Optical Fiber Enabler of Wireless Devices in the Palms of Your Hands

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1 Optical Fiber Enabler of Wireless Devices in the Palms of Your Hands A Presentation to EE1001 Class of Electrical Engineering Department at University of Minnesota Duluth By Professor Imran Hayee

2 Smartphone vs. Crystal Ball Crystal Ball gives information regardless of space and time Smart Phone gives information regardless of space and past time

3 Outline 1. What is an Optical Fiber? 2. Why it Matters? 3. How it Works? 4. What do I do? 5. Summary/Questions

4 What is an Optical Fiber Optical Fiber is a thin long cylinder made of Silica

5 Optical Fiber vs. Optical Cable Today s Optical Fiber Human Hair Optical Fiber Cables

6 Why Optical Fiber? 4 Billion bytes = 1 DVD 32 Billion bits = 1 DVD 1 Trillion bits ~ 31 DVDs 3 Trillion bits ~ 93 DVDs 25 Trillion bits ~775 DVDs Huge but not Infinite Bandwidth 0.2 microns = 25 Tbit/sec Useable Today ~ 3Tb/s

7 How it Works? Transmission Fiber Light Source Modulator Detector Demodulator Electronic Data Electronic Data Transmitter Receiver

8 TDM vs. WDM Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) 100 x 100 Mb/s = 10 Gb/s 10Gb/s max - one color of light Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) 300 x 10 Gb/s = 3Tb/s 300 channels of 10Gb/s many colors of light simultaneously

9 Wavelength-Division-Multiplexing (WDM) Optical Fiber Different Wavelength Gain Region Multiple colors of light traveling through the optical fiber, interact with each other in very complex manner that is the ultimate limitation of capacity usage of fiber

10 Optical Fiber Loss, db/km Optical Amplifier Gain, db Useable Optical Fiber Bandwidth WDM Channels 25 THz... 3 THz Wavelength, µm About 3 Tbits/sec bandwidth could be used using EDFAs which is still ~12% of total fiber bandwidth

11 Is 3 Tb/s Enough? 100 users x 100 Mbit/s = 10Gb/s (1 Fiber Channel) 300 users x 10Gb/s = 3Tb/s (useable Fiber BW)

12 Most Popular Headline of CNN on February 21, 2012

13 March 5 Time Magazine Page 11

14 Wireless Demand is Exploding

15 Cell Towers are Connected to Fiber

16 Optical Fiber Backbone of Information Highway

17 The Bigger Picture

18 Metropolitan Network Aurora Fiber Optics Networks

19 Long Haul Network DWDM Fiber Route OC-192 SONET

20 Metropolitan and Long Haul Networks

21 Long Haul and Transoceanic Network Trans-Atlantic Fiber Links Trans-Pacific Fiber Links

22 Optical Fiber Worldwide Fiber Deployment Deploying Fiber at the speed of Mach 3 In 2001, fiber was deployed at a rate of ~ 2000 miles every hour T. Li & A.R. Chraplyvy, 2001

23 Capacity (Gb/s) Limitations of Fiber Systems Tb/s Amplifiers Dispersion We have approached fundamental limits!! PMD Crosstalk Nonlinearities Experimental 10 1 Commercial Year 02

24 Origin of Fiber Dispersion Photon Velocity (l) = Speed of Light in Vacuum Index of Refraction (l) Different wavelengths in the fiber travel with different speeds Information Bandwidth of Data Fourier transform v i v j v k v=velocity Time f Carrier freq. Temporal Pulse Spreading F [distance, (bit rate) 2 ] ps/nm km Time

25 Chromatic Dispersion and Achievable Bit Rate No distortion of output bit stream 2.5 Gbit/s Optical fiber Distance = 0 km 100 km Large distortion of output bit stream 10 Gbit/s Optical fiber Distance = 0 km 100 km Dispersion induced 1-dB Power Penalty: 2.5 Gb/s: 16,640 ps/nm ~980 km SMF 10 Gb/s: 1,040 ps/nm ~60 km SMF 40 Gb/s: 65 ps/nm ~4 km SMF

26 What Does Fiber Nonlinearity Do? Data Encoder FEC Driver Laser Mod NRZ Clock Mod RZ M U X Gain Equalizer Fiber/Amplifier Chain Fiber Pump-Signal Combiner D M U X Receiver PD + LPF Decoder FEC Q WDM Transmitter & D C U Raman Pumps Raman Pumps & D C U WDM Receiver Input Eye Output Eye

27 Linear Performance (db) Nonlinear Performance (db) Fiber Nonlinearity Imposes Ultimate Capacity Limit Optical Noise Fiber Dispersion and Nonlinearities Optical Signal Power (db) Fiber nonlinearity puts the ultimate limit on the capacity to be used in an optical fiber communication system

28 What do I do? Current Work Digital Signal Processing Digital Signal Processing Electrical to Optical Conversion Optical Transmitter Fiber Link Optical Receiver Optical to Electrical Conversion Past Work

29 In color, I do this?

30 What else do I do? Intelligent Transportati on System Electronic Heart Murmur Detection

31 Summary/Questions 1. What is an Optical Fiber? 2. Why it Matters? 3. How it Works? 4. What do I do? 5. Summary/Questions

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