RADiO DATA. Contents. Supplement to Practical Wireless, December Inductive reactance. Unit multipliers. Capacitors in series

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Helen Wilkinson
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WE hope that you'll find this a useful source of reference data, with something in it for the beginner and the old hand, whether you're interested in the broadcast bands or the amateur bands.

. Resonant frequency f ZnVLC Hz (L in henrys, C in farads) Contents If L is in µh and C in µf: fr = 3--9 khz One Useful formulae wo Frequency/wavelength conversion SINPO code Useful addresses

1 WE hope that you'll find this a useful source of reference data, with something in it for the beginner and the old hand, whether you're interested in the broadcast bands or the amateur bands. USEFUL FORMULAE Resistors in series RO = R, + R2 + R3... RAiO AA Resistors in parallel Capacitors in series RO R, R2 R3 RO = R + R2 CO Cl + C2 + C3 Capacitors in parallel CO = C + C2 + C3.. Resonant frequency f ZnVLC Hz (L in henrys, C in farads) Contents If L is in µh and C in µf: fr = 3--9 khz One Useful formulae wo Frequency/wavelength conversion SINPO code Useful addresses Inductive reactance XL = 2itfL Capacitive reactance (L in henrys) hree UK Amateur bands Broadcasting bands Xc 2nfC (C in farads) :our, Five six seven Eight Circuit symbols Morse code RS code Procedure signals for c.w. 2m and 70cm band channels Phonetic spelling alphabet Informal Amateur abbreviations Common "Q" codes Unit multipliers giga (G) 09 mega (M) 06 kilo (k) 03 centi (c) 0-2 milli (m) 0-3 micro (µ) 0-6 nano (n) 0-9 pico (p) 0-2 ecibel conversions N = 0 log,o(p2/p) decibels, for a power ratio N = 20 log70 (V2/V) decibels, for a voltage ratio and, conversely PZ/P, = antilog (N/0) V2/V, = antilog (N/20) Supplement to Practical Wireless, ecember 979 ONE

FREQUENCY/WAVELENGH CONVERSION Wavelength (metres) = Frequency (kilohertz) = 300 000 Frequency (kilohertz) 300 000 Wavelength (metres) Medium -wave broadcast band khz Metres khz Metres khz Metres khz

0 558 537.6 738 406.5 98 326.8 098 273.2 278 234.7 458 205.8 567 529. 747 40.6 927 323.6 07 27.0 287 233. 467 204.5 576 5208 756 396.8 936 320.5 6 268.8 296 23.5 476 203.3 585 52.8 765 392.2 945 37.

4 62 483. 80 374.5 98 305.8 6 258.4 34 223.7 52 972 630 476.2 80 370.4 990 3030 70 256.4 350 222.2 530 96 639 469.5 89 366.3 999 300.3 79 254-5 359 220.8 539 94.9 648 4630 828 362-3 008 297.6 88 252.

2 FREQUENCY/WAVELENGH CONVERSION Wavelength (metres) = Frequency (kilohertz) = Frequency (kilohertz) Wavelength (metres) Medium -wave broadcast band khz Metres khz Metres khz Metres khz Metres khz Metres khz Metres Short-wave bands MHz Metres MHz Metres MHz Metres MHz Metres MHz Metres MHz Metres Long -wave broadcast band khz- Metres HE SINPO REPORING COE Rating scale S Signal stren.th Excellent Good Fair Poor Barely audible USEFUL ARESSES UK Amateur Licensing enquiries to: Home Office, Radio Regulatory epartment, Radio Regulatory ivision,.licensing Branch (Amateur), Waterloo Bridge House, Waterloo Road, London SE 8UA N P O Propagation Overall Interference Noise disturbance readability Nil Nil Nil Excellent Slight Slight Slight Good Moderate Moderate Moderate Fair Severe Severe Severe Poor Extreme Extreme Extreme Unusable Radio Society of Great Britain, 35 oughty Street, London WC N 2AE. European X Council, PO Box 4 St Ives, Huntingdon, Cambs PE7 4FE. WO Supplement to Practical Wireless, ecember 979

UK AMAEUR BANS Footnote No. Frequency Bands lin MHz) (See Note A) Classes of Emission (see Note B) Maximum d.c. Inpu

290-325 Fl,F2, and F3 50 watts 400 watts and 2300-2450 and 5650 5850 and 0 000 0 500 9 and 24 000 24050.

3 UK AMAEUR BANS Footnote No. Frequency Bands lin MHz) (See Note A) Classes of Emission (see Note B) Maximum d.c. Input Power (See Notes C and Power RF Output p.e.p. for A3A and A3J emissions only (See Note 0) and watts 264 watts 2,0 and and watts 400 watts and watts 334 watts 4,A2,Á3 4,0 and A3A,A3H,A3J, 0 and Fl,F2 and F3 50 watts 400 watts,7 and A,A2,A3,F,F2 and F3 - - and Al,A2,A3, and A3A,A3H,A3J, Fl,F2, and F3 50 watts 400 watts and and and and and P,P2,P2E, 25 watts and P3 and P3E mean power and 2.5 kilowatts peak power Footnotes. his band is allocated to stations in the amateur service on a secondary basis on condition that they shall not cause interference to other services. 2. his band is shared with other services. 3. his band is available to amateurs until further notice provided that use by the Licensee of any frequency in the band shall cease immediately on the demand of a Government official. 4. he following spot aeronautical frequencies must be avoided whenever this band is used: 44.0, MHz. 5. he type of transmission known as Radio eleprinter (RY) may not be used in this band. 6. Use by the Licensee of any frequency in this band shall be only with the prior written consent of the Secretary of State. 7. his band is not available for use within the area bounded by 53 N 02 E, 55 N 02 E, 55 N 03 W and 53 N 03 W. 8. In this band the power must not exceed 0 watts e.r.p. (effective radiated power). 9. Use by the licensee for any frequency in this band shall only be with prior written consent of the Secretary of State and such consent shall indicate the power which may be used, taking into consideration the characteristics of the licensee's station. 0. Slow scan elevision may be used in this band.. High efinition elevision (A5,F5) may be used in this band. 2. Facsimile ansmission (A4,F4) may be used in this band. 3. ata transmission may be used within the frequency bands MHz and above provided (a) the Station callsign is announced in Morse or telephony at least every 5 minutes and (b) emission is contained within the bandwidth normally used for telephony. Notes A. Artificial satellites may not be used by stations in the amateur service except in the bands MHz, MHz, MHz, MHz, MHz, MHz, MHz. Supplement to Practical Wireless, ecember 979 B. he symbols used to designate the classes of emission have the meanings assigned to them in the elecommunication Convention. hey are: Amplitude Modulation Al elegraphy by on -off keying, without the use of a modulating audio frequency. A2 elegraphy by on -off keying of an amplitude -modulating audio frequency or frequencies or by on -off keying of the modulated emission. A3 elephony, double sideband. A3A elephony, single sideband, reduced carrier. A3H elephony, single sideband, full carrier. A3J elephony, single sideband, suppressed carrier. Frequency (or phase) Modulation Ft elegraphy by frequency shift keying without the use of modulating audio frequency, one of the two frequencies being emitted at any instant. F2 elegraphy by on -off keying of a frequency modulating audio frequency or on -off keying of a frequency modulated emission. F3 elephony. Pulse Modulation PI elegraphy by on -off keying of a pulsed carrier without the use of a modulating audio frequency. P2 elegraphy by on -off keying of a modulating audio frequency or frequencies or by on -off keying of a modulated pulsed carrierthe audio frequency or frequencies modulating the amplitude of the pulses. P2E elegraphy by on -off keying of a modulating audio frequency or frequencies or by on -off keying of a modulated pulsed carrierthe audio frequency or frequencies modulating the width (or duration) of the pulses. P3 elephony, amplitude modulated pulses. P3E elephony, width (or duration) modulated pulses. C. C input is the total direct current power input to (i) the anode circuit of the valve(s) or (ii) any other device energising the aerial.. As an alternative, for A3A and A3J single sideband types of emission, the power shall be determined by the peak envelope power (p.e.p.) under linear operation. he radio frequency output peak envelope power under linear operation shall be limited to times the d.c. input power appropriate to the frequency band concerned. his column gives the maximum power determined by this method which may be used. E. ouble sideband suppressed carrier emissions are permitted within the terms of this licence. he above information is reproduced from the Home Office leaflet How to Become a Radio Amateur BROACASING BANS Band Frequency limits Long 50 ( kHz 053m) Medium kHz (57-87m) 20m kHz 90m kHz 75m kHz 60m kHz 49m kHz 4m kHz 3m kHz 25m kHz 9m kHz 6m kHz 3m kHz m kHz Some frequency allocations listed on this page are likely to change as a result of the 979 World Administrative Radio Conference in Geneva HREE

I I RESISORS R VR VR Fixed Variable Preset (potentiometer) variable (potentiometer) R t R +t Negative temp.coeff. Positive temp.coeff.. hermistors BI -POLAR RANSISORS CI Fixed C.

ier diode a k_-w a Zener diode pnp FIEL-EFFEC RANSISORS npn i k 4 unnel diode a k 4 --a Varicapdiode g 9 s s n -channel Jugfet p -channel d d.

_a % g b4e- Subtrate 8 Subtrate iac Light -emitting diode g2 5 Mosf et (enhancement type) UN IJUNCION RANSISORS - or + b 62 b2 n -type base p -type base Rectifier bridge

4 I I RESISORS R VR VR Fixed Variable Preset (potentiometer) variable (potentiometer) R t R +t Negative temp.coeff. Positive temp.coeff.. hermistors BI -POLAR RANSISORS CI Fixed C.+ Electrolytic vil ifferential CAPACIORS VCi Variable C Non -polarised electrolytic SEMICONUCORS VC Preset variable C Feed -through VC Svariabletor b c e b c e k + Rectif ier diode a k_-w a Zener diode pnp FIEL-EFFEC RANSISORS npn i k 4 unnel diode a k 4 --a Varicapdiode g 9 s s n -channel Jugfet p -channel d d... CSR k 2, a k I4 g hyristor(p-gate) CSR a g hyristor (n-gate) g2 i s dual -gate n -channe( Mosfet (depletion type) single -gate p -channel CSR mt2mt k -. _a % g b4e- Subtrate 8 Subtrate iac Light -emitting diode g2 5 Mosf et (enhancement type) UN IJUNCION RANSISORS - or + b 62 b2 n -type base p -type base Rectifier bridge INUCORS L L L r Air cored Iron I cored ust or Variable ferrite cored L FB apped Power or audio transformer RF transformer (adustable dust or ferrite core) Ferrite bead WRM9 FOUR Supplement to Practical Wireless, ecember 979 4

BAERIES RELAYS & SWICHES Single -cell multi -cell RLI Coil ` (Change over) (Normally closed) ( Normally open) Contacts INICAORS P Indicator lamp Meters s o--- o s,q Switch

Conductors crossing Conductors which must join at a common point PL )K PLC) CSK Plug & socket Coaxial Coaxial cable Closed-circuit Open -circuit plug & socket elephone

+carrier Frequency Frequency Hybrid Modulator or multiplier divider demodulator i FILERS Microphone XL -0_ Piezo electric crystal -x.

5 BAERIES RELAYS & SWICHES Single -cell multi -cell RLI Coil ` (Change over) (Normally closed) ( Normally open) Contacts INICAORS P Indicator lamp Meters s o--- o s,q Switch Multi -way Push to Push to switch make break WIRING & CONNECORS S SLAoSLQo 6ó o 3'6 o Multi pole push button v ex Chassis Earth Aerial Conductors (antenna) joined Conductors crossing Conductors which must join at a common point PL )K PLC) CSK Plug & socket Coaxial Coaxial cable Closed-circuit Open -circuit plug & socket elephone jacks MISCELLANEOUS F O- Fuse JK 7iP BLOCK IAGRAM SYMBOLS JK o LS Oscillator (waveform indicated) amplifier Rectifier or detector Equaliser Loudspeaker Headphones f nf f/n +carrier Frequency Frequency Hybrid Modulator or multiplier divider demodulator i FILERS Microphone XL -0_ Piezo electric crystal -x.... -c, Low- pass High-pass Band-pass Band -stop Motor ansformer Mechanical linkage (between sections of a switch,variable capacitor, plug, socket, etc.) Attenuator IWRM92) upplement to Practical Wireless, ecember 979 FIVE

HE MORSE COE AN SOUN EQUIVALENS Alphabet A - B C E F G H J K L M di-dah dah-di-di-dit dah-di-dah-dit dah-di-dit dit di-di-dah-dit dah-dah-dit di -di -di -dit di -dit di-dah-dah-dah dah-di-dah

di-dah-dah-dit Q R S U V W X Y Z dah-dah-di-dah di-dah-dit di -di -dit dah di-di-dah di-di-di-dah di-dah-dah dah-di-di-dah dah-di-dah-dah dah-dah-di-dit dah-di-di-di-dit dah-dah-di-di-dit

di-di-di-dah 8 dah-di-dit 4 - di-di-di-di-dah 9 - dah-dit 5 di -di -di -di -dit 0 - dah - di-dah ah-di-di-di-dit 2 - di-di-dah dah-di-di-dit Punctuation Full stop (.

6 HE MORSE COE AN SOUN EQUIVALENS Alphabet A - B C E F G H J K L M di-dah dah-di-di-dit dah-di-dah-dit dah-di-dit dit di-di-dah-dit dah-dah-dit di -di -di -dit di -dit di-dah-dah-dah dah-di-dah di-dah-di-dit dah-dah Numerals di-dah-dah-dah-dah di-di-dah-dah-dah di-di-di-dah-dah di-di-di-di-dah 9 5 di -di -di -di -dit 0 Accented Letters N dah-dit 0 dah-dah-dah P di-dah-dah-dit Q R S U V W X Y Z dah-dah-di-dah di-dah-dit di -di -dit dah di-di-dah di-di-di-dah di-dah-dah dah-di-di-dah dah-di-dah-dah dah-dah-di-dit dah-di-di-di-dit dah-dah-di-di-dit dah-dah-dah-di-dit dah-dah-dah-dah-dit dah-dah-dah-dah-dah ä - - di-dah-di-dah ö dah-dah-dah-dit ch ---- dah-dah-dah-dah ii -- di-di-dah-dah r dah-dah-di-dah-dah Abbreviated Numerals 3 - di-di-di-dah 8 dah-di-dit 4 - di-di-di-di-dah 9 - dah-dit 5 di -di -di -di -dit 0 - dah - di-dah ah-di-di-di-dit 2 - di-di-dah dah-di-di-dit Punctuation Full stop (.) Comma (,) Colon (:) Question mark (?) Brackets [( [)] Fraction bar or solidus Apostrophe (') Hyphen or dash (-) ouble hyphen (_) Quotation marks (") - - Underline (sent before and after the words) -- - Error - - Spacing and Length of Signals. A dash is equal to three dots. di-dah-di-dah-di-dah dah-dah-di-di-dah-dah dah-dah-dah-di-di-dit di-di-dah-dah-di-dit dah-di-dah-dah-di-dah dah-di-di-dah-dit di-dah-dah-dah-dah-dit dah-di-di-di-di-dah dah-di-di-di-dah di-dah-di-di-dah-dit di-di-dah-dah-di-dah di -di -di -di -di -di -di -dit 2. he space between the signals which form a letter is equal to one dot. 3. he space between two letters is equal to three dots. 4. he space between two words is equal to five dots. HE RS COE Readability R Unreadable R2 Barely readable, occasional words distinguishable R3 Readable with considerable difficulty R4 Readable with practically no difficulty R5 Perfectly readable Signal Strength S Faint, signals barely perceptible S2 Very weak signals S3 Weak signals S4 Fair signals S5 Fairly good signals S6 Good signals S7 Moderately strong signals S8 Strong signals S9 Extremely strong signals one Extremely rough hissing note 2 Very rough a.c. note, no trace of musicality 3 Rough, low-pitched a.c. note, slightly musical 4 Rather rough a.c. note, moderately musical 5 Musically modulated note 6 Modulated note, slight trace of ripple 7 Near d.c. note, smooth ripple 8 Good d.c. note, just a trace of ripple 9 Purest d.c. note A letter is sometimes added to the "" report to give further information: C Chirp rift K Key clicks X Very stable note, sounding like a crystal -controlled transmitter PROCEURE SIGNALS AN ABBREVIAIONS FOR CW COMMUNICAIONS AA AB AR AS BK BN B CFM CL CO. C E K KN NIL NR NW OK PSE R R P FC U VA WA WB WX All after... (used after a question mark or RP to request a repetition) All before... (see AA) End of transmission Wait Signal used to interrupt a transmission in progress All between... and... (see AA) Long break (_); used to separate different parts of the same transmission Confirm (or I confirm) I am closing my station General call to all stations Starting signal (Also known as KA) "from..." (used to precede the callsign of the calling station) Invitation to transmit Invitation to a specific station to transmit I have nothing to send to you Number Now We agree (or it is correct) Please Received Repeat (or I repeat) affic hank you End of work (Also known as SK) Word after... (see AA) Word before... (see AA) Weather report A bar over the letters in the above list indicates that they are sent as one character. SIX Supplement to Practical Wireless, ecember 979

44MHz BAN CHANNELS 432MHz BAN CHANNELS IU PHONEIC Frequency Channel Notes Frequency Channel Notes SPELLING ALPHABE (MHz) Number (MHz) Number Repeater input channels Repeater output channels Letter

50 RB6 G Golf 45.75 R7 433.75 RB7 H Hotel 433.200 RB/SU8 (4) India Simplex channels 433.225 RB9 J Juliet 45.200 S8 () 433.250 RB0 K Kilo 45.225 S9 433.275 RB L Lima 45.250 S0 433.

400 SU6 S Sierra 45.425 S7 433.425 SU7 ango 45.450 S8 433.450 SU8 U Uniform 45.475 S9 433.475 SU9 V Victor 45.500 S20 (3) 433.500 SU0 (5) W Whiskey 45.525 S2 X X -Ray 45.

7 44MHz BAN CHANNELS 432MHz BAN CHANNELS IU PHONEIC Frequency Channel Notes Frequency Channel Notes SPELLING ALPHABE (MHz) Number (MHz) Number Repeater input channels Repeater output channels Letter Word RO RBO A Alpha R RB B Bravo R RB2 C Charlie R RB3 elta R RB4 E Echo R RB5 F Foxtrot R RB6 G Golf R RB7 H Hotel RB/SU8 (4) India Simplex channels RB9 J Juliet S8 () RB0 K Kilo S RB L Lima S SU2 (2) M Mike S RB3 N November S2 (2) RB4 0 Oscar S3 P Papa S4 Simplex channels Q Quebec S SU5 R Romeo S SU6 S Sierra S SU7 ango S SU8 U Uniform S SU9 V Victor S20 (3) SU0 (5) W Whiskey S2 X X -Ray S22 Repeater input channels Y Yankee S RBO Z Zulu RB Repeater output channels RB RO RB R RB R RB R RB R RB R5 ( RB8) R RB9 Notes R RB0. Used by Raynet RB 2. RY local working (f.m.-v.f.t.) ( RB 2) 3. Mobile calling channel RB3 4. Simplex, used by Raynet RB4 5. Fixed/mobile calling channel INFORMAL AMAEUR CW ABBREVIAIONS I AB About FB Fine business LI Poor operator KS hanks AR Address FER For LS N Listen MW omorrow AGN Again FONE elephony MNI Many NX hanks ANI Any FREQ Frequency MSG Message RX ansceiver AN Antenna GA Good afternoon N Nothing doing X ansmitter BCNU Be seeing you GB Goodbye OM Old man U You B Bad G Good day OP Operator UR Your B LV Believe GE Good evening O Old-timer VY Very BUG Semi -automatic GL Glad PWR Power WI With key GM Good morning RCVR Receiver WK Worked CK Check GN Good night RPR Report WKG Working CL Called GN Ground (earth) RX Receiver WL Will CN Cannot GU Good SA Say WU Would CONX Conditions HI Laughter SE Said XYL Wife CR Card HPE Hope Si GS Signals YL Young lady CU Could HR Here SKE Schedule 73 Best regards CUAGN See you again HR Heard SN Soon 88 Love and kisses CUL See you later HV Have SRI Sorry X Long distance HVY Heavy SN Station ELBUG Electronic bug key HW How SUM Some ENUF Enough I Repetition SWL Short wave ES And INP Input listener Supplement to Practical Wireless, ecember 979 SEVEN

am stand change will INERNAIONAL Q -COE Codes commonly used in the Amateur Service QRA QRB QRG OR H ORI QR K QR L QRM QRN ORO QRP QRQ QRR QRS QR QRU QRV QRW QRX QRY QRZ QSA QSB QS OSI QSK QSL QSN QS0

Will you tell me my exact frequency (or that of...)? Your exact frequency (or that of...) is khz (or MHz) oes my frequency vary? Your frequency varies. How is the tone of my transmission?

I busy (or I am busy with ). Please do not interfere. Are you being interfered with? I am being interfered with. Are you troubled by static? I am troubled by static.

8 am stand change will INERNAIONAL Q -COE Codes commonly used in the Amateur Service QRA QRB QRG OR H ORI QR K QR L QRM QRN ORO QRP QRQ QRR QRS QR QRU QRV QRW QRX QRY QRZ QSA QSB QS OSI QSK QSL QSN QS0 QSP QSR What is the name of your station? he name of my station is... How far approximately are you from my station? he approximate distance between our stations is km. Will you tell me my exact frequency (or that of...)? Your exact frequency (or that of...) is khz (or MHz) oes my frequency vary? Your frequency varies. How is the tone of my transmission? he tone of your transmission is... (amateur -9). What is the intelligibility of my signals (or those of..)? he intelligibility of your signals (or those of...) is... (amateur R -R5). Are you busy? I busy (or I am busy with ). Please do not interfere. Are you being interfered with? I am being interfered with. Are you troubled by static? I am troubled by static. Shall I increase transmitter power? Increase transmitter power. Shall I decrease transmitter power? ecrease transmitter power. Shall I send faster? Send faster (... words per minute). Are you ready for automatic operation? I am ready for automatic operation? Send at... words per minute. Shall I send more slowly? Send more slowly (...words per minute). Shall I stop sending? Stop sending. Have you anything for me? I have nothing for you. Are you ready? I am ready. Shall I inform... that you are calling him on.. khz (or MHz)? Please inform... that I am calling him on... khz (or MHz). When will you call me again? I will call you again at... hours (on... khz (or MHz)). What is my turn? Your turn is number... (or according to any other indication.) (Relates to communication). Who is calling me? You are being called by... (on... khz (or MHz)). What is the strength of my signals (or those of...)? he strength of your signals (or those of...) is... (amateur S -S9). Are my signals fading? Your signals are fading. Is my keying defective? Your keying is defective. I have been unable to break in on your transmission or Will you inform... that I have been unable to break in on his transmission on... khz (or MHz). Can you hear me between your signals and if so can I break in on your transmission? I can hear you between my signals; break in on my transmission. Can you acknowledge receipt? I am acknowledging receipt. id you hear me (or... (callsign)) on... (or MHz)? I did hear you (or... (callsign)) on... (or MHz). Can you communicate with.., direct (or by relay)? I can communicate with... direct (or by relay through...). Will you relay to...? I will relay to... Shall I repeat the call on the calling frequency? Repeat your call on the calling frequency; I did not hear you (or I have interference). QSS What working frequency will you use? I working frequency... khz. use the QSU Shall I send or reply on this frequency (or on... khz (or... MHz)) (with emissions of class...)? Send or reply on this frequency (or on... khz (or... MHz)) (with emissions of class...)? QSV Shall I send a series of V's on this frequency (or... khz (or MHz))? Send a series of V's on this 0SW QSX frequency (or on... khz (or MHz)). Will you send on this frequency (or on... khz (or MHz)) (with emissions of class...)? I am going to send on this frequency (or on... khz (or MHz)) (with emissions of class...). Will you listen for... (ca//sign(s)) on... khz (or MHz)? I will listen for... (ca//sign(s)) on... khz (or MHz). QSY Shall I to transmission on another frequency? Change to transmission on another frequency (or on... khz (or MHz)). QSZ Shall I send each word or group more than once? Send each word or group twice (or... times). QH What is your position in latitude and longitude (or according to any other indication)? My position is... latitude.., longitude (or according to any other indication). QR What is the correct time? he correct time is.. QS QV Shall I hours. Will you send your callsign for tuning purposes or so that your frequency can be measured now (or at... hours) on... khz (or MHz)? I will send my callsign for tuning purposes or so that my frequency may be measured now (or at... hours) on... khz (or MHz). guard for you on the frequency of... khz (or MHz) (from... to... hours)? Stand guard for me on the frequency of.., khz (or MHz) (from... to... hours). QX Will you keep your station open for further QUA communication with me until further notice (or until... hours)? I will keep my station open for further communication with you until further notice (or until... hours). Have you news of... (callsign)? Here is news of... (callsign). Q -Codes take the form of a question when the code -group is followed by a question -mark. Some Q -Codes have taken on a more informal meaning in the Amateur Service, and become simply abbreviations: QRM OR N ORO QRP QR QRX QSB QSL QS0 QSY QH Interference from other stations. Interference from atmospheric noise or electrical apparatus. High power. Low power. Closing (closed) down. Wait-Stand by. Fading Verification card; confirm contact. Radio contact. Change frequency. Location. EIGH Supplement to Practical Wireless, ecember 979

Prosigns, Q Signals and CW Abbreviations Used in Amateur (Ham) Radio

Prosigns, Q Signals and CW Abbreviations Used in Amateur (Ham) Radio Procedural Signals (Prosigns) for Morse Code C Q - Calling any station (does any ham *not* know this one?) AR - "+" over, end of message