MUSC 316 Sound & Digital Audio Basics Worksheet

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1 MUSC 316 Sound & Digital Audio Basics Worksheet updated September 2, 2011 Name: An Aggie does not lie, cheat, or steal, or tolerate those who do. By submitting responses for this test you verify, on your honor as an Aggie, that you have neither given nor received unauthorized aid on this academic work. 1 From your notes Circle the most accurate response. 1. The quality that distinguishes one sound from another, when pitch and amplitude are the same, is: B. timbre. C. partial. D. dissonance. Use the following graph to answer questions Point B represents increased: B. air pressure. C. phase. D. speed. 4. Point F is a(n): A. trough. C. peak. D. zero-crossing. 5. The distance from C to B is the: B. phase. C. pitch. D. amplitude. 6. The portion between A and G contains one complete: B. cycle. C. amplitude. A B C D E G 7. This graph depicts sound in the: A. spectrum. B. time domain. C. digital domain. D. frequency domain. F 2. Point B is a(n): A. trough. C. peak. D. zero-crossing.

2 8. The above graph shows a wave increasing in: C. expansion. 9. The above graph shows a wave increasing in: C. expansion. 10. Frequency is measured in cycles per second, or: A. Fouriers. B. Farads. C. Volts. D. Hertz. 11. Fourier determined that any sound can be described as a sum of: A. sine waves. B. harmonic partials. C. voltages. D. inharmonic partials. 12. In a pitched sound, the lowest partial is called the: A. amplitude. B. spectrum. C. phase. D. fundamental. 13. In a pitched sound, partials above the fundamental are called: A. noise. B. phases. C. overtones. D. inharmonic partials. 14. The pitch of a sound is determined by the: A. frequency of the fundamental. B. amplitude of the fundamental. C. spectrum. D. timbre. 15. A sound with many inharmonic partials is likely to sound: A. loud. B. high. C. pitched. D. noisy. 16. The amplitude of a sound corresponds to its: A. pitch. B. timbre. C. loudness. 17. The rate at which a digital recorder measures the incoming signal is the: A. phase. B. sampling rate. C. expansion. D. bit depth. 18. The number of different amplitude values a digital recorder can detect in a single sample is the: A. bit depth. B. phase. C. filtering. 19. The sampling rate of CD-quality audio is: A. 22kHz. B. 44.1kHz. C. 48kHz. D. 96kHz. 20. The bit depth of CD-quality audio is: A. 8-bit. B. 16-bit. C. 20-bit. D. 24-bit. 21. Loudness is measured as a ratio between a test sound and a reference sound, expressed in: A. analog. B. microfarads (µf). C. decibels (db). D. Hertz (Hz). 2

3 A B 22. The above graph depicts the changing loudness of a sound from its beginning to its end. This shape is called the: A. spectrum. B. frequency domain. C. amplitude envelope. D. timbre. 23. Section A in the graph, where the sound begins is called the: A. sustain. B. decay. C. release. D. attack. 24. Section C, where the sound remains at a fairly constant amplitude for the duration of the note, is called the continuant or: A. sustain. B. decay. C. release. D. attack. C D 28. The loudness range of human hearing is: A ,000 db B. 120 db C ,000 Hz D. 120 Hz 29. Aliasing is: A. an auditory illusion caused by partials above the Nyquist frequency. B. interpolating between samples to simulate a higher sample rate. C. noise added to a signal to blur the rough edges between samples. D. an artifact of reducing a continuous wave into discrete samples. 2 From your experience Use the Sound Basics Demo software to answer the following questions. 30. Using the best quality headphones or speakers (and quiet listening environment) you can find, listen to a sine wave. Write down the lowest and highest frequency you can hear (turn up the volume if you need to, but turn it back down quickly to avoid unpleasant surprises). Lowest: Hz; 25. An analog signal can contain an infinite number of values; it is: A. harmonic. B. inharmonic. C. discrete. D. continuous. 26. A digital signal is limited to a finite number of values; it is: A. harmonic. B. inharmonic. C. discrete. D. continuous. 27. The frequency range of human hearing is: A ,000 db B. 120 db C ,000 Hz D. 120 Hz highest: Hz. 31. Do the same exercise with cheap built-in speakers or with background noise. What are the lowest and highest frequencies at which you can hear a sine wave now? Lowest: highest: Hz; Hz. 3

4 32. Listen to each of the following waveforms, and rank them in order of decreasing harshness, so that 1 is the harshest sound in your opinion: 36. Look at each waveform in the sonogram view. What properties do you see in the pitched waveforms that may contribute to their pitchiness? sine square sawtooth triangle pulse 33. Look at the waveform zoomed in view of each waveform listed above. What properties do you see in the harshest waveforms that may contribute to their harsh sound? 37. Select white noise, activate the bandpass filter, and click each of the octave buttons to hear noise in each octave separately. Complete the chart below, listing how you would spell that sound (if you can even make that sound!), and list a common sound that it resembles, e.g., 8kHz shhh heavy rain. 16kHz 8kHz 4kHz 34. Look at the spectrogram in view of each waveform listed above. What properties do you see in the harshest waveforms that may contribute to their harsh sound? 2kHz 1kHz 500Hz 250Hz 35. The waveforms listed above are pitched, singable, capable of playing a melody. White noise and pink noise are unpitched. Look at each waveform in the waveform zoomed view. What properties do you see in the pitched waveforms that may contribute to their pitchiness? 125Hz 63Hz 31Hz 4

5 38. Select the built-in sound file, activate the filter, and play the sound. Click to listen to each octave of the recording separately. For each octave, list what instruments or parts of instruments sounds you hear (e.g., you ll probably hear the tune, vowels, and consonants of the voice in different octaves). 41. Look at the waveform zoomed in view and lower the sample rate and bit depth again (one at a time). Describe the differences you see in the waveform with low sample rate: 16kHz 8kHz and low bit depth: 4kHz 2kHz 1kHz 500Hz 250Hz 125Hz 42. Turn off your speakers (to avoid feedback), turn off the filter, and set the sound to audio input. (Click Audio settings and select the built-in microphone as the input if it s not already selected.) Sing into the microphone (you may need to get up close to it): mmmm, uuuu, ssss, iiii, and c (i.e., say music very slowly) and look at each sound in the sonogram. Draw (and label) each sound below. 63Hz 31Hz 39. Listen to a sound file. As you decrease the sample rate, the sound becomes: 40. Return the sample rate to its highest setting. As you decrease the bit rate, the sound becomes:.. 5

6 43. (Turn your speakers back on.) Activate a pitched waveform and sign along. What is the lowest pitch (in Hz and by note name) that you can sing? What is the highest? 46. Now look at the triangle and pulse waveforms and answer the following: a wave has only odd harmonics like the one described above, but it is different in that:. 44. Select a sine wave and use the octave buttons to control the frequency. For each octave, turn the volume up from the bottom until you can just barely hear the sound. Graph the lowest audible amplitudes for each octave below in decibels. a wave has a full harmonic series like the one described above, but it is different in that:. 3 Extra experiences (no response required) 47. Activate the audio input and watch the waveform zoomed in view and the frequency domain views. How close can you come to singing a sine wave? 45. Set the frequency high, around 2000kHz, look at the square wave and sawtooth wave in the spectrogram, and answer the following: a wave only has odd harmonics while a full harmonic series. wave has a 48. Sing the lowest sine wave you can, and very slowly open your lips, moving from a oooo sound to aaaa and a nasal eeee sound. Watch the sonogram and listen carefully. Can you see and hear each partial fading in as your lips open? Can you hear the lower partials fade away as your mouth tightens when moving toward the eeee sound? 49. If you can, go tell someone how super you are! 6

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