Refer to your text book (page 349 to 352) (1) Draw a circuit diagram to represent the wiring in a typical parallel circuit.
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1 SERIES and PARALLEL CIRCUITS Refer to your text book (page 349 to 352) (1) Draw a circuit diagram to represent the wiring in a typical parallel circuit. (2) What are some of the advantages of using parallel wiring in a home? (3) Draw a circuit diagram to show the wiring in a series circuit (such as Christmas Tree Lights) (4) What is the major disadvantage of wiring appliances/devices in series? (5) If cells are connected in series, how do you work out the total voltage of the battery? If 8 cells, each 1.5 V, are connected in series what is the total voltage? If the same cells are connected in parallel, what is the total voltage?
2 In light of your second answer, why would you bother to connect cells in parallel? Now go ahead and complete Laboratory Task 19 (Series & Parallel Circuits) CONNECTING RESISTORS in SERIES There is only ONE pathway along which current can flow If a break occurs anywhere in the circuit, no current flows and all devices cease to operate The total current flowing I T = V T /R T (using Ohm's Law) There is a PD (voltage) across each resistor such that V T = V 1 + V 2 + V 3 The resistors share the voltage provided by the battery The total resistance of the circuit is found using R T = R 1 + R 2 + R 3 The total resistance is the sum of the individual resistances. Adding more resistors in series will increase the total resistance of the circuit and hence reduce the total current. CONNECTING RESISTORS in PARALLEL There are several pathways for the current to follow Some devices may continue to work when a break occurs in the circuit.
3 The total current must split up when it enters a parallel branch so that I T = I 1 + I 2 + I 3 The resistors share the current provided by the battery. The PD across each resistor must be the same since they connect the same two points in the circuit. V T = V 1 = V 2 = V 3 The total resistance is found using 1/R T = 1/R 1 + 1/R 2 + 1/R 3 This means that the total resistance in parallel is always LESS than that of any of the individual resistances. Adding more resistors in parallel will decrease the total resistance and hence increase the total current flowing in the circuit. Working out the total resistance of a combination of resistors For each of the following situations DRAW the arrangement of resistors and then calculate the total or combined or effective resistance. (1) A 5 ohm, 15 ohm and 25 ohm all connected in series (2) A 5 ohm, 15 ohm and 25 ohm all connected in parallel (3) A 20 ohm in series with a 10 ohm, both in series with a 5 ohm and 15 ohm which are in parallel with each other.
4 (4) An 8 ohm in series with a 12 ohm with both in parallel with a 20 ohm, all in series with a 50 ohm in series with a 10 ohm. (5) A 6 ohm in series with a 4 ohm, both in parallel with a 20 ohm which is in parallel with a 30 ohm, all of this in series with a 25 ohm. (6) What is the total resistance of this circuit when: (a) both switch A and switch B are closed (b) only switch A is closed (c) both switch A and switch B open
5 SOME PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS of SERIES and PARALLEL CIRCUITS (1) The circuit below shows the brake lights of a car. The brake lights at the rear of the car come on whenever pressure is applied to the brake pedal. This provides a warning that the car is about to slow down. (a) Will the brake lights work if the ignition switch is not turned "ON"? Why? (b) Why is it preferable to have the brake lights wired in parallel rather than in series? (c) Each of the globes is marked "12 V, 20 W". What current does each draw? (d) The fuse wire is rated at 4.00 A (that is, it "blows" if the current exceeds 4.00 A). Will the fuse blow? Why or why not? (2) The diagram below shows part of the wiring in a typical house. Each of the 3 globes is rated as 60 W.
6 (a) Why are the globes joined in parallel? (b) What is the size of the current I 2? (c) What is the total current flowing I T flowing in the circuit? (d) Calculate the resistance of each globe, and hence find the total resistance of the circuit (3) Matilda finds a box containing four identical 20 ohm resistors. There are several ways in which the resistors may be connected, each giving a different total amount of resistance. (a) How should she connect them to obtain least resistance? Find the resistance value. (b) How should she connect them to obtain maximum resistance? Find the resistance value. (c) Draw diagrams to show any TWO other possible ways of connecting the 4 resistors and calculate the overall resistance in each case.
7 ANALYZING COMPOUND CIRCUITS A compound circuit is one that involves both series and parallel connections within the same circuit. By using Ohm's Law and the formulae for total resistance it is possible to determine values for all quantities involved in the circuit. (1) Determine the reading on each ammeter and voltmeter in the following circuit. (2) Find the reading on each ammeter and voltmeter in the following circuit.
8 (3) For the circuit shown below, determine the reading on each of the 3 voltmeters and each of the 3 ammeters. (4) What are the readings of each ammeter and voltmeter in the circuit below?
9 CONSUMPTION of ELECTRICAL ENERGY The rate at which electrical energy is consumed is called the ELECTRICAL POWER (P) and may be calculated using the relationship P = VI. The total amount of electrical energy consumed in a given time interval (t) may be calculated using the relationship Energy = W = Vit. Different electrical appliances consume energy at different rates. ACTIVITY 1 Around the room there are a number of common electrical appliances. Look at the information on the compliance plate (label) - record the data and calculate any data not included on the label. Name of device Voltage (V) Current (I) Power (W) CHARGING FOR ELECTRICAL POWER Western Power charge customers for electricity based upon the total amount of energy consumed during a two month (60 day) period of time. Rather than charge for each joule of energy, Western Power charge for the number of "units" used. These units are called KILOWATT-HOURS and are determined by readings taken from the meter box in our homes. 1 kilowatt-hour = 1 kwh = 1 kw x 1 hour = 1000 x 60 x 60 = 3.6 x 10 6 J The present cost per unit is
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