Wireless Transmission using Coherent Terahertz Wave with Phase Stabilization

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1 This rticle hs een ccepted nd pulished on J-STAGE in dvnce of copyediting. Content is finl s presented. IEICE Electronics Express, Vol.* No.*,*-* Wireless Trnsmission using Coherent Terhertz Wve with Phse Stiliztion Ysuyuki Yoshimizu 1), Shintro Histke 1, Shigeru Kuwno 2 Jun Terd 2, Noto Yoshimoto 2, nd Tdo Ngtsum 1 1 Grdute School of Engineering Science, Osk University 1-3 Mchikneym, Toyonk, Osk , Jpn 2 NTT Access Network Service Systems Lortories, NTT Corportion 1-1 Hikrino-ok, Yokosuk, Kngw , Jpn ) ysuyukiyoshimizu093@s.ee.es.osk-u.c.jp Astrct: In this pper, we present photonics-sed pproch to generting highly stle coherent terhertz (THz) wve for ppliction to wireless trnsmission. We introduce novel system to stilize the phses of opticl crrier signls t different frequencies extrcted from n opticl frequency com. By performing n error-free (it error rte is less thn ) trnsmission t 12.5 Git/s sed on mplitude-shift keying modultion nd heterodyne detection schemes with crrier frequency of 100 GHz, we were le to verify the importnce of phse stiliztion. Keywords: wireless trnsmission, coherent crrier, THz wve, opticl frequency com, phse stiliztion Clssifiction: Fier optics, Microwve photonics, Opticl interconnection, Photonic signl processing, Photonic integrtion nd systems References IEICE 2013 DOI: /elex Received July 22, 2013 Accepted August 21, 2013 Pulicized Septemer 02, 2013 [1] T. Ngtsum, H.-J. Song, nd Y. Kdo, Chllenges for ultrhigh speed wireless communictions using terhertz wves, J. Terhertz Science nd Technology, vol. 3, no. 2, 2010, pp [2] T. Ngtsum, T. Tkd, H.-J. Song, K. Ajito, N. Kukutsu, nd Y. Kdo, Millimter- nd THz-wve photonics towrds 100 Git/s wireless trnsmission, in Proc. 23 rd. Meeting IEEE Photon. Soc., 2010, pp [3] H.-J. Song, K. Ajito, Y. Murmoto, A. Wktsuki, T. Ngtsum, nd N. Kukutsu, 24 Git/s dt trnsmission in 300 GHz nd for future terhertz communictions, Electronics Letters, vol. 48, no. 15, 2012, pp [4] T. Ngtsum, Generting millimeter nd terhertz wves y photonics for communictions nd sensing, Tech. Dig. Interntionl Microwve Symposium (IMS 2013), WE2H-1, [5] X. Png, A. Cllero, A. Dogdev, V. Arlunno, L. Deng, R. Borkowski, J. S. Pedersen, D. Zir, X. Yu, nd I. T. Monroy 25 Git/s QPSK hyrid

2 fier-wireless trnsmission in the W-nd (75-110GHz) with remote ntenn unit for in-uilding wireless networks, IEEE Photonics Journl, vol. 4, no. 3, 2012, pp [6] A. Knno, K. Ingki, I. Morohshi, T. Skmoto, T. Kuri, I. Hosko, T. Kwnishi, Y. Yoshid, nd K. Kitym, 40 G/s W-nd (75-110GHz) 16-QAM rdio-over-fier signl genertion nd its wireless trnsmission, Optics Express, vol. 19, no. 26, 2011, pp. B56-B63. [7] A. Hirt, H. Togo, N. Shimizu, H. Tkhshi, K. Okmoto, nd T. Ngtsum, Low-phse noise photonic millimeter-wve genertor using n AWG integrted with 3-dB cominer, IEICE Trns. Electron., vol. E88-C, no. 7, 2005, pp Introduction Terhertz (THz) wireless communiction hs ttrcted gret del of interest in the use of short-distnce trnsmission of ultrhigh dt-rte signls such s HDTV nd 4K-TV signls [1,2]. Until now, 30 Git/s error-free (it error rte: BER<10-11 ) trnsmission hs een demonstrted using intensity modultion nd direct detection scheme t 300 GHz [3,4]. One of the promising wys to enhnce the dt rte is to introduce multi-level modultion techniques, such s qudrture phse-shift keying (QPSK) nd qudrture mplitude modultion (QAM) using coherent THz wve [5]. Photonics-sed genertion of the THz wve in the coherent wireless link is key technology for future opticl/wireless semless networks. There re two cndidtes for photonics-sed THz wve genertion: free-running lser-sed pproch [5] nd opticl frequency com (OFC)-sed pproch [6,7]. In the free-running lser-sed pproch (see Fig. 1 ()), the frequency spcing of the two lsers is not constnt nd their phses fluctute independently. Therefore, in this pproch, ll the experiments hve een performed with the use of digitl signl processing (DSP), nd the trnsmission under n error-free condition hs not yet een chieved. Recently, Png et l. demonstrted photoniclly up-converted 25 Git/s fier-wireless QPSK dt trnsmission (BER>10-6 ) link t the W-nd ( GHz) with free-running lser-sed pproch [5]. In this incoherent rdio-over-fier (RoF) system, DSP-sed receiver ws employed for offline digitl down-conversion nd signl demodultion together with crrier phse noise correction. In the OFC-sed pproch (see Fig. 1 ()), the frequency-detuned opticl signls for THz wve genertion were extrcted from the OFC with n opticl rryed-wveguide grting (AWG) filter nd then coupled with n opticl fier coupler (OC). Even though ech frequency com component is phse-locked efore the extrction, the generted THz wve shows phse fluctutions ecuse of pth length fluctutions in opticl fiers for the two modes etween the AWG filter nd the OC. This pproch requires DSP-sed crrier phse noise correction t the receiver side. Using the DSP-sed receiver, Knno et l. demonstrted 40 Git/s (BER= ) W-nd 16-QAM RoF system with the OFC-sed THz wve genertion [6]. One of the effective wys to reduce the phse fluctution is to

3 integrte the AWG filter nd the OC on plnr light-wve circuit (PLC) sustrte in order to mke the opticl pth length difference insensitive to mient temperture nd other externl noise [7]. At this moment, however, it is not esy nd cost-effective to integrte ctive devices such s opticl modultors on PLCs to construct such systems s used in [6]. Fig. 1. Photonics-sed THz wve genertion. () Free-running lser-sed pproch. () OFC-sed pproch. OC: opticl fier coupler. UTC-PD: unitrveling-crrier photodiode. OFCG: opticl frequency com genertor. AWG filter: rryed-wveguide grting filter. In this pper, we propose prcticl phse stiliztion scheme in the OFC-sed THz wve genertion without the use of PLCs in the trnsmitter, nd demonstrte 12.5 Git/s error-free trnsmission without the use of DSP nd error correction in the receiver. In Sec. 2, we explin our pproch to OFC-sed coherent THz wve genertion nd show how the phse chnges in the previous system without phse stiliztion. Next in Sec. 3, we descrie our experimentl system sed on mplitude-shift keying modultion nd heterodyne detection schemes t crrier frequency of 100 GHz. In Sec. 4, we demonstrte dt trnsmission using our system, s proof-of-concept experiment to verify the importnce of phse stiliztion in the error-free coherent wireless link. 2 Phse stiliztion system Fig. 2 shows schemtic digrm of the THz wve genertion system with n OFC genertor (OFCG). The phse of single frequency lser is modulted with Mch Zehnder modultor (MZM) to generte the OFC. The THz wve is generted y photo-mixing two opticl crrier signls t different frequencies extrcted from the OFC using n AWG filter. The phses of the opticl crrier signls (φ (t) nd φ (t)) fluctute independently due to temperture fluctutions nd coustic noise in opticl fier cles etween the AWG filter nd the OC. The coherence of the THz wve is dependent on the stility of the phse differences etween the opticl crriers, s shown in the eqution elow:

4 Δ t). (1) ( Therefore phse fluctutions in the opticl fiers etween the AWG filter nd the OC re prcticl prolem in the OFC-sed coherent THz wve genertion. In our scheme, Δφ(t) is stilized y locking the phses of the two opticl crriers (φ (t) nd φ (t)) to those of the OFC signls (φ 0 (t) nd φ 0 (t)), where the reltive phses etween the OFC components re mutully locked. Fig. 2. modultor. Schemtic digrm of the THz wve genertion. MZM: Mch-Zehnder Fig. 3 shows schemtic digrm of the coherent THz wve genertor with phse stiliztion system. The dither signls f nd f, re pplied to the frequency components f 1 nd f 5, respectively. The phse fluctutions reltive to the phse of reference OFC (φ (t)-φ 0 (t) nd φ (t)-φ 0 (t)) re detected on the sis of two-stge down conversion with PD nd n electronic mixer, where φ 0 (t) nd φ 0 (t) re the phses of the OFC components of f 1 nd f 5, respectively. In the PD, the extrcted opticl crriers nd the OFC components re mixed. By using the PD with cutoff frequency elow f RF, the photo-mixing etween opticl crriers of the sme frequency is output. The AC components of the output signl is V + V, where V cos[ Dsin t] 0 V { n n ( D)cos[ 0( t) n t J ]}, (2) cos[ Dsin t] 0 { n n ( D)cos[ 0( t) n t J ]}. (3) By mixing the output signl with dither signls nd cutting off the higher frequency components with low pss filters, phse fluctutions reltive to the phse of the OFC cn e detected independently. The detected signls re: V cos[ ]. (4) 0 V cos[ ]. (5) 0

5 Our phse stiliztion technique cn e extended to multi-crrier formt, such s THz-OFDM using different dither signls for ech su crrier. The detected phse fluctutions re negtively fed ck to phse shifter (PS), with PID controller to stilize the phse fluctution. As result of using phse stiliztion system, φ (t)-φ 0 (t) nd φ (t)-φ 0 (t) re locked. Under phse stiliztion, the phse of the generted THz wve cn e expressed s: where φ 0 -φ 0 is constnt vlue. Δ, (6) 0 0 Fig.3. Schemtic digrm of the coherent THz wve genertor with phse stiliztion system. PS: phse shifter. PPG: pulse pttern genertor. In the experiment, the frequency of the dither signls f nd f pplied to opticl frequency components, f 1 nd f 5, ws 12.8 khz nd 16 khz, respectively. The cutoff frequency of the PD (Thorls Inc.: PDA10CS) is 33 khz. The prmeters of the PID controller (Stnford Reserch Systems: SIM960) were set to in the proportionl gin, s in the integrl gin nd /s in the derivtive gin. The gin-ndwidth of the PID controller is up to out 20 Hz. Fig. 4 () nd () show the phse fluctutions of φ (t)-φ 0 (t) nd φ (t)-φ 0 (t) detected s the voltges of V nd V without nd with phse stiliztion, respectively. As shown in Fig. 5, ech frequency component of the detected phse fluctutions elow 20 Hz decreses significntly with phse stiliztion s compred to the vlues of the components without the stiliztion. In Sec. 4, we demonstrte the ove pproch to the decrese of detected phse fluctutions is effective enough for our dt trnsmission system sed on mplitude-shift keying modultion nd heterodyne detection schemes.

6 Fig. 4. Phse fluctutions. () Without phse stiliztion. () With phse stiliztion. Upper trce: V. Lower trce: V. Fig. 5. Phse fluctution intensity. 3 Wireless Link Using Coherent THz Wve To verify the importnce of phse stiliztion in the coherent THz wireless link, we conducted dt trnsmission experiment sed on mplitude-shift keying modultion nd heterodyne detection schemes t crrier frequency of 100 GHz. In the trnsmitter shown in Fig. 3, single frequency lser ws modulted t f RF = 25 GHz to generte OFC. The OFC spcing ws 25 GHz, therefore the crrier frequency of the THz wve ws f 5 -f 1 = 100 GHz. For the dt signl, we used pseudo-rndom pttern it strem (PRBS) of up to 12.5 Git/s from pulse pttern genertor (PPG). The dt signl ws mplified with driver mplifier (SHF communiction technologies AG: SHF100CP) nd pplied to MZM2 (COVEGA: Mch ) for THz mplitude shift keying modultor. In the receiver shown in Fig. 6, the OFC, which is the sme s the one used in the trnsmitter, ws composed of three frequency components, f 2, f 3 nd f 4, y pssing through the wvelength filter in single pss. An electricl LO signl ws generted y photo-mixing the frequency components of the OFC, f 2 nd f 4, t PD (Discovery Semiconductors, Inc.: DSC10ER). Therefore the LO frequency ws f 4 - f 2 = 50 GHz. An LO uffer-mplifier (Wright Technologies: ASG ) with ndwidth from 40 GHz to 60 GHz ws used to mplify the LO signl. The LO signl ws supplied to su-hrmonic mixer (SHM, Virgini diode Inc.: WR10R3SHM 2-17) to relize heterodyne detection. The SHM demodulted the THz wve y mixing it with the LO signl, nd output the recovered dt signl. The dt signl ws mplified y low-noise mplifier

7 (LNA, MITEQ: JSMF4-02K P) nd limiting mplifier (LIA, MAXIM: MAX3971A). Fig. 6. Schemtic digrm of the coherent receiver using su-hrmonic mixer. SHM: su-hrmonic mixer. LNA: low-noise mplifier. LIA: limiting mplifier. 4 Trnsmission Results nd Discussion Firstly, we tried to mesure the eye ptterns without phse stiliztion, ut were not le to otin stle pttern over long time (t lest 20 sec) due to the uncorrelted phse fluctutions of the two opticl signls used for generting the 100-GHz crrier. The stle pttern ws oserved for long time using phse stiliztion. Fig. 7 () nd () show the eye digrm t 3.0 Git/s ccumulted for 20 seconds using smpling oscilloscope without nd with phse stiliztion, respectively. Fig.7. Eye digrms t 3.0 Git/s ccumulted for 20 sec. () Without phse stiliztion. () With phse stiliztion. The mximum it rte of 12.5 Git/s under the error-free condition is successfully chieved for wireless distnce t 65 mm, s shown in Fig. 8. Fig. 9 shows BER chrcteristics t 10, 11 nd 12.5 Git/s. The BER of ws otined t 10 Git/s, when the UTC-PD photocurrent ws 0.45 ma nd the THz output power ws out -35 dbm. The BER of ws lso otined t 12.5 Git/s, when the UTC-PD photocurrent ws 0.85 ma nd the output power ws out -21 dbm. The 11 Git/s or 12.5 Git/s trnsmission required more UTC-PD photocurrent thn the 10 Git/s trnsmission in order to chieve the error-free condition. The min reson is the nd-limittion of the MZM2 (electrooptic ndwidth of 10 GHz) used to modulte the mplitude of the coherent THz wve.

8 Fig. 8. Eye digrm t 12.5 Git/s for wireless distnce of 65 mm. Fig. 9. BER chrcteristics t 10, 11 nd 12.5 Git/s. Higher THz wve frequency generted with wider OFC promises higher it rte. Moreover, the multi-crrier modultion of OFDM cn e esily dpted to our system, which lso increses the it rte. 5 Conclusion We hve descried photonics-sed pproch to generting phse-locked THz wve with new phse stiliztion method. We hve conducted dt trnsmission sed on mplitude-shift keying modultion nd heterodyne detection schemes t crrier frequency of 100 GHz, nd hve successfully demonstrted stle error-free trnsmission of up to 12.5 Git/s only with phse stiliztion. Phse stiliztion shows gret potentil s technique for chieving the error-free condition in coherent wireless links using photonics-sed genertion of the THz wve. Acknowledgments The uthors would like to thnk Prof. K. Iwtsuki with Tohoku University, nd Mr. T. Mukumoto for their support throughout this reserch. This work ws supported in prt y the JST-ANR WITH progrm.

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