Introduction to Amateur Radio Satellites

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1 Rick Fletcher W7YP What is an OSCAR? Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio Originally built by Project OSCAR members in garages in Silicon Valley Now built/funded by members of AMSAT and its affiliates (amsat.org) Typically carry repeaters or transponders

2 Why Use Amateur Satellites?

3 Satellite Block Diagram

4 Repeater versus Linear Transponder

5 Terminology Orbit: Path of a satellite as it travels around the earth Doppler: The shift in frequency caused by a satellite s motion LEO: Low Earth Orbit ( km) Easy Sats HEO: High Earth Orbit (over 20,000km) GEO: GEosynchronous Orbit Uplink: Frequency used to transmit to a satellite Downlink: Frequency used to receive a satellite Footprint: The circular area seen by the satellite within its line of sight Apogee: The satellite s maximum altitude above the earth during its orbit Perigee: The satellite s lowest altitude above the earth during its orbit Inclination: The angle of the satellite relative to the equatorial plane

6 Orbital Tracks

7 Satellite Coverage

8 HEOs Pass times range from 8 to 18 hours Linear transponders (SSB/CW) only Inclined elliptical orbits Typically operate over many bands AO 40 was most recently launched HEO Battery event in 2004 has currently silenced it

9 LEOs Pass times from 12 to 22 minutes Linear transponder (SSB/CW) or FM repeater Typically operate in the 2m/70cm bands Easiest sats to work Can be worked with an HT and a hand pointed dual band yagi such as the Arrow antenna

10 Cubesats (LEOs) Picosatellites housed in 10cm cubes common to all cubesat designs Common launcher called a P POD that can launch 3 or 6 cubesats at one time Developed at Stanford University in Palo Alto, CA Cal Poly in San Luis Obispo, CA developed the launcher Many countries now participating in the program Some Cubesats transmit research telemetry and depend on volunteer ground stations for their data reception

11 Operating Satellites Satellites use different bands on the uplink versus downlink Traditional LEO mode: Mode A = 10m/2m Mode B = 2m/70cm Mode J = 70cm/2m New band designations are paired letters such as U/V or L/S: V = 2m; U = 70cm; L = 23cm S = 13cm; C = 7.5cm; X = 3cm K = 1.5cm; Q = 5mm

12 Minimum Requirements All mode 2m/70cm transceiver or Dual VFO HT Dual band directional antennas or high gain whips Tracking program or PC based tracking system Some will tune radio for Doppler Up to date Keps (Keplerian elements) Available at and other sources Mathematical model of satellite s orbit Two formats: NORAD Two Line Elements (TLE)» Most common AMSAT Verbose Format

13 Tracking Programs PC: Nova for Windows SatPC32 SCRAP Satscape Orbitron MacIntosh MacDoppler PDAs and Smartphones Pocketsat

14 Tracking Hardware Antenna AZ/EL rotators M Squared Yaesu G 5500 Rotator PC interfaces UniTrac 2000 LVB Tracker

15 Ground Station Satellite base station Kenwood TS 790A TS 2000(x) ICOM IC 910H IC 9100 Yaesu FT 847D FT 897D Flex 5000 w. optional VHF/UHF modules Antenna mounted preamp on downlink side Optional amplifier for uplink AZ/EL rotators

16 Additional Considerations Focus on receive side and good GaAsFET preamps Use filters to eliminate desense Use low loss coax and keep runs short Use circular polarization whenever possible Keep everything well grounded

17 HEO Ground Station

18 Dealing with Doppler RECV

19 Dealing with Doppler XMIT

20 Functional Satellites Satellite status available at LEOs: SO 67, VO 52, SO 50, FO 29, AO 27 HEOs: AO 7 (semi operational) AMSAT DL P3E (soon?)

21 QUESTIONS?

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