. Wireless Modem Transmitter Module: * Digital data from the P/ C kit transmitted through RS232 serial interface * Inbuilt power supply * Digital data are modulated through FSK technique * RF Transmitter module provided to Transmit the FSK data # Carrier MHz # Amplitude Modulation * Telescopic antenna to transmit the signal b. Wireless Modem Receiver Module: * Telescopic antenna to receive the RF signal * RF Receiver module provided to Receive the FSK data (Carrier MHz) * Amplitude Modulation * Built-in power supply * Digital data are demodulated through FSK technique * Reconstructed serial digital data are sent to the P/ C kit Note: Two Nos. of our P / C kit should be provided by the institution to conduct the above experiment (or) optionally to be purchased. Experiments: * Communication of digital data upto 300 BPS * Study of FSK modulation * Study of FSK demodulation * Transmission and reception of digital signal between i. 8 bit microprocessor ii. 16 bit microprocessor iii. 8 bit microcontroller iv. DSP v. PC Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 9 ]

11 11. FSK TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER TRAINER [VCT-10C & VCT-10D] Transmitter Features: * Three types of I/P sources # Manual input # Square input # RS232 input * FSK Modulator # Mark Frequency : 1070Hz # Space Frequency : 1270Hz * Transmitter # Amplitude Modulation # Carrier Frequency : MHz * Whip Antenna to transmit RF signal * Built in power supply Receiver Features: * Whip Antenna to receive the RF signal * RF Receiver module # Amplitude Demodulation # Carrier Frequency : MHz * PLL Based FSK Demodulator * Output provided through BS2 connector and serial port * Built-in power supply Experiments: * Communication of digital data upto 300BPS * Study of FSK modulation * Study of FSK Demodulation * Transmission and reception of digital signal between i. 8 bit Microprocessor ii. 16 bit Microprocessor iii. 8 bit Microcontroller iv. DSP v. PC Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 10 ]

12 12. FM MODULATION & DEMODULATION TRAINER [VCT-11] Features: * On board Sine wave generator * Provision to study Modulation & Demodulation in the same unit * Test points to study different waveforms * In-built Audio power amplifier * Mic pre Amplifier * Built-in power supply Technical Specifications: # Sine Wave generator : Frequency - 100Hz to 1.2 KHz with amplitude Adjustable, (0-5V) # FM Modulator : Direct FM # Carrier frequency : 20 KHz (Low), 367 KHz (High) # FM Demodulator : PLL Detector, Quadrature Detector, Foster Seeley, Discriminator / Phase Discriminator, Ratio Detector is provided. # Audio power amplifier: Gain 100 # Mic pre amplifier : Gain 20. Experiments: * Study of FM using direct frequency modulation * Study of Frequency demodulation using (i) PLL Detector (ii) Quadrature detector (iii) Foster Seeley discriminator / Phase Discriminator (iv) Ratio detector. 13. FM MODULATION & DEMODULATION TRAINER [VCT-11P] This unit is used to study about simple FM generator and demodulator by using VCO and PLL. FEATURES: * XR2206 based FM modulator * NE564 based FM demodulator * In built power supply * In built message source provided * Test points provided EXPERIMENTS i. Study of Frequency modulation ii. Study of Frequency demodulation Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 11 ]

13 14. FM TRANSMITTER [VCT-12] & RECEIVER TRAINER [VCT-13] Transmitter Features: * On-board sinewave generator with amplitude and frequency adjustable. * Mic Preamplifier for voice communication. * Audio Amplifier with Gain adjustable. * Transistor based Mic Preamplifier and audio amplifier. * Frequency Modulator covering 80 MHz to 130 MHz band. * RF FM Power level adjustable. * On-board whip antenna. Specifications: * Audio Oscillator Frequency : 250Hz to 5 KHz * Audio Signal Amplitude : 0 to 3V (Variable) * Mic Pre-Amplifier Gain : 10 * FM Type : Voltage Controlled oscillator (VCO) * FM Frequency Range : 80 MHz to 130 MHz * RF FM Level : -47dBm to +3dBm (Variable) * VCO Tuning Voltage : 0 to 5V Receiver Features: * On-board whip antenna. * FM Receiver covering 88 MHz to 108 MHz band. * CXA1619BS chip based FM receiver. * On-board 7watt audio power amplifier based on TBA810 IC. * Audio Volume adjustable. * 7 No s of test point on VCT-13. Specifications: * FM Receiving range : 88 MHz to 108 MHz * Intermediate Frequency : 10.7MHz * FM Receiver section : RF Amplifier, Mixer, IF Amplifier, FM Detector and Audio Power amplifier * Test Points : 7 * Power Amplifier : 7 watt * Output Signal Monitor : Uninsulated socket * Antenna Type : Whip * Speaker size : 4", 4 Ohms Experiments: i. Study of Frequency modulation ii. Study of Frequency demodulation iii. Transmission fo voice signal using FM Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 12 ]

14 15. DATA FORMATTING AND CARRIER MODULATION TRANSMITTER AND DATA REFORMATING AND CARRIER DEMODULATION TRAINER (VCT-14) FEATURES * VCT - 14 comprises two separate MODULES: VCT - 14A: performs different data formatting and carrier modulations. VCT - 14B: performs different data reformatting and carrier demodulations. * The VCT - 14 can be used as a stand alone trainer for doing all experiments thoroughly, but they may also be used with the external system by external data and clock signals. * Functional blocks indicated on PCB itself. * The VCT - 14 trainer having some of data formatting/reformatting such as NRZ (L), NRZ (M), RZ, BIPHASE (Manchester), BIPHASE (Mark). Alternate mark inversion (AMI), Return to bias (RB) and differentially encoded dibits. * The VCT - 14 trainer can be used to study the following carrier modulation techniques, - Amplitude shift keying (ASK) - Frequency shift keying (FSK) - Phase shift keying (PSK) - Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) * Following carrier demodulation techniques can be studied, - Rectifier detector (ASK) - Phase locked loop detector (FSK) - Squaring loop detector (PSK) - Fourth power loop detector (QPSK) * Following three on-board carrier waveforms available to study the modulations, KHz (In-phase) KHz (Quadrature phase) MHz (In-phase) * The carrier signals are synchronized to the input data, to eliminate scope triggering problems. * Following two types of data pattern available on-board for doing experiments, - Pseudo random sequence (15-bits) - Programmable data (8-bits) * Two on-board clock recovery for data reformatting. Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 13 ]

15 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION VCT- 14A Data Generator : Pseudo random sequence (15-bits) User programmable data (8-bits) Clock Generator : Crystal based, 12MHz Data Input rate : 240Kbps Clock Input : 240 KHz Data, Clock source : Internal (or) External Data formatting : NRZ (L), NRZ (M), RZ, Biphase (Manchester), Biphase (mark), AMI, RB, Differentially Encoded Dibit (for QPSK only) Number of Multiplier : Two Adjustments for multiplier : Carrier balance adjust, data balance adjust and gain adjust Carrier Type : Sinusoidal, synchronized to input clock Carrier Frequencies : 960 KHz (I), 960 KHz (Q), 1.44MHz (I) Number of data converters : Two (Unipolar to Bipolar converters) Converter Outputs : Low, High and High Impedance (tri-state) Converter Optional : Enable/Disable Inverter Type : Digital (TTL only) Adder Type : Op-amp based Adder input, gain : Two, Unity Test points : 34 DC supply : ±5V, ±12V, GND Fuse : 230V, 100mA Interface Connector : Signal in/out : 2mm socket Power : 3 pin power cord Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 14 ]

16 VCT - 14B ASK Demodulator : Single Diode rectifier FSK Demodulator : Digital PLL (Locked for 240kbps) FSK Frequency : 1.44MHz (mark) and 960 KHz (space) PSK Demodulator : Square power loop QPSK Demodulator : Fourth power loop PSK, QPSK Phase : Phase adjustment by potentiometer Number of filters, type : Two, Low pass; Butterworth Filter order : 4 th Filter cut-off frequency : 333 KHz Number of threshold detector : Two Threshold range : Adjustable by potentiometer Clock Recovery : PLL, Biphase PLL Test points : 41 Fuse : 230V, 100mA DC Supply : +5V, ±12V, GND Interface Connector : Signal in/out : 2mm socket Power : 3 pin power cord Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 15 ]

17 16. RF OSCILLATOR TRAINER (VCT 15) This unit is used to study different type of oscillators. FEATURES: * Built in power supply TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: * Butler oscillator is provided * Clapp oscillator is provided * Hartley oscillator is provided * Colpitt s oscillator is provided * Crystal oscillator is provided * Power supply: +12V, GND * Frequency can varied from 15MHz to 30MHZ expect Butler oscillator EXPERIMENTS: * Study of Butler oscillator * Study of Clapp oscillator * Study of Hartley oscillator * Study of Colpitt s oscillator * Study of Crystal oscillator 17. FM DETECTOR (VCT - 16) This unit is used to detect the message signal from the IF signal of 10.7 MHz. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: * IC (CXA 1619) based detector * Intermediate frequency: 10.7 MHz * External Power supply * IF input and AUDIO output connectors provided * Detailed documentation. EXPERIMENT: Note: * To study FM detector. This module is working along with the RF RECIEVER building blocks. Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 16 ]

18 18. ASK MODULATION & DEMODULATION TRAINER [VCT-17] FEATURES * Oscillator unit with frequency tunable options. * On Board Data Generator with Auto Manual Option * Variable Frequency for Auto Mode * User input provision their 2-way ON/OFF switch indicated by an LED for ON state. * Demodulated output indicated by an LED. * Regulated power supply for +12V, -12V & 5V DC. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS * Oscillator # Carrier Signal Frequency : 17KHz # Amplitude : 3Vpp * On board data generator # Max data frequency : 2000 Hz # Min data frequency : 830 Hz # Amplitude : 3V * Operating Voltage # AC : 230V/50Hz # DC : ±12V, +5V, GND EXPERIMENTS 1. To study the function of ASK Modulation & demodulation.(data Generator Auto mode). 2. To study the function of ASK Modulation & demodulation.(data Generator Manual mode). Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 17 ]

19 19. FSK MODULATION & DEMODULATION TRAINER [VCT - 18] FEATURES * Inbuilt square wave generator and debounce logic. * On board serial ports. * Self carrier generator. * Data transmission indication LED S. * Inbuilt power supply. SPECIFICATION * Modulating signal : Square Data # Frequency : 22Hz # Amplitude : 5V : Debounce logic (ie) +5V & 0V. * Carrier frequency # Frequency : 1070Hz & 1270Hz # Amplitude : 5Vpp * Modulator : FSK modulator * Demodulator : PLL * Data Transmitter indicator : LED * Data communication connector : 9 pin serial port connector. * Power supply : AC 230V/50Hz. EXPERIMENTS 1. To study the FSK Modulation and Demodulation with square wave generator input source. 2. To study the FSK Modulation and Demodulation with debounce logic input source. 3. To study the FSK communication of PC - PC etc., Modulation and Demodulation. Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 18 ]

20 20. THREE WAY CROSS-OVER NETWORK (VCT - 19) TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION: * On board 3 way cross over network * Onboard Audio generator # Frequency : 100Hz to 15 KHz # Amplitude : 0-5 V * Frequency Operation # Woofer : 100 Hz to 1 KHz # Squaker : 1 KHz to 4 KHz # Tweeter : Above 4 KHz. * Built in power supply * Detailed Documentation Provided EXPERIMENTS: * To study the operation of three way cross over network and plot the frequency response of # Woofer; # Squaker, # Tweeter Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 19 ]

21 21. BEAT FREQUENCY OSCILLATOR TRAINER [VCT - 20] FEATURES: * On board sine generator * Transistor based mixer * Built in power supply * Easy interconnections are made by patch chords * Detailed documentation TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: * Sine Source # Fixed Frequency : 43.5 KHz # Variable Frequency : 41 KHz to 45 KHz * Transistor based mixer provided * Built-in amplifier * Power supply # + 12V DC, 200 ma # Unit is operated using 230V AC Power. EXPERIMENTS: * To study the function of mixer * To study the operation of Beat frequency Oscillator (F2-F1). * To study the operation of summing frequency Oscillator (F2+F1). Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 20 ]

22 22. P S K MODULATION & DEMODULATION TRAINER [VCT - 21] FEATURES: * On board Programmable Data Generator * On board carrier generator * Schematic Diagram in the front panel SPECIFICATION: * Type of Modulator : Balance Modulator * Type of demodulator : Balance Demodulator * Binary inputs # 8-bit data length 50 KHz, clock * Carrier inputs # Frequency : 200 KHz # Amplitude : 2 VPP * Level converter : Unipolar to Bipolar * Supply Ratings # AC Input (230V, ± 10%, 50Hz) # DC output (+12V, -12V, +5V, GND) EXPERIMENTS: * Study of PSK modulation * Study of PSK Demodulation Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 21 ]

23 23. DSB -SC MODULATION & DEMODULATION TRAINER [VCT-22] TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: * Carrier Frequency : 10 KHz - 200KHz (approx.) Variable * Amplitude : 0 to 5V * Modulating Frequency : 1 KHz KHz (Variable) * Amplitude : 0 to 5V * Modulator : Balance Modulator with offset. * Demodulator : Balance Demodulator with variable gain. * Built-in power supply (±12V DC / 500mA) * Detailed Experimental Manual * Test and monitoring point * Easy interconnections are made by patch chord EXPERIMENTS: * Study of DSBSC Modulation * Study of DSBSC Demodulation Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 22 ]

24 24. ANALOG SIGNAL SAMPLING AND RECONSTRUCTION KIT [VCT-23] Features : * Analog sampled outputs and sampled "Hold" outputs * Active low pass Butterworth filters - 2nd order * On board 8 different sampling frequencies * Duty cycle variation in steps of 10% upto 100% * 25Hz, 250Hz, 500Hz on board synchronized sinewave generator * Various test and monitoring points. Technical Specifications: * On board sampling frequencies # External : 320KHz, 160KHz, 80KHz, 40KHz, 20KHz, 10KHz, 5KHz, 2.5KHz # Internal : 32KHz, 16KHz, 8KHz, 4KHz, 2KHz, 1KHz, 500Hz, 250Hz * Sampling : i. Natural Sampling ii. Flattop Sampling * Duty cycle : 10% to 100% in 10% steps * Low pass filter type : Butterworth 2nd order * Cut-off frequency : 3.4KHz * On board sinewave signal : 25Hz,250Hz,500Hz * Interconnection : 2mm banana socket * Power Supply : +5V/500mA, ±12V DC, 300mA. Experiments: * Study of signal sampling and Reconstruction * Study of Nyquist criteria and aliasing * Study the effect of reconstructed waveform using sample and hold circuit * Study the effect of reconstructed waveform using Flattop sampling * Study the effect of reconstructed waveform on changing the duty cycle th * Comparison of frequency response of 2nd order and 4 order butterworth filter. Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 23 ]

25 25. AUDIO GENERATOR [VCT- 24] Technical Specifications: * XR2206 based audio generator * Frequency : 300 Hz to 3.4 KHz * Amplitude : 0-5 VPP * Power supply provided * BNC type output connector provided 26. MIC PRE-AMPLIFIER [VCT - 25] FEATURES * Transistor based Mic pre-amplifier. * External Power supply provided. * Detailed documentation. * Input and output connectors provided. * Adjustable gain provided. SPECIFICATIONS * Mic Type : Dynamic * Transistor Type : BC547 * Amplifying Signal # Frequency Range : 100Hz to 15KHz # Input Amplitude level : 10mV to 0.1V * Amplified signal level : 0.5V to 5.2V * Gain in db : 34(approximately) * Mic Impedance : 600 * Mic sensitivity : 2.5mV * Connector Type : BNC * Power supply : +12V, ground * Weight : 1/2kg (approximately) EXPERIMENT To study the function of Mic pre-amplifier. Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 24 ]

26 27. AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION TRAINER [VCT - 26] FEATURES * On board modulating Signal Generator * On board carrier Signal Generator * In built Power Supply * Easy interconnections are made by patch chords. * Monitoring Points * Detailed Documentation TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS * Modulating signal # Frequency Range - 100Hz to 1.5KHz (Approx) # Amplitude - 10mV to 3V * Carrier Signal # Frequency Range - 20KHz to 85KHz # Amplitude - 10mV to 3V * Modulator # Method of Modulation Multiplier method using OP-Amp Modulation index * Demodulator m < 1 under modulation m = 1 critical modulation m > 1 over modulation # Method of Demodulation Envelope Detection * Operating Voltage # AC - 230V/50Hz # DC - ±12V, GND EXPERIMENTS 1. To study the function of amplitude modulation and demodulation. 2. To study the function of percentage of modulation and also detects the original signal. Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 25 ]

27 28. AUDIO POWER AMPLIFIER [VCT - 27] FEATURES * Large output power of 7 watt at 4 ohm speaker. * Low harmonic and cross over distortion. * Inbuilt thermal limiting circuit that shuts down the device in case of excessive package temperature. * Small in size and low cost. * Gain can be varied by using POT. * Input & output connectors provided. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS * External Audio Signal # Frequency : 20Hz to 20KHz # Amplitude : 10mV & above * Input sensitivity at 10mV # Output power : 0.025mV * Supply voltage : +12V * Frequency response # 100 to 10KHz at 3dB # Above 10KHz to 20KHz at 6dB * VCT-27 module input compatible with below the module. # Mic Pre-Amplifier # Television # Radio # Tape Recorders Amplifier # Analog Demodulated Output of VCT series. * VCT-27 module output compatible with below load # 4 Speaker # 8 Speaker (Optional) EXPERIMENT To study the frequency response of audio power amplifier. Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 26 ]

28 29. PSK TRANSMITTER & RECEIVER TRAINER [VCT - 28 A & B] FEATURES: * On board data generator kit. * Auto / Manual data generator. * Built-in power supply * Separate Transmitter & Receiver units. * Various Test Points provided. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: * Data i) Manual : 8 bit Programmable ii) Auto : Repetitive * Carrier : Sine wave * Frequency : 2 KHz * Amplitude : 2 Vpp * Modulator type : Balanced Modulator * Demodulator type : Square Loop * Connectors : Uninsulated socket * Supply : 230V, 50Hz EXPERIMENTS: * To study PSK modulation. * To study PSK demodulation * Transmission and reception of digital data using PSK technique. Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 27 ]

29 30 QPSK MODULATION & DEMODULATION TRAINER [VCT-29] Features: * On board data generator kit * Auto/Manual data generator * Built-in power supply * Various test point provided Specification: * Data type i. Manual : 4 bit s programmable ii. Auto : Repetative 1's and 0's and repetative double 0's & 1's. * Data rate : 10kbps * Carrier type : Sine, Cosine * Carrier frequency : 10KHz * Modulation type : Balanced modulation * Modulate signal : -45, 135 Angles +45,-135 * Demodulation type: Square loop * Power supply : 230V, 50Hz * Connector : Uninsulated * Level converter : Unipolar to Bipolar Experiments: * Study of QPSK Modulation * Study of QPSK demodulation. Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 28 ]

30 31. AM/FM GENERATOR [VCT-30] * AM/FM Selectors * Internal/External Input Selector * Built in Power supply * Output Terminated in BNC socket Technical Specifications: * Operating Modes : Internal, External * Modulation : AM, FM * Carrier frequency (Built-in) : 100KHz - 50KHz (Variable) * Variation of carrier frequency : ±2% over the range * Modulating signal # Internal Mode : 3KHz # External Mode : 200Hz to 20KHz * Operating Temperature : 0-45 C * Power : 230V ±10%, 50Hz * Dimensions (in mm) : * Weight : 1Kg (Approx) * Fuse : 500mA 32. AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL [VCT - 31] TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: * Combination of transistor, FET, Buffer circuit. * Negative feedback * Input / Output connector provided. * Internal function generator # Frequency : 1 KHz to 10 KHz # Amplitude : 0-5V * Built in Power supply * Detailed Documentation. EXPERIMENTS: * To study the technique of AGC Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 29 ]

31 33. DELTA PCM TRAINER [VCT - 32] FEATURES: * On board modulating signal * Modulation and demodulation in single unit. * Schematic diagram provided in the panel. * Necessary test points provided. * Built-in power supply. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: * Sine wave generator # Frequency : 1 KHz (fixed) # Amplitude : 0-3Vpp (variable) * Sine wave nature : synchronized to system clock * Clock generation : Crystal based, MHz * Clock frequency : 32 KHz, 64 KHz & 128 KHz * Feed back loop type : UP/DOWN Counter & Digital- Analog-Converter based * UP/DOWN Counter Bits : 8 bits * Step size : 50mV to 250 mv * System Bandwidth : 3.4 KHz * Receiver filter type : Low pass butter worth filter * Filter order : th 6 * Microphone : dynamic * Switched faults : 5 Numbers * No. of test points : 36 * Supply voltage : ± 12V, ± 5V DC * DC Supply current : 250 mv * Interface connectors : Signal I/O : 2mm Power : 3 pin power chord EXPERIMENTS: * Study of delta modulation & demodulation.. * Study of step size measurement * Study of system bandwidth * Study of slope overload &granular distortion * Study of signal-noise-ratio * Study of Delta modulator dynamic range * Study of voice communication Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 30 ]

32 34. DIFFERENTIAL PCM TRAINER [VCT - 34] FEATURES * On-board 1KHz sine wave generator with variable amplitude * 8KHz of sampling rate (Telephone standard) * DC voltage transmission for signal flow observation through LEDs * Feedback (accumulator) section uses 7-bit DAC and integrator th * 6 order butter worth low pass filter in demodulator * Number of test points to study the modulator and demodulator * 1KHz sine wave is synchronized with the clock signal to make ease of measurements. * Switched faults to study the modulator and demodulator * Covers full voice band of 300Hz to 3.4KHz TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION * Sine wave Generator # Frequency : 1KHz # Amplitude : 0 to 3 V pp * DC Voltage : -2.4V to +2.4V * Clock Generator : Crystal based, 4.096MHz * Sampling Rate : 8KHz * Data Rate : 56Kbps * Feedback loop type : 7 - bit DAC and integrator * Demodulator Filter Type : Butter worth low pass * Filter order : 6 th * Filter cut - off frequency : 3.4KHz * Switched Faults : 4 * Test points : 18 * Fuse : 230V, 100mA * DC supply : ±5V, ±12V * System bandwidth : 3.4 KHz * Interface connector : Signal in/out : 2mm socket * Power : 3 pin power cord EXPERIMENTS 1. Study of ADC and Quantization Noise 2. Study of Differential Pulse Code Modulation & Demodulation 3. Measurement of Processing Gain and SNR 4. Study of Sampling, Framing and Data Rate 5. Study of Effect of Switched Faults Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 31 ]

33 35. DTMF TELEPHONE TRAINER [VCT-35] Technical Specifications: * ON/OFF Hook Switch, Dialer, Ringer, Speech processing section * DTMF (Tone) and pulse dialing * Special Test points provided to observe isolated dual frequency output during DTMF dialing * Built-in power supply * Necessary test points & LEDs provided to observe various signals * Facility to fault creation for each block/each circuit * Mimic diagram provided in the panel for easy understanding of various blocks * Detailed Documentation Technical Details: * Standalone operation * Handset connection port (RJ45) * 4 4 Matrix Keyboard * DTMF and pulse dialing, ON/OFF hook switch * Ringer volume control * Indication for Line ON/Pulse Dialing indication Tone, Dialing indication * 4 Nos. of Switch Faults Experiments: * To study telephone line voltage * Study of DTMF generation * Study of DTMF receiver using switched faults * Voice communication using DTMF receiver. Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 32 ]

34 36. SPECTRUM ANALYSER USING BANK OF FILTERS [VCT-36] Technical Specifications: * 6 Different types of filters provided in the range of 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75MHz * Rotary switch provided to select the range * 2 mm sockets provided to view the outputs * Detailed Documentation Experiments: * To study the Bank of Filters using various filter range 37. LINE CODING & DECODING TRAINER [VCT-37] Features: * On board clock generator * On board PRBS data generator * On board different data formatting * On board different data reformatting * In built power supply * Test and monitoring points * Mimic diagrams are provided in the panel * Technical manual is provided Technical Specifications: * Different data formatting # Unipolar return to zero format # Unipolar non return to zero format # Polar return to zero format # Polar non return to zero format # Alternate mark inversion (AM1) signaling format # Bipolar non return to zero format # Manchester format * On board clock generator # Frequency range : 2KHz to 5KHz # Amplitude : 5V * On board PRBS data generator # long : 15 bit sequence. Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 33 ]

35 38. NOISE SIGNAL GENERATOR [VCT-38] Features: * Analog and Digital noise generator. * Variable analog gain controller * Variable clock generator * PNS selective switch * Mimic diagram Technical Specifications: * Built in Clock Generator # Frequency : 100KHz - 1MHz # Step size : 100K * Three types of noise generator # PNS Generator # Optimized semi conductor noise # White noise * Connector : Uninsulated Socket * Supply : 230V, 50Hz. 39. DPSK MODULATION & DEMODULATION [VCT-39] Features: * On board data generator kit * Auto/Manual data generator * Built-in power supply * Various test point provided * Detailed experiment and documentation * Onboard gain control for modulation Technical Specifications: * Binary data # Data rate : 18kbps # Amplitude : 5V * 4 Bit programmable data # Data rate : 10kbps # Amplitude : 5V * Carrier Signal # Frequency : 10KHz # Amplitude : 5Vpp * Encoded type : Differential * Modulator : Balanced modulator * Demodulator : Balanced demodulator * Power supply : 230V, 50Hz * Connector : Uninsulated socket Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 34 ]

36 40. LEVEL CONVERTER [VCT-40] Technical Specifications: * Clock Frequency : 120Hz to 2KHz * Amplitude : Symbol 1-5V Symbol 0-0V * M-ary encoder : 2-4 level converter 2-8 level converter * Built in power supply Experiments: * To encode two binary bits into 4 amplitude levels * To encode 3 binary bits into 8 amplitude levels. 41. EPABX TRAINER [VCT-41] Technical Specifications: * 2 dot line with 6 extension line * Fully non blocking speech path * Isolation for trunk line and extension line * 89C51 based CPU card * Built in DTMF Generator * Drivers provided for both PNT and Intercom lines * Program memory - RAM * LED provided to view the status of line and CPU * Dial tone, Busy tone, Ring tone, Back tone, hold or music etc. * 2mm socket provided to view various waveform * Built in power supply * Detailed Documentation Experiments: * To study the operation of EPABX trainer and to view the various waveforms. Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 35 ]

37 42. SSB MODULATION & DEMODULATION TRAINER [VCT-42] Features: * On board Modulating Signal * On board Carrier Signal * Balanced Modulator * Balanced Demodulator * Built in Power supply (±12V) Technical Specifications: * Modulating signal : 100KHz to 181KHz * Carrier Signal : 800KHz to 1500KHz rd * Filter : 3 order butterworth filter * Accessories : Line chord, Set of patch chords and manual * Modulator with offset adjustable Experiments: * Study of SSB Modulation * Study of SSB Demodulation Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 36 ]

38 43. TDM-PCM TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER [VCT 43A & B] TDM-PCM TRANSMITTER [VCT 43 A] FEATURES: * Two Channel time-division multiplexed PCM * Two operating speeds: # FAST for real time operation. # SLOW for examination of control signal & data flows on LED's. * Two Synchronized sine wave and DC voltage generator. * Error-check code options: # ODD / EVEN parity for single bit error detection. # HAMMING code for single bit error detection and correction. * Four switched faults. * Schematic on-board diagram. * Built - in power supply. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: * Clock Generation : crystal (12MHz). * Operating modes # FAST : 480 KHz of clock frequency # SLOW : Hz of clock frequency * On-board signal generators. # Sine wave : 1 KHz & 2 KHz (FAST mode only) # Amplitude : 0 to 8V # DC : -4V to +4V * ERROR check codes. # ODD / EVEN PARITY HAMMING CODE. * Frame Synchronization # PN sequence : ^4 2-1 long - 15 bit length * Test Points : 27 * DC Supply : +5V, ± 12V, GND * Fuse : 100mA * Power : 230V. +/-10%, 50Hz. * Interface connector : Signal in/out : 2mm socket Power : 3pin power chord EXPERIMENTS: 1. To study the Time Division multiplexing. 2. To study the pulse code modulation 3. To study the Error control coding. 4. To study the frame synchronization. Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 37 ]

39 TDM-PCM RECEIVER [VCT 43 B] FEATURES: * Two Channel time-division demultiplexer PCM * Two receiving modes: # FAST for real time operation. # SLOW for examination of control signal & data flows on LED's. * Two different low pass filter. * Error-check code options: # ODD / EVEN parity for single bit error detection. # HAMMING code for single bit error detection and correction. * Four switched faults * Schematic on-board diagram. * Built - in power supply. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: * Clock recovery : Phase Locked Loop (PLL) * Receiver Operating modes # FAST : 480 KHz of clock frequency # SLOW : Hz of clock frequency * ERROR checks code: # ODD / EVEN PARITY HAMMING CODE. * Low-pass filter : Fourth-order Butter worth, 3.4 KHz of cut-off frequency. * Synchronized Code detector * Test Points : 21 * DC Supply : +5V, ± 12V, GND * Fuse : 100mA * Power : 230V. +/-10%, 50Hz. * Interface connector: Signal in/out : 2mm socket Power : 3pin power chord EXPERIMENTS: 1. To study the Demultiplexing. 2. To study the pulse code demodulation 3. To study the synchronization code detection. 4. To study the PLL. Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 38 ]

40 44. FM GENERATOR AND DETECTOR TRAINER [VCT- 44] This trainer kit is used to study the FM Generation and Detection technic using various modulator and demodulator type. * On board signal generator * On board carrier signal generator * Various test and monitoring points are provided * In build power supply * Mimic diagram * Detailed Documentation * Connecting cable Specifications: * Modulating Signal # Frequency : 300Hz to 3KHz # Amplitude : 5Vpp * Carrier Signal # Frequency : 200KHz # Amplitude : 2Vpp * Modulator i. Reactance Modulator ii. Balanced Modulator iii. VCO Based Modulator * Demodulator i. PLL Based Demodulator ii. Balanced Demodulator * Connecting cable : SP7 patch card * Supply Voltage # AC : 230V/50Hz # DC : ±12V, GND Experiments: To study the FM Generation & Detection technic using various modulator and Demodulator type. Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 39 ]

41 45. VSB MODULATOR AND DEMODULATOR [VCT - 45] FEATURES * On board modulating signal generator * On board carrier signal generator * Built in power supply * Detailed documentation * Various test and monitoring points are provided SPECIFICATIONS * Modulating signal # Frequency : 160KHz to 185 KHz # Amplitude : 10mV to 3.5V * Carrier signal # Frequency : 775 KHz to 825 KHz # Amplitude : 0.75V to 3.5V * VSB Modulator # Modulator type : Balanced modulator # BPF cut off Frequency : 575KHz to 675KHz # Amplifier gain : 100 * VSB Demodulator # Demodulator type : Product detector # BPF cut off Frequency : 155KHz to 185KHz # BRF cut off Frequency : 50Hz * Connecting cable : SP7 patch chords * Supply voltage # AC : 230V/50Hz # DC : ±12V, ±5V, GND EXPERIMENTS 1. To study the function of VSB modulator. 2. To study the function of VSB demodulator. Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 40 ]

42 46. MSK MODULATION & DEMODULATION TRAINER [VCT- 46] Features: * On board Clock Generator * On board Programable Data Generator * Variable mark and space frequence selector * Mimic diagram * Phase lock Detector * Connecting cable * Power supply * Detailed documentation Technical Specifications: * Modulating signal: # Reportable binary data : 360 bps to 420 bps (variable) # 4 bit programable data : 360 bps to 420 bps (variable) * Carrier # Mark frequency : 1200Hz to 1300 Hz (Approx) # Space frequency : 1000Hz to 1100 Hz (Approx) * Modulator type : Voltage controlled oscillator * Demodulator type : PLL * Inter connection connector # Uninsulated socket Power Supply: * AC : 230V/50Hz, 5A * DC : +5V, +12V, -12V, & GND Experiments: * To study the MSK modulation & Demodulation. Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 41 ]

43 47. DSBSC MODULATION AND DEMODULATION WITH COSTAS LOOP [VCT-47]: FEATURES: * On board modulating signal generator * On board carrier signal generator. * DSBSC modulation * DSBSC demodulation (Costa s loop) * Various test and monitoring points are provided. * In built power supply * Schematic diagram * Detailed documentation * Connecting cable. SPECIFICATION: * Modulating signal # Frequency : 3 KHz (fixed)) # Amplitude : 2 Vpp (fixed) * Carrier signal # Frequency : 120 KHz (fixed) # Amplitude : 2 Vpp * Modulator type : Balanced modulator * Demodulator type : Costa s loop * VCO Frequency : 120 KHz * Connecting Cable : SP7 patch chords * Supply Voltage # AC : 230 V / 50Hz. # DC : +12 V, -12 V, GND. EXPERIMENTS: * To study the function of DSBSC modulation and carrier recovery (Costa's loop)demodulation Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 42 ]

44 48. WHITE NOISE SOURCE [VCT-48] Features: * Inbuilt power supply provided * Variable Gain controller provided * Optional test points provided Technical Specifications: * White noise generator : O u t p u t a mp lit u d e adjustable (Max 3Vpp) * Maximum frequency : 150KHz * Output connector : BNC connector & BS2 connector * Power supply : AC 230V/50Hz * Operating temperature : 0-40 * Dimensions : L150 mm W100 mm H60 mm * Weight : 1Kg. 49. QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION [VCT-49] Features: * In built Data & Carrier Generator * In built modulator & Demodulator * Various test points * Internal power supply * Mimic diagram * Connecting Cable * Detailed documentation Technical Specifications: * Programable Data Generator bps * Carrier Generator * Frequency - 5KHz * Amplitude - +2Vpp * Modulator type - Balanced modulator * Demodulator type - Balanced demodulator * Adder type - Analog Adder * Inter connection connector # Uninsulated socket * Cable - SP7 patch chords * Power Supply # AC - 230V/50Hz # DC - ±5V, ±12V, GND Experiments: * To study the Quadrature Amplitude modulation and demodulation. Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 43 ]

45 50. DELTA / ADAPTIVE DELTA / SIGMA DELTA MODULATION & DEMODULATION [VCT - 50]: FEATURES: * In built CLOCK Generator * Sine wave Generator. * Filter with variable gain controller. * Various test points. * Schematic diagram * Power supply * Detailed documentation. SPECIFICATION: * Sine wave : Frequency : 1 KHz Amplitude : 0 3Vpp * Clock frequency : 32 KHz, 64 KHz, 128 KHz & 256 KHz * Mic pre-amplifier : Transistor based * Microphone impedance : 600 * Step size : Variable using potentiometer * Low pass filter : th Butter worth, 4 * Filter cut-off frequency : 3.4 KHz * 1-bit DAC : Op amp based * Adaptive modulator : Syllabic filter and multiplier * Switched faults : 4 faults * Interconnection : 2mm uninsulated socket * DC Power supply : ± 5V, ± 12V, GND * DC Supply current : 200mA (maximum) * Audio power amplifier : 2W RMS power * Interface connector : Signal in/out : 2mm socket Power : 3pin power chord Mic input : Audio mono socket Speaker output : Audio stereo socket LIST OF EXPERIMENTS: * To study the delta modulation & Demodulation. * To study the Adaptive delta modulation & Demodulation. * To study the sigma Delta modulation & Demodulation. * Study of voice communication. Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 44 ]

46 51. PHASE / FREQUENCY MODULATION & DEMODULATION [VCT-51] FEATURES * On board modulating(sine) Signal Generator * On board cosine Signal Generator * In built Power Supply * Easy interconnections are made by patch chords. * Monitoring Points * Detailed Documentation TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS * Modulating signal (sine) (P1) # Frequency range : 350Hz to 1KHz # Amplitude : 10mV to 0.8V * 90shifter (cosine) (P2) # Frequency : 350Hz to 1KHz # Amplitude : 10mV to 0.8V * Carrier Signal (P5) # frequency : 4.8KHz # Amplitude : 5V * LPF cut off frequency : 1.5KHz * Modulator # FM # PM * Detector # PLL Detector * Power Supply # AC - 230V/50Hz # DC - ±12V, GND EXPERIMENTS 1. To study the function of frequency modulated signal. 2. To study the function of frequency Demodulated signal 3. To study the function of phase modulated signal. 4. To study the function of phase Demodulated signal. 5. To study the function of modulation index. Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 45 ]

47 52. DIODE DETECTOR [VCT-52] Simplest AM demodulator is the diode envelope detector in which a diode is in series with a parallel RC load. This unit provides practical training to the students involved in learning detection using diode. Features: * Test points provided * Detailed experimental documentation Specification: * AM detected frequency - 20KHz * Weight - 1/2Kg (approx) * Connector type - Uninsulated socket (2mm) * Dimension - H 10, W 80, L 100 * Cable - SP7 to BNC 53. PLL SECOND ORDER FREQUENCY MODULATOR & DEMODULATOR [VCT-54] This trainer has been developed to study the basic concept and working of PLL frequency modulation and demodulation. Features: * On board signal generator * Second order loop filter * Carrier recovery demodulator * Necessary test points provided to observe the various signal * Mimic diagram provided in the panel for easy understanding of various block * Built in power supply * Detailed documentation Technical Specification: * Signal Generator # Amplitude : 0.5Vpp # Frequency : 1KHz to 15KHz * Carrier signal : VCO method # Amplitude : 5Vpp # Frequency : 200KHz Experiments: * To study frequency modulation by using PLL * To study frequency demodulation by using PLL. Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 46 ]

48 54. FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER USING PLL [VCT - 55] FEATURES * In-Built signal generator * Built-in power supply * Various test points * Multiplied signal selector switch * Detailed documentation SPECIFICATIONS * Reference frequency oscillator (P1) i. Amplitude : 5V ii. Frequency : 1.25KHz (TTL signal) * Voltage controlled oscillator i. VCO free running frequency (P4) : 2KHz * Divider output frequency (P2) i. Amplitude : 5V ii. Frequency : 1.25KHz * Error control voltage Range vary from : 0.9V to 4V * Frequency multiplier output (P5) # 2.5KHz, 5KHz, 10KHz, 20KHz, 40KHz, 80KHz, 160KHz, 320KHz (Approximately). EXPERIMENTS 1. To study the divider and verify its working. 2. To design and setup a frequency multiplier using PLL chip to multiply the frequency by a factor N. 3. To study how an input dc voltage controls an output of VCO frequency. Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 47 ]

49 55. FREQUENCY DOUBLER [VCT-56] Frequency Doubler is a linear device that efficiently produces an output that is twice the frequency of the signal applied to its input. Technical Specifications : * Square wave generator # Low frequency range HZ to 75 KHZ # High frequency range - 10 KHZ to 500 KHZ * Doubler output frequency range # Low frequency range KHZ to 150 KHZ # High frequency range - 20 KHZ to 1 MHZ * Amplitude level - 0 to 5 Volt * Input signal - Square wave * VCO frequency - 1 KHZ * Error voltage variation V to 1.2 Volt * Divider - 2 * Power Supply - AC 230 V/50 HZ, DC 5V, GND * Connector type - Uninsulated socket * Weight kg * Connecting cable - SP7 patch chord * Operating temperature C Features : * Variable square wave generator. * Low/high frequency selector switch. * PLL based doubler. * Test points are provided. * In build power supply. Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 48 ]

50 56. PLL SYNTHESIZING OSCILLATOR [VCT - 57] FEATURES * In-Built square wave generator * On board frequency selector * Various test points * Built-in power supply SPECIFICATIONS * Reference frequency oscillator # Frequency - 1KHz * Programmable BCD divider output with shunt # Frequency - 1KHz * Frequency at P2 connector with shunt 1KHz * VCO output without shunt (Jumper) # Frequency KHz * 1 switch step - 1KHz * 10 switch step - 10KHz * 100 switch step - 100KHz * VCO error voltage - 1 to 2.1V * VCO output with shunt (by select 1, 10 & 100 switch) # Frequency range - 0Hz to 999KHz EXPERIMENTS: 1. To study the response of a VCO when its control voltage is varied. 2. To study the working of a PLL synthesizing oscillator. Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 49 ]

51 57. SALLEN KEY FILTER [VCT - 58] Sallen Key Filter trainer is easy to use, portable and a simple device. It is an unique device designed to provide frequency response for different type of filter. It is designed for second order fourth order of Sallen Key Filter. Features : * In Built Power Supply. * Detailed Experimental Documentation. * Designing Calculation Technical Specifications: * LPF Cut Off Frequency : 3 KHz * HPF Cut Off Frequency : 10 KHz * BPF Cut Off Frequency : 3-10 KHz * BRF Cut Off Frequency : 3-10 KHz * Filter method : VCVS * Filter Order : nd th 2 order and 4 order * Filter roll of : 40db decade, 80db decade * Inter connection connector : Uninsulated socket * Weight : 2.5 Kg (approximation) * Operating Voltage # AC - 230V / 50 Hz # DC - ± 12V, GND Experiments : * To study the frequency response characteristics of a Sallen Key 1. Low Pass Filter nd th # 2 Order & 4 Order 2. High Pass Filter nd th # 2 Order & 4 Order 3. Band Pass Filter nd th # 2 Order & 4 Order 4. Band Reject Filter nd th # 2 Order & 4 Order Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 50 ]

52 58. FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TRAINER: (VCT-59) FEATURES: * On board modulating signal generator * On board carrier wave generator * 2-channel FDM communication system * DSBSC AM modulator * DSBSC AM demodulator * Band Pass Filters * Low Pass Filters * Switched faults to study the modulator and demodulator * Covers full voice band of 300Hz to 3.4 KHz. * On board Mic pre-amplifier for voice transmission TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: * Modulating signal : Sine Wave 1 KHz & 10 KHz * Carrier Generator : Sine Wave 100 KHz & 200 KHz * Amplitude : 0-2V * Modulator / Demodulator : DSBSC Modulator / Demodulator * Multiplexing : Frequency Division Multiplexing * Channel : 2 Nos * Pass Band Filter : th 4 order butter worth Band Pass Filter * Low Pass Filter : th 4 order butter worth Low Pass Filter. * Switch Faults : 4 Switch faults are provided. * Power Supply : ± 12V, GND * Test points : 2 * Accessories : Microphone, Speaker Patch chord & Manuals. EXPERIMENTS: * To study the function of DSBSC modulation. * To study the function of frequency division multiplexing * To study the function of DSBSC demodulation * To study the function of frequency division demultiplexing * To study the process of voice communication using frequency division multiplexing * To study the function of frequency division multiplexing and frequency division demultiplexing using switched faults Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 51 ]

53 59. SQUELCH TRAINER (VCT- 61) Squelch Trainer is also useful in minimizing noise output and that occurs when tuning between station. In fact even better quality broadcast receiver provide a squelch provide a squelch capability but in these application it is mutually termed muting squelch circuit. Features: # Detailed Documentation # Test and monitoring points # Block Diagram and mimic diagram # Inbuilt Power Supply and speaker Technical Specifications : * CX1619BS IC based AM Receiver. * Transistor based squelch circuit. * Power Supply # AC Input (230V ± 10%, 50 Hz) # DC Input (±12V, ±5V, GND) * AM receiver RF Frequency range - 530KHz KHz * Weight - 2Kg * Connector Type - Uninsulated Type * Cabinet Type - Wooden Box * Dimensions in mm # Height - 115mm # Width - 208mm # Length - 287mm * Fuse - 500mA * Connecting Cable - SP7 Patch Chord * Operating Temperature C Experiments: # To study the AM receiver performance with squelch. # To study the AM receiver performance without squelch. Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 52 ]

54 60. DIGITAL ULTRASONIC PULSE-ECHO VELOCITY METER FOR LIQUIDS & SOLIDS. [VCT-70A] Digital Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Velocity meter is a simple and unique direct reading digital system to determine the velocity of ultrasonic waves as well as to observe echos for attenuation measurements with excellent accuracy. Its operating frequency is 2 MHz. * Velocity measurement in Liquid is based on pulse echo method * Velocity measurement for solids is based on pulse echo method using longitudinal & shear wave transducers. * One piezo-electric transducer is provided for liquid & four piezo electric transducers for solids. * An 32 bit embedded controller with its peripherals will work as standalone data acquisition system and control system for this equipment. * 20 x 4 LCD display is provided for display the all parameters. * A very high-speed counter timer is used to precisely measure the transit time of Ultrasonic waves the resolution in transit time is sec. * The transit time and velocity of ultrasonic waves are digitally displayed * Built in power supply. * Operating & Experimental manual is provided. * Hardware is easy up gradable (Like high resolution ADC, Graphical LCD, Etc.,) SALIENT FEATURES: * Manual and Auto measurement modes * Fast and easy operation * Digital readout * Higher resolution * Higher accuracy reliability and repeatability * Easy portable * All the parameters (velocity & time etc.,) will readout in computer. LIST OF DELIVERABLES FOR VCT-70A * One Piezo electric transducer (2MHz) * Liquid Cell (5 to 15ml capacity) with provision for varying path length. * Three no of coaxial BNC cable is provided. * Mechanical setup for solid measurement with one pair of longitudinal shear wave transducers * RS232 cable for computer interface with software. Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 53 ]

55 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS FOR LIQUIDS * Acoustic Impedance * Compressibility * Free length * Free volume * Molar sound velocity * Internal pressure * Relative association * Molecular association * Relaxation time * Gibb s free energy * Enthalpy * Attenuation Studies. LIST OF EXPERIMENTS FOR SOLIDS * Longitudinal modulus * Shear modulus * Bulk modulus * Young s modulus * Poison s ratio * Micro hardness * Fugacity * Debye s temperature * Softening temperature * Attenuation constant 61. CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION [VCT-71] This unit is used to study about how to connect and working of CCTV FEATURES: * Wireless connectivity of one CCD Camera * Wired connectivity of one CCD Camera * Low power consumption * Easy to install & operate MATERIALS INCLUDED: * 2 Nos of CCD Camera with stand * One Portable colour TV * One set of video Transmitter & receiver * 2 Pole one way video switching unit with time variable and auto manual selection Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 54 ]

56 62. ANALOG COMMUNICATION TRAINER [VCT-75] This trainer is used in understand and study the various analog communication systems & study the noise effect in this system. i. AM system ii. FM system iii. PAM FEATURES 1. On board modulating signal generator 2. On board carrier signal generator 3. Amplitude modulation (%of modulation) 4. Amplitude demodulation i) Asynchronous Demodulation a) Envelope detector method b) Square law detector method ii) Coherent Demodulation 5. SSB-SC modulation i) SSB-SC LSB Modulation ii) SSB-SC USB Modulation 6. SSB-SC Demodulation 7. DSB-SC Modulation 8. DSB-SC Demodulation using (Costas loop) 9. FM Modulation 10. FM Demodulation 11. White noise generator 12. Noise Adder 13. Power Meter 14. Inbuilt clock generator 15. Pulse Amplitude modulation 16. Function of Automatic gain control circuit 17. Mic pre amplifier 18. Audio Power amplifier 19. Various Test points 20. Power supply: DC: +12v, -12v, +5v Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 55 ]

57 Technical Specification 1. Modulating signal Amplitude : 2V (fixed) Frequency : 3 KHz (fixed) 2. Carrier Signal Amplitude : 2V (fixed) Frequency : 120 KHz (fixed) 3. Clock Generator : 16 KHz, 32 KHz 4. Phase shifter : 90 phase shift in 3 KHz and 120 KHz signal. 5. AM Modulation : i. Under Modulation ii. Critical Modulation iii. Over Modulation 6. AM Demodulation :. Envelope detector ii. Square law detector iii. Coherent demodulation 7. SSB-SC Modulation : Phase shift method 8. SSB-SC Demodulation : Synchronous Method 9. DSB-SC Modulation : Balanced Modulator 10. DSB-SC Demodulation : Costas loop receiver 11. FM Modulator : VCO Based Free running frequency : 120KHz 12. FM demodulator : PLL Based 13. PAM Type : Switch Based 14. Phase lock loop : Lock range 90 KHz KHz 15. Band Pass filter : Centre frequency : 120 KHz Band width : 10 KHz 16. Loop Filter : st I order Low pass filter 17. VCO : Free running frequency : 120KHz 18. Low Pass filter : th 4 order Butter worth cut off frequency :3.4KHz 19. Amplifier : Variable gain adjustment amplifiers 20. Mic pre amplifier : Transistor Based 21. Audio Power amplifier : Op amp Based 22. White noise generator : High frequency random white noise generation 23. Noise Adder : Mixed in signal & noise 24. Power meter : Observe direct reading in dbm and watts values Input signal : Analog Amplitude : 0.5mV to 20V Frequency : 500Hz to 8MHz Display : 16 x 2" LCD display 25. Switch faults : Test points : Power supply : +12V, -12V, +5V, GND Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 56 ]

58 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS: 1. Amplitude Modulation i. Under modulation ii. Critical modulation iii. Over modulation 2. AM demodulation i. Envelope detection method ii. Square law detection method iii. Coherent demodulation method 3. SSB-SC modulation i. LSB modulation ii. USB modulation 4. SSB-SC demodulation 5. DSB-SC Modulation 6. DSB-SC demodulation using costas loop receiver 7. FM modulation 8. FM demodulation 9. Pulse amplitude modulation 10. PAM demodulation 11. Function of automatic gain control circuit 12. Observe the effect of noise on various AM & FM system 13. Calculate the S/N ratio in various AM & FM system 14. Calculate the noise figure in various AM & FM system 15. Calculate the noise power and noise power spectral density in various AM & FM system. 16. Effect of low pass filter on noise signal 17. Study the voice communication in various modulation systems. Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 57 ]

59 63. NOISE POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY MEASUREMENT TRAINER [VCT-75A] (Vct- 75A) kit allows students to understand the noise effect in analog communication system. This kit to measure the S/N ratio & noise figure &noise power spectral density. LCD display provided on board shows power of the signal applied to it FEATURES: * Signal generator * White noise generator * S/N ratio * Noise figure * Noise power spectral density * LPF * Power meter TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS; * Modulating signal generator # Amplitude : 0 to 2V (variable) # Frequency : 3 KHz * Noise signal generator # White noise generator : Zener doide based * Noise band pass filter # Cut off frequency : 70KHz * Noise adder # Add the message signal and noise signal * Low pass filter : th 4 order Butter worth filter # Cut off frequency : 3KHz * Power meter & display # Power meter Input signal : Analog Input signal amplitude : 0.5 mv to 20V Input signal frequency : 500Hz to 8MHz # Display 16*2 liquid crystal display * Power supply # AC : 220V/50Hz # DC : +12V, -12V, +5V, GND * Switch fault : 2 EXPERIMENTS: 1. Observe the effect of noise on analog signal 2. Calculate signal to noise ratio 3. Calculate noise figure 4. Calculate noise power and noise power spectral density 5. Effect of low pass filter on noisy signal Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 58 ]

60 64. FM & FSK MODULATOR AND DEMODULATOR TRAINER [VCT -77] This trainer is used to study and understand the FM & FSK modulation and demodulation. FEATURES: * On board modulation signal generator * On board 4-bit data generator * On board carrier signal generator (fixed) * On board FM & FSK modulation and demodulation provided * Various test points provided SPECIFICATION: * Message signal # Frequency : 8 KHz # Amplitude : 2V (variable) * Carrier signal # Frequency : 85 KHz (fixed) # Amplitude : 3V (fixed) * Data generator # 1-bit period : 3KHz # Data : 4-bit Unipolar NRZ data * Modulation # FM & FSK : VCO based FM Carrier frequency : 85KHz # FSK Mark frequency : 85 KHz (approx) Space frequency : 21KHz (approx) * Demodulation # FM & FSK : PLL based EXPERIMENT: 1. Study the function of FM modulation and demodulation. 2. Study the function of FSK modulation and demodulation. Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 59 ]

61 65. MATCHED FILTER TRAINER (VCT-78) FEATURES: * 8-bit data generator * In built variable gain noise generator * Signal and noise adder * Function of correlator * Threshold detector * Variable test points TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: * Data generator # 1-bit period : 4.4 KHz # Data : 8-bit non polar NRZ data * Noise generator # Noise : White gaussion noise # Gain : Variable gain * Noise adder : Op-amp based add the noise and 8-bit data * Local signal generator : VCO based # Frequency : 430 KHz * Correlator # Mixer : Mix the noise signal into local generated signal # Integrator : Integrate the mixer O/P signal * Sampling and threshold detector : Comparator * Power supply : +12V, -12V, +5V, GND * Test points : 7 EXPERIMENT: 1. To study the effect of noise in digital data 2. Study the function of correlator 3. Study the function of threshold decider 66. PRE EMPHASIS & DE-EMPHASIS TRAINER (VCT-83) FEATURES: * Passive Pre-emphasis circuit * Passive De-emphasis circuit * Cut-off frequency: 1.2 KHz * Input & Outputs are terminated through banana sockets * Necessary test points provided Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 60 ]

62 67. CDMA TRAINER (VCDMA-01) FEATURES: * Industry standard interconnection # One RS232 ports * Additional features # 16 Nos of Dip switches # 16 Discrete LED s # Reset switch # One 16 bit stereo CODEC * Multilayer board for superior signal integrity. ADC 1 * Sampling rate is 40 MSPS * Resolution: 12 Bits * The input signal can be given either through a low frequency differential ADC 1 driver or high frequency driver transformers * The input signals are terminated at SMA connectors DAC 1 * Resolution : 14 Bits * 125 MSPS update time * Setting time : 30ns * Output range : -2.5V to +2.5V * DAC 1 outputs are terminated at SMA connectors TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION: * Virtex 4 (XC4VSX25) # Virtex 4 family devices # 23,040 logic cells # 448 I/O lines # Device used : XCVS 25-FF668 # On board configuration serial PROM # JTAG Connector # Compatible with XILINX ISE foundation software EXPERIMENTS: * To study the concept of CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) by spreading (PNS) pseudorandom noise sequence using CDMA trainer kit. * To study the concept of CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) by spreading (GOLD) pseudorandom noise sequence using CDMA trainer kit. * To study the concept of CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) by spreading (MINIMAL LENGTH) pseudorandom noise sequence using CDMA trainer kit. * To study the concept of CDMA (CODE Division Multiple Access) by generating (PN) pseudorandom noise sequence under different tapping settings for respective PN Generator type (PNS, GOLD, MINIMAL LENGTH) using CDMA trainer kit. Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 61 ]

63 68. BASIC DSSS CDMA TRAINER (VCDMA - 02) FEATURES: * On board 15-bit single pseudo random sequence * On board 8-bit user selectable data * Two Ex-OR gates for data spreading and despreading * Number of test points to connect and observe the signals * Inbuilt DC power supply with fuse TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION: * Data Generator : 8-bits user selectable * Data Rate : 16kbps * PN sequence length : 15bits * PN sequence rate : 64kbps * Spreading ratio : 4 PN bits/data * Spread/Despread : Ex-OR gate * Test points : 8 * Fuse : 230V, 100mA * DC supply : +5V * Interface connector : Signal in/out : 2mm socket Power : 3pin power cord EXPERIMENTS: * Study of data spreading in DSSS system * Study of data despreading in DSSS system 69. DATA COMMUNICATION TRAINER (ViDCT-01) FEATURES: * Fiber Optic media Data transfer analog and digital * Infrared media Data transfer * RF media Data transfer * Copper wire media Data transfer * FSK modulation based modem TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION: * FSK : Wired communication * TTL input : 5Vpp # TTL Frequency : 150 Hz, 600Hz # Baud rate : 300bps, 1200bps * Carrier signal # Mark Frequency : ~70 KHz # Space Frequency : ~40 KHz Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 62 ]

64 * FSK Modulation : VCO based * Demodulation : PLL based * Analog Fiber Optic Communication # LED wavelength : 660nm (visible) # Photo detector : Silicon PIN Photo Diode # Biasing type : Reverse bias # Bias voltage variation : 5V Max # Baud rate : 300bps, 1200bps * RF Communication # RF Frequency : 433MHz # Distance : 1m # TTL Frequency : 150Hz # Baud Rate : 300bps # RF Antenna : Monopole * IR Communication # IR Carrier Frequency : 38KHz # Distance : 0.5m # Baud rate : 300bps * Digital Fiber Optic Communication # LED Wavelength : 950nm # Cable type : Plastic fiber cable # Core : 1000micron # Cladding : 2000micron # Cable length : 1meter # Baud rate : 300bps, 1200bps * Serial & parallel interface board # Serial and parallel communication: 1. Input to output 9pin D connector is provided for serial communication. 2. Input to output 25pin D connector is provided for parallel communication BS2 connector provided for testing serial and parallel signal of RS232. EXPERIMENTS: * To study the wired communication using twisted pair cable. * To study the (Analog) communication using Fiber Optic Cable. * To study the communication using wireless MODULE. * To study the communication using IR LED. * To study the (Digital) communication using Fiber Optic Cable. Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 63 ]

65 70. SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO [ViSDR-01] FEATURES: * Offers an open architecture based radio development system * Implementation of digital communication systems * Real time duplex voice communication between transmitter and receiver * Documentation for technical as well as working procedure TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: 1. Virtex-4 (SX25) FPGA from Xilinx a Logic Cells b. 128 Extreme DSP Slices c. Max I/O upto AD73322 Codec from Analog Devices a. Configurable sampling rate (8KHz, 16KHz, 32KHz, 64KHz) b. Two 16-bit D\A and A\D converters 3. EZ-Host CY7C67300 USB from Cypress Semiconductor a. Full speed upto 12Mbps b. 16-bit RISC processor 4. RTL8019AS Ethernet from Realtek Semiconductors a. Built in PHY & MAC layers b. Upto 10Mbps speed 5. AD9238 ADC from Analog Devices a. Integrated dual 12-bit ADC b. Upto 65 MHz Sampling rate 6. DAC 2904 (125MHz) from Texas Instruments a 125MSPS Update rate b. 33ns settling time GHz RF Transmitter and Receiver unit a.. Full-duplex transceiver b. Separate RF input and output BNC connectors 8. RS-232 serial port using MAX On/Off Switches LEDs 11. FPGA programming port Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 64 ]

66 EXPERIMENTS: 1. To study the working principle and concept of Amplitude Shift keying modulation using the trainer Vi-SDR 2. To study the working principle and concept of Phase Shift keying modulation using the trainer Vi-SDR 3. To study the working principle and concept of Frequency Shift keying modulation using the trainer Vi-SDR 4.a) 4.b) To study the working principle and concept of Software Defined Radio by implementing Amplitude Shift keying based modulation technique for communicating user s voice using the trainer Vi-SDR as transceiver using RF To study the working principle and concept of Software Defined Radio by implementing Amplitude Shift keying based modulation technique for communicating user s voice between two ViSDR units to transmit and receive the user s voice using RF 5. To study the working principle and concept of Quadrature Phase Shift keying modulation using the trainer Vi-SDR 6. To study the working principle and concept of Quadrature Amplitude Shift modulation using the trainer Vi-SDR Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 65 ]

67 71. ULTRASONIC INTERFEROMETER (VUIT -100) Ultrasonic Interferometer is a simple and easy to use unit for the accurate measurement of ultrasonic velocity in a Liquids and Liquid systems at the desired temperature (and at desired frequencies). SPECIAL FEATURES: 1. Accuracy in wavelength measurement 0.01mm 2. Digital Panel Meter ( DPM) for observing the change in the reading between nodes / anti nodes (75mV approximate between a node and anti node) 3. Easy replacement of transducers with other frequency 4. Only one Liquid cell is required for all frequencies 5. Built in IC regulated power supplies. 6. The frequency of the Crystal oscillator at the piezo electric transducer is so matched at the 3 digit Decimal accuracy 7. The accuracy of Meter is 3 Digit Decimal 8. Stainless Steel based mechanical setup. ACCESSORIES: 1. Liquid cell - One (with provision for water circulation) 2. Transducer (Longitudinal, 2MHz) - One 3. Micrometer assembly - One (with Tx) PARAMETERS THAT CAN BE STUDIED (LIQUIDS): * Acoustic Impedance * Compressibility * Free length, Free volume * Molar Sound velocity * Internal pressure * Attenuation studies. * Relative association * Molecular association * Relaxation Time * Gibb s free energy * Enthalpy OPTIONALS: 1. ELECTRONICALLY CONTROLLED CONSTANT TEMPERATURE WATER BATH FOR LIQUID SETUP * Water at constant temperature will be circulated over the liquid under measurement * The user can set temperature up to 50 C Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 66 ]

68 72. FREQUENCY / DELAY MEASUREMENT (VRFD-01) FEATURES: * Microcontroller based frequency/delay measurement * Counter * Alphanumeric LCD Display * Internal/ External Delay Unit * Inbuilt power supply TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION: * Frequency Measurement # External frequency : 100Hz to 5MHz # Amplitude : 2.5 to 5V pp * Delay measurement Internal Mode # Frequency : 3KHz to 20 KHz # Amplitude : 5V pp # Delay time : 10 s to 40 s External Mode # Frequency : 3 KHz to 20 KHz # Amplitude : 5V pp * Supply Voltage # AC : 230V/5Hz # DC : ±12V, ±5V, GND EXPERIMENT: * To measure the frequency of externally applied signal * To measure the time delay between internally delayed signal * To measure the time delay between external signal. Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd., [ 67 ]

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