TSAT. Transient Security Assessment Tool. Model Manual. A product of

Transcription

1 TSAT Transient Security Assessment Tool Model Manual A product of Powertech Labs Inc. Surrey, British Columbia Canada

2 DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITIES THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS DOCUMENTATION WERE PREPARED BY POWERTECH LABS INC. (PLI). NEITHER PLI, ANY COSPONSOR, NOR ANY PERSON ACTING ON BEHALF OF ANY OF THEM: (A) MAKES ANY WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION WHATSOEVER, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, (I) WITH RESPECT TO THE USE OF ANY INFORMATION, APPARATUS, METHOD, PROCESS, OR SIMILAR ITEM DISCLOSED IN THIS DOCUMENT, INCLUDING MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR (II) THAT SUCH USE DOES NOT INFRINGE ON OR INTERFERE WITH PRIVATELY OWNED RIGHTS, INCLUDING ANY PARTY'S INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, OR (III) THAT THIS DOCUMENT IS SUITABLE TO ANY PARTICULAR USER'S CIRCUMSTANCE; OR (B) ASSUMES RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY WHATSOEVER (INCLUDING ANY CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, EVEN IF PLI OR ANY PLI REPRESENTATIVE HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES) RESULTING FROM YOUR SELECTION OR USE OF THIS DOCUMENT OR ANY INFORMATION, APPARATUS, METHOD, PROCESS, OR SIMILAR ITEM DISCLOSED IN THIS DOCUMENT. TSAT program and its documentation are confidential property of Powertech Labs Inc. This Program is protected under the copyright laws and by application of international treaties. All Rights Reserved under the Copyright Laws. Except as expressly provided by the terms and conditions set forth in the License, the LICENSEE shall not: (a) distribute or disclose the Program, Documentation or Derivative Work thereof to others; or (b) disclose the Proprietary Information associated with or embodied in the Program and Documentation in any form whatsoever; without prior written consent of Powertech Labs Inc. The LICENSEE shall not use the program except as expressly provided by the conditions of LICENSE TYPE in the License. Copyright Powertech Labs Inc Portion of the TSAT code is copyrighted 1998 by Chris Maunder Last modified April 2011 Powertech Labs Inc. Page 2

3 CONTENTS 1 Introduction Overview of the Data Sets Dynamic Data Relay Data Dynamic Representation Data Monitor Data Criteria Data Contingency Data Transaction Data Other Data Component Identification Methods Bus Number Identification Bus Name Identification Equipment Name Identification Synchronous Machine Data Modelling Considerations Interface and Initialization Synchronous Machine Saturation Control Systems Examples Synchronous Machine Models and Data Formats Exciter/AVR Models and Data Formats Power System Stabilizer Models and Data Formats Governor Models and Data Formats Wind Generator Data Modelling Considerations Interface and Initialization Modelling Approach Model Structure Examples WECC Generic Type 1 Wind Generator Model WECC Generic Type 2 Wind Generator Model WECC Generic Type 3 Wind Generator Model WECC Generic Type 4 Wind Generator Model Enercon WEC Model ENRCN (ExF2) Powertech Labs Inc. Page 3

4 4 Generator Powerflow Matching and Modification Data Load Data General Structure Modelling Considerations Interface and Initialization of General Induction Machine Induction Machine Saturation Representation Induction Machine Load Characteristics Induction Machine Under-Voltage Tripping and Reconnection Relay Starting and Restarting of General Induction Motor Induction Motor Components in the Composite Load Model Static Load Components in the Composite Load Model Application Notes Examples Models and Data Formats Under-Load Tap Changer Data Modelling Considerations Models and Data Formats FACTS Devices Data Standard SVCs Model and Data Format HVDC Links and Converter-Based FACTS Data Introduction Interface with Powerflow DC System Solution Parameters Available Converter Models Line Commutated Converter Model Self Commutated Voltage-Sourced Converter Model Simplified Converter Model User-Defined Controls The UDC Concepts Block Definition Sources Interfaces Signal Processing Naming Conventions Relationship to Control Block Diagrams Techniques for Using UDC Handling Initialization Applying STRUCTURE Blocks UDC Block Models and Data Formats Relay Data Overview of Relay Models Models and Data Formats Powertech Labs Inc. Page 4

5 10 Dynamic Representation Data File Format Introduction Basic Rules and Structure Area Data Section Zone Data Section Bus Data Section Generator Simplification (By Area) Data Section Generator Simplification (By Zone) Data Section Generator Simplification (By Bus) Data Section Model Representation (System-Wide) Data Section Model Representation (By Area) Data Section Model Representation (By Zone) Data Section Model Representation (by Bus) Data Section Interpretation and Examples Monitor Data Basic Rules and Structure Additional Quantities Data Section Generator Data Section Generator State Data Section UDM Data Section SVC Data Section Motor Data Section Load Data Section Bus Data Section Branch Data Section DC Converter Data Section DC Control Block Data Section DC Bus Data Section Interface Data Section Region Data Section Criteria Data Criteria Data File format Applications to Contingencies Migration of Scenario Parameters to Criteria Data File Example Contingency Data Basic Concepts Switching Command References Contingency Template Event Code Subsystem Definition Code Powertech Labs Inc. Page 5

6 Contingency Title Code Examples Other Data Requirements Transaction Data Powerflow Solution Parameter Data File Interface And Circuit File Transfer file Generator Capability File Generator Coupling File Sequence Network Data Data in Non-TSAT Formats Importing PTI PSS/E Data Powerflow Data Dynamic Data Sequence network data Other Remarks Remarks Importing GE PSLF Data Powerflow Data Dynamic Data Importing BPA Data Powerflow Data Dynamic Data Data Conversion Remarks Powertech Labs Inc. Page 6

7 1 Introduction This manual describes the models, and the associated data formats, that are available in the Transient Security Assessment Tool (TSAT). You may consult other manuals to get additional information of TSAT: TSAT User's Manual for application and operation of TSAT UDM Manual for descriptions of user-defined models in TSAT DSAOA Manual for application and operation of TSAT s output analysis module DSAOA Descriptions of the following data sets are included in this manual: Dynamic data Relay data Dynamic representation data Monitor data Criteria data Contingency data Transfer data Interface and circuit data Generator capability data Generator coupling data Other TSAT data Data in non-tsat formats Data that TSAT accepts may not only be in TSAT format, but also be in other widely used formats, referred to as non-tsat formats. The TSAT format is described in detail, while for non-tsat formats only the necessary information is provided for conversion and interface of various models to TSAT. The user should consult the appropriate manuals of the concerned programs for their modelling details. 1.1 Overview of the Data Sets Dynamic Data Dynamic data refer to the data of those devices in the system, which need to be modelled in dynamic simulations, but are not included in powerflow data. TSAT supports, either directly or through model conversion, models of the following devices with various degrees of details: Synchronous machine, generator or motor, including controls Induction motor and static voltage/frequency dependent load models Under-load tap changer, or phase regulator FACTS devices such as SVC, STATCOM, TCSC, TCPST, TCBR, UPFC. HVDC link Wind turbine generator, PV, and energy storage devices (modelled as user-defined model) Relay and special protection system (SPS) In addition to TSAT format, the programs accept dynamic data in the following formats; they can be used Powertech Labs Inc. Page 7

8 together with data in TSAT format at the same time: PTI PSS/E GE PSLF BPA Dynamic data in TSAT format can be classified into three types: Standard AC dynamic models. These include synchronous machine and its control system models (Section 2), induction machine and other load models (Section 0), under-load tap changer model (Section 6), and relay models (Section 9). User-defined AC dynamic models. These include user-defined models for exciter, power system stabilizer, governor, UEL, OEL, FACTS devices, wind generator and controls, SPS, etc. (refer to the UDM Manual for details). HVDC and converter-based FACTS models (Section 8). When preparing dynamic data, it is required that the above three types of models are included in different data files with the following rules: For standard AC dynamic models, the data file must start with the following record: [DSA 8.0 Dynamics] In this record, the version number 8.0 may change as new versions of TSAT are released. Data for each dynamic model is entered with the following general format: BUS, MODEL, ID, p1, p2,... / In the above, BUS is the bus number, bus name, or equipment name, to which the dynamic device is connected, MODEL is model name, ID is the devicde ID, p1, p2, etc are the parameters of the model. Parameters can be comma or space delimitered. If a parameter is not to be used, it can be missed from the above list (in such as case, comma must be used as the delimiter to indicate the missed parameter). The slash (/) must be used to terminate the data of the model. If the data list for a model is long and cannot be appropriately fit in one data record, it can be continued in the next record. In such a case, a slash cannot be placed at the end of any data record to be continued. For user-defined AC dynamic models, the data file must start with the following record: [DSA 8.0 UDM] In this record, the version number 8.0 may change as new versions of TSAT are released. The data formats for user-defined AC models are described in the UDM Manual. For HVDC and converter-based FACTS models, the data file must start with the following record: [DSA 8.0 UDC] Powertech Labs Inc. Page 8

9 In this record, the version number 8.0 may change as new versions of TSAT are released. The data formats for HVDC and converter-based FACTS models are described in Section 8 of this manual. For all three types of models, it is allowed that they are split into multiple data files, provided that the above file header is correctly included in each data files. When using dynamic data in non-tsat format, the default format is specified by the format flag in the Dynamic Data section of the TSAT case file (see TSAT case file format in TSAT User Manual). If the format flag is not specified in the TSAT case file, TSAT assumes that the dynamic data is in PTI PSS/E format Relay Data Common relay models are supported in TSAT. Relay models and data formats are described in Section 9. When running TSAT, relay data is included in the dynamic data section Dynamic Representation Data The dynamic models specified for a case can be customized using the dynamic representation data, for the following purposes: Dynamics in specific areas, zones, or bus ranges can be ignored Generators in specific areas, zones, or bus ranges can be simplified The dynamic representation data format required in TSAT is the same as the similar data in SSAT. The format of the dynamic representation data and its usage are described in Section Monitor Data TSAT selectively stores the simulation results in a binary result file, based on the specifications in the monitor data file. Quantities of the following types can be monitored: Generator Generator state UDM (including generator controls and FACTS devices) SVC Motor Load Bus Branch DC converter DC control block DC bus Interface Region Powertech Labs Inc. Page 9

10 The format of the monitor data is described in Section Criteria Data TSAT checks for security violations from simulation results according to the security criteria specified in criteria data. The security criteria data can include transient stability (several indices are available), damping, transient voltage, transient frequency, and relay margin. TSAT allows different types of security criteria to be applied to different components in the system by using the subsystem concept. The components in a subsystem are monitored during the simulation and if the criteria specified for them are violated, appropriate actions will be triggered. The format of the criteria data is described in Section Contingency Data Contingency data are used for the following purposes: Setting up the disturbance to be simulated, such as a fault and its subsequent clearance Manual switching of devices, such as line tripping, generator tripping, and load shedding Miscellaneous simulation controls such as simulation length and step size In TSAT a set of the switching commands defining a sequence of switching activities comprises one contingency. Multiple contingencies can be embedded in one contingency data file to be used in one simulation session. Contingency template can also be used to define multiple contingencies by rules. The format of the contingency data is described in Section Transaction Data If transaction analysis is to be performed using TSAT, the following additional data are required: Transfer data Interface and circuit data Generator capability data Generator coupling data Powerflow solution parameter data The formats of these data sets are described in Section 14. Since transaction analysis can also be performedn using Powertech s VSAT and SSAT programs, additional information is available in the VSAT and SSAT manuals on these data sets Other Data When using some of the special features in TSAT, the following additional data are required: Powertech Labs Inc. Page 10

11 Powerflow solution parameter data if the base powerflow case needs to be solved using custom solution parameters. The format of this data is the same as the powerflow solution parameter data used in transaction analysis. Sequence network data if fault impedances are to be computed for unbalanced fault simulations. TSAT does not have its own format for these data; it accepts data in a non-tsat format. Section 14 describes the data and the source of the format. 1.2 Component Identification Methods In TSAT, there are three methods that can be used to identify components (generator, load, shunt, etc.): By bus numbers By bus names By equipment names The choice of a method can be made independently for a specific data set or a modelling feature. For example, models in dynamic data can be identified with bus numbers, but the monitoring data in the TSAT case can be set to use bus names. Exceptions When specifying sequence network data in PSS/E format, only bus number identification method is allowed. Special rules are used for identifying AC buses in DC model data. Refer to Section 7 for details Bus Number Identification A bus number is any integer between 1 and In most cases, it must be included in the powerflow data Bus Name Identification A bus name is a 16-character text string. In most cases, it must be matched with powerflow data by some sort of rules (including capitalization). For example, if the powerflow is in PSS/E Rev 30 format, a bus name will consist of a 12-character string for the name of the bus as specified in the powerflow and a 4- character string to indicate the kv rating of the bus. When bus names are allowed for a data set, It must be enclosed in singles quotes and entered in the data. This is required for most for data sets except for the conitngency data. For contingency data, a full 16-character bus name should be entered, without single quotes, right after the delimiter (;). One exception applies: if a bus name has trailing blank spaces, the blank Powertech Labs Inc. Page 11

12 spaces can be ignored if a delimitered item (such as another bus or ID) follows this bus specification. For example, if the name of a bus is ABC (so there are 13 trailing blank spaces), the full name must be specified in the following command ( indicates a blank space): One phase to ground fault at bus ;ABC * However, for the following command, these trailing spaces can be ignored (assuming that there is a generator connected at this bus with ID 1: Disconnect generator ;ABC ; Equipment Name Identification An equipment name is a 32-character text string. It can be used to identify any of the following components: Bus Shunt (fixed or switchable) Load Generator Transmission line Transformer (two-winding or three-winding) In order to use equipment names to identify components, these names must be included in the powerflow data. Note that since in this option each component is identified entirely by an equipment name, some concepts used in bus number and bus name identification method are not applicable; for example, there is no generator ID, no from-bus and to-bus, etc.). As a result, data format may change. The following gives the general rules in using equipment names to identify components. Bus Generally, a node name is placed in the data where the bus is required. The following comments apply to some special situations. In dynamic data, if a remote bus in a model is not used, enter either a blank string ( ) or 0. For example, 'GENERATOR ABCD ','IEEEG1',4,,0,25,0.125,0,0.45,2,-2,0.87,0,0.2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,/ or 'GENERATOR ABCD ','IEEEG1',4,0,0,25,0.125,0,0.45,2,-2,0.87,0,0.2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,/ are both valid. Shunt For the Disconnect shunt command in contingency data, A fixed shunt name must be provided for the Disconnect fixed shunt command. A switchable shunt name must be provided for the Disconnect switched shunt command. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 12

13 A node name must be provided for the Disconnect shunt command. In this case, all shunts connected at the bus denoted by the node name will be disconnected. To specify an SVC in monitor data or to add an SVC tripping action in an SPS model, an optional ID can be provided to indicate the type of component in the powerflow data to interface: Load If the ID = FS : the SVC name must be a fixed shunt name If the ID = SS : the SVC name must be a switchable shunt name If the ID = SH : the SVC name must be a node name; the outputs are from all shunts at the node If the ID is not specified, the SVC name must be a generator name Generally, a load name is placed in the data where the load bus is required. The following comments apply to some special situations. For the IEELBL model in dynamic data, if ID = *, bus name must be specified in the bus data field; if ID = anything else, load name must be specified in the bus data field. In contingency data, the following commands include specification of an induction motor. To determine how the motor is interfaced with the powerflow data, an ID GN (without any quotes) can be specified in the second data field (motor ID field) to indicate that the induction motor is interfaced with a generator in the powerflow data. In this case, a generator name should actually be provided for the motor in the first data field (motor bus field). If this ID is not provided and a motor name (in single quotes) is specified in the first data field (motor bus field), TSAT will try to match the motor name with any available load names in the powerflow data, and if unsuccessful with any node names: Disconnect induction motor Change induction motor torque The above approach also applies when preparing other types of data involving motors (for example, monitor data and SPS data). Generator Generally, a generator name is placed in the data where the generator bus is required. Generator ID must still be kept but will be ignored. The following comments apply to some special situations. Transmission lines and transformers Generally, a line (or transformer) name is placed in the data where the first bus is required for such components. The following comments apply to some special situations. Some relay models may trip a line. A line name must be entered in the from-bus data field. The to-bus and line ID data fields are not used but must be kept. When preparing interface data for transaction analysis, a special convention is used to indicate the flow and direction on a circuit included in an interface. Referring to Figure 1-1, use the following methods to obtain four possible flows for a circuit: Include branch = 'LINEID-ABC-XYZ 12 ' 0 For flow A Powertech Labs Inc. Page 13

14 Include branch = '-LINEID-ABC-XYZ 12 ' 0 For flow B Include branch = 'LINEID-ABC-XYZ 12 ' 1 For flow C Include branch = '-LINEID-ABC-XYZ 12 ' 1 For flow D In this method, it is assumed that the from-bus and to-bus are the buses defined in powerflow for the circuit. From-bus 'LINEID-ABC-XYZ 12 ' To-bus Figure 1-1: Flow definition with equipment name definition In contingency data, the following commands include specification of a branch (either a transmission line or a transformer). The branch name (in single quotes) should be provided in the first data field (from-bus field). Optionally, a node name (in single quotes) may be provided in the second data field (to-bus field) to indicate the from side of the branch (if this node name is not provided, the from-bus in the powerflow data is assumed as the from-side of the branch): Three phase fault on line One phase to ground fault on line Two phase to ground fault on line Add line Add pi line Add transformer Modify line Modify pi line Modify transformer Remove line Remove three winding transformer Reconnect line Tap line The above approach also applies when preparing other types of data involving branches (for example, ULTC data, SPS data, monitor data). Equipment name identification method does not apply to sectional lines. So the following commands in contingency data are not supported (if these are required, another method must be used): Modify sectional line Remove sectional line Reconnect sectional line Flash capacitor gap Reinsert capacitor gap Similarly, equipment name identification method cannot be used for relay model TTMSL. Area and zone A B C D Powertech Labs Inc. Page 14

15 Some of the models are identified by areas and zones (for example, load models). With the equipment name option, the area and zone names included in the powerflow case should be used for this purpose. Other Due to the nature of the data requirements, following commands in contingency data are not supported for equipment name method: Pre-simulation outage Pre-simulation dispatch Similarly, the Model Representation (by Bus) Data Section in dynamic representation data is not supported with the equipment name identification option. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 15

16 2 Synchronous Machine Data TSAT supports various synchronous machine models, generator and motor, including their controls. This section describes the machine data in TSAT format only. Machine data in non-tsat formats, namely, PTI PSS/E, GE PSLF, and BPA are also accepted in TSAT, as described in Section Modelling Considerations Interface and Initialization A synchronous machine in TSAT is interfaced with generator data in the powerflow. Accordingly, dynamic models for synchronous machines must match generator data in the powerflow data. The following rules apply when matching dynamic models with powerflow data: A synchronous machine is identified by its bus number/name and ID. Only when both bus number/name and ID match, dynamic models of a synchronous machine is assigned to the generator in the powerflow data. Models in dynamic data that cannot be matched with any generators in powerflow data are ignored. Likewise, generators in powerflow data that do not have matching models in dynamic data are net out as constant impedance. Alternatively, a synchronous machine can be matched with the powerflow data by using the equipment name method. Refer to Section 1.2 for details. The terminal voltage, active, and reactive power of a synchronous machine are obtained from powerflow data and are used to initialize the machine. In addition, the rated generator MVA base and machine source impedance in powerflow data may also be used for dynamic models (refer to individual models for details). If the active power output of a generator is negative in powerflow data, a synchronous motor model is assumed. Otherwise, a generator model is assumed. A synchronous machine may be represented by the following set of models: Synchronous machine and saturation (mandatory) Exciter/AVR (optional) Power system stabilizer (optional) Governor (optional) Other controls (optional) Each of these models has a unique model type. The models for one generator can be entered independently in any order in a dynamic data file. If more than one model exists for a device (for example an exciter/avr model at a generator), the last model is used Synchronous Machine The synchronous machine models used in TSAT generally follow those described in the following book: Powertech Labs Inc. Page 16

17 P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control, McGraw-Hill, Sychronous machine parameters can be entered in either basic form (in terms of reactances and resistences) or standard form (in terms of reactances and tiem constants). Effect of magnetic saturation can be modelled using a number of options as described in Section Saturation Four saturation models are available to represent magnetic saturation in synchronous machine: Type 1: exponential model on d-axis Type 2: exponential model on both axis (same characteristics) Type 4: quadratic model on d-axis Type 5: quadratic model on both axis (same characteristics) Exponential saturation model The exponential model uses the saturation curve shown in Figure 2-1. This saturation curve is divided into three regions, which are modelled differently. Region I This region is up to a flux linkage value of ψ L and corresponds to the air-gap line. No saturation effect is considered in this region. A ψ M Air-gap Line Flux Linkage or Machine Terminal Voltage A ψ N ψ M ψ A N ψ K ψ K ψ L Region I Region II ψ IM Region III MMF or Machine Field Current Figure 2-1: Open circuit saturation curve for a synchronous machine Powertech Labs Inc. Page 17

18 Region II This region is between ψ L and ψ M. A saturation factor, K sat, is calculated to account for the saturation effect: K sat = ψ ψ ψ 1 where ψ is the actual flux linkage in Region II. ψ 1 is a function of ψ given by ψ = B ( ψ -ψ L) sat l Asat e The A sat and B sat constants can be calculated from any two points, ψ K and ψ N, in Region II on the saturation curve and the corresponding points, ψ A and K ψa N, on the airgap line, as follows: B sat A ψ N -ψ N ln A ψ K -ψ K = ψ -ψ N K A sat A ψ N -ψ = B ( - e sat ψ N Region III This corresponds to flux linkage higher than ψ M. The characteristic in this region is assumed to be a straight line. The saturation factor, K sat, is calculated as: K sat = ψ A M ψ N ψ ) L RS( ψ - ψ M ) where ψ A is the flux linkage on the air gap line corresponding to M ψ M air gap line and the characteristic in Region III. and RS is the ratio of the slopes of The saturated values of X ad and X aq are computed by multiplying the unsaturated values by their respective saturation factor K sat. Quadratic saturation model The quadratic saturation model is handled as follows. The saturation model is assumed to be Powertech Labs Inc. Page 18

19 S = B( V A) V 2 where V is the machine terminal voltage magnitude, A and B are coefficients determined from the input S(1.0) and S(1.2) given at V=1.0 pu and V=1.2 pu. There are only two regions for evaluation of the saturation factor: a linear region for V A and the nonlinear region for V > A. In the nonlinear region, the saturation effect is modelled by the excitation boost method, i.e., the saturation effect is accounted for by adjusting the flux linkages to achieve the same machine terminal voltage. Remarks When TSAT converts a saturation model in a non-tsat format, the approach used will be the same as that required for the particular saturation model, which may be different from the approach described above Control Systems A synchronous machine may have a number of controls systems. These systems can be modelled as follows: Exciter/AVR: an exciter/avr model can be added to any synchronous machine model except for the classical model (CGEN). Generally two types of exciter/avr models can be used: Standard models: these models are described in Section 2.3. User-defined models: these models are described in DSATools TM User-Defined Model Manual. Power system stabilizer (PSS): a PSS model can be added to any synchronous machine model that has an exciter/avr model. Geneally two types of PSS models can be used: Standard models: these models are described in Section 2.4. User-defined models: these models are described in DSATools TM User-Defined Model Manual. Overdexcitation limiter (OEL): an OEL model can be added to any synchronous machine model that has an exciter/avr model. OEL can only be modelled by user-defined models, as described in DSATools TM User-Defined Model Manual. Underexcitation limiter (UEL): a UEL model can be added to any synchronous machine model that has an exciter/avr model. UEL can only be modelled by user-defined models, as described in DSATools TM User-Defined Model Manual. Turbine/governor: a turbine/governor model can be added to any synchronous machine model. Geneally two types of turbine/governor models can be used: Powertech Labs Inc. Page 19

20 Standard models: these models are described in Section 2.5. User-defined models: these models are described in DSATools TM User-Defined Model Manual Examples Figure 2-2 shows the sample data of a synchronous machine with exciter/avr and governor models. 123,'DG0S5',1,700,0,1.88,1.85,0.2,0.31,0.48,0.27,0.27,6.4,0.71,0.017,0.027, 3.1,0.0,0,0.13,0.56/ 123,'EXC1', 1,0,0,100.0,0.02,1,0.76,0,0,0,0,0.04,1.0,0,0,3.5,-3.5,0,0,0,0,0/ 123,'GOV4', 1,0,0,1.0,20.0,0.1,0,0.035,1,0,0.26,11.1,0.31,0,0.28,0,0.72,0,0,0,0/ Figure 2-2: Sample dynamic model data of a synchronous machine Powertech Labs Inc. Page 20

21 2.2 Synchronous Machine Models and Data Formats There are 9 synchronous machine models with various degrees of model complexity, parameter forms, and saturation models. These models and their data formats are shown below. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 21

22 Synchronous Machine Model DG0S1 Model Descriptions This model uses parameters in standard form and type 1 saturation model. Data Format IBUS, DG0S1, I, MVA, R a, X d, X q, X l, X d, X q, X d, X q, T d0, T q0, T d0, T q0, H, K D, α, A sat, B sat, ψ L, ψ M, RS / Parameter Descriptions IBUS I MVA R a X d X q X l - Bus number, name, or generator equipment name of the machine. - ID of the machine (may or may not be enclosed in single quotes). - MVA base of the machine. If not specified (i.e., no value or zero is entered), the MVA base of the matched generator in powerflow data will be used. - Armature resistance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Unsaturated direct axis synchronous reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Unsaturated quadrature axis synchronous reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Leakage reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. X d - Unsaturated direct axis transient reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. X q - Unsaturated quadrature axis transient reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. X d - Unsaturated direct axis subtransient reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. X q - Unsaturated quadrature axis subtransient reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. T d0 - Direct axis transient open circuit time constant in seconds. T q0 - Quadrature axis transient open circuit time constant in seconds. T d0 - Direct axis subtransient open circuit time constant in seconds. T q0 - Quadrature axis subtransient open circuit time constant in seconds. H - Inertia time constant of the machine in MW-second/MVA. K D - Damping coefficient in (p.u. torque)/(p.u. speed deviation). α - This parameter is used only for synchronous motor, as the exponential in the load characteristic of the motor: T m = Kω α (K is determined by TSAT based on the initial condition). It is ignored for generator model. - Coefficient in saturation characteristic. A sat B sat ψ L ψ M RS - Coefficient in saturation characteristic. - Flux linkage on the saturation curve where the Region II characteristic starts. - Flux linkage on the saturation curve where the Region III characteristic starts. - Ratio of the slopes of air-gap line and the Region III characteristic. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 22

23 Synchronous Machine Model DG0S1 State Counter The synchronous machine states are counted first in a generator. State * 5* 6* Variable ω δ ψ fd ψ kd1 ψ kq1 ψ kq2 * optional state not counted if the associated parameters are zero. Data Restrictions 1. The minimum data requirement for this model is X d, X q, X d, T do, and H. These parameters cannot be equal to zero. 2. If T do < T min, then T do is set to zero. 3. If T qo < T min, then T qo is set to zero. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 23

24 Synchronous Machine Model DG0S2 Model Descriptions This model uses parameters in standard form and type 2 saturation model. Data Format IBUS, DG0S2, I, MVA, R a, X d, X q, X l, X d, X q, X d, X q, T d0, T q0, T d0, T q0, H, K D, α, A sat, B sat, ψ L, ψ M, RS / Parameter Descriptions IBUS I MVA R a X d X q X l - Bus number, name, or generator equipment name of the machine. - ID of the machine (may or may not be enclosed in single quotes). - MVA base of the machine. If not specified (i.e., no value or zero is entered), the MVA base of the matched generator in powerflow data will be used. - Armature resistance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Unsaturated direct axis synchronous reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Unsaturated quadrature axis synchronous reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Leakage reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. X d - Unsaturated direct axis transient reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. X q - Unsaturated quadrature axis transient reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. X d - Unsaturated direct axis subtransient reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. X q - Unsaturated quadrature axis subtransient reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. T d0 - Direct axis transient open circuit time constant in seconds. T q0 - Quadrature axis transient open circuit time constant in seconds. T d0 - Direct axis subtransient open circuit time constant in seconds. T q0 - Quadrature axis subtransient open circuit time constant in seconds. H - Inertia time constant of the machine in MW-second/MVA. K D - Damping coefficient in (p.u. torque)/(p.u. speed deviation). α - This parameter is used onlu for synchronous motor, as the exponential in the load characteristic of the motor: T m = Kω α (K is determined by TSAT based on the initial condition). It is ignored for generator model. - Coefficient in saturation characteristic. A sat B sat ψ L ψ M RS - Coefficient in saturation characteristic. - Flux linkage on the saturation curve where the Region II characteristic starts. - Flux linkage on the saturation curve where the Region III characteristic starts. - Ratio of the slopes of air-gap line and the Region III characteristic. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 24

25 Synchronous Machine Model DG0S2 State Counter The synchronous machine states are counted first in a generator. State * 5* 6* Variable ω δ ψ fd ψ kd1 ψ kq1 ψ kq2 * optional state not counted if the associated parameters are zero. Data Restrictions 1. The minimum data requirement for this model is X d, X q, X d, T do, and H. These parameters cannot be equal to zero. 2. If T do < T min, then T do is set to zero. 3. If T qo < T min, then T qo is set to zero. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 25

26 Synchronous Machine Model DG0S4 Model Descriptions This model uses parameters in standard form and type 4 saturation model. Data Format IBUS, DG0S4, I, MVA, R a, X d, X q, X l, X d, X q, X d, X q, T d0, T q0, T d0, T q0, H, K D, α, S(1.0), S(1.2) / Parameter Descriptions IBUS I MVA R a X d X q X l - Bus number, name, or generator equipment name of the machine. - ID of the machine (may or may not be enclosed in single quotes). - MVA base of the machine. If not specified (i.e., no value or zero is entered), the MVA base of the matched generator in powerflow data will be used. - Armature resistance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Unsaturated direct axis synchronous reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Unsaturated quadrature axis synchronous reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Leakage reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. X d - Unsaturated direct axis transient reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. X q - Unsaturated quadrature axis transient reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. X d - Unsaturated direct axis subtransient reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. X q - Unsaturated quadrature axis subtransient reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. T d0 - Direct axis transient open circuit time constant in seconds. T q0 - Quadrature axis transient open circuit time constant in seconds. T d0 - Direct axis subtransient open circuit time constant in seconds. T q0 - Quadrature axis subtransient open circuit time constant in seconds. H - Inertia time constant of the machine in MW-second/MVA. K D - Damping coefficient in (p.u. torque)/(p.u. speed deviation). α - This parameter is used only for synchronous motor, as the exponential in the load characteristic of the motor: T m = Kω α (K is determined by TSAT based on the initial condition). It is ignored for generator model. S(1.0) - Saturation coefficient. S(1.2) - Saturation coefficient. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 26

27 Synchronous Machine Model DG0S4 State Counter The synchronous machine states are counted first in a generator. State * 5* 6* Variable ω δ ψ fd ψ kd1 ψ kq1 ψ kq2 * optional state not counted if the associated parameters are zero. Data Restrictions 1. The minimum data requirement for this model is X d, X q, X d, T do, and H. These parameters cannot be equal to zero. 2. If T do < T min, then T do is set to zero. 3. If T qo < T min, then T qo is set to zero. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 27

28 Synchronous Machine Model DG0S5 Model Descriptions This model uses parameters in standard form and type 5 saturation model. Data Format IBUS, DG0S5, I, MVA, R a, X d, X q, X l, X d, X q, X d, X q, T d0, T q0, T d0, T q0, H, K D, α, S(1.0), S(1.2) / Parameter Descriptions IBUS I MVA R a X d X q X l - Bus number, name, or generator equipment name of the machine. - ID of the machine (may or may not be enclosed in single quotes). - MVA base of the machine. If not specified (i.e., no value or zero is entered), the MVA base of the matched generator in powerflow data will be used. - Armature resistance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Unsaturated direct axis synchronous reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Unsaturated quadrature axis synchronous reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Leakage reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. X d - Unsaturated direct axis transient reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. X q - Unsaturated quadrature axis transient reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. X d - Unsaturated direct axis subtransient reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. X q - Unsaturated quadrature axis subtransient reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. T d0 - Direct axis transient open circuit time constant in seconds. T q0 - Quadrature axis transient open circuit time constant in seconds. T d0 - Direct axis subtransient open circuit time constant in seconds. T q0 - Quadrature axis subtransient open circuit time constant in seconds. H - Inertia time constant of the machine in MW-second/MVA. K D - Damping coefficient in (p.u. torque)/(p.u. speed deviation). α - This parameter is used only for synchronous motor, as the exponential in the load characteristic of the motor: T m = Kω α (K is determined by TSAT based on the initial condition). It is ignored for generator model. S(1.0) - Saturation coefficient. S(1.2) - Saturation coefficient. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 28

29 Synchronous Machine Model DG0S5 State Counter The synchronous machine states are counted first in a generator. State * 5* 6* Variable ω δ ψ fd ψ kd1 ψ kq1 ψ kq2 * optional state not counted if the associated parameters are zero. Data Restrictions 1. The minimum data requirement for this model is X d, X q, X d, T do, and H. These parameters cannot be equal to zero. 2. If T do < T min, then T do is set to zero. 3. If T qo < T min, then T qo is set to zero. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 29

30 Synchronous Machine Model DG1S1 Model Descriptions This model uses parameters in basic form and type 1 saturation model. Data Format IBUS, DG1S1, I, MVA, X ad, X aq, X l, R a, X fd, R fd, X kq1, R kq1, X kd1, R kd1, X kq2, R kq2, X kd2, R kd2, X kq3, R kq3, H, K D, α, A sat, B sat, ψ L, ψ M, RS / Parameter Descriptions IBUS I MVA X ad X aq X l R a X fd R fd X kq1 R kq1 X kd1 R kd1 X kq2 R kq2 X kd2 R kd2 X kq3 R kq3 H K D α A sat B sat ψ L ψ M RS - Bus number, name, or generator equipment name of the machine. - ID of the machine (may or may not be enclosed in single quotes). - MVA base of the machine. If not specified (i.e., no value or zero is entered), the MVA base of the matched generator in powerflow data will be used. - Unsaturated direct axis mutual reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Unsaturated quadrature axis mutual reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Leakage reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Armature resistance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Field winding leakage reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Field winding resistance in per unit on machines MVA base. - First quadrature axis damper winding leakage reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - First quadrature axis damper winding resistance in per unit on machine MVA base. - First direct axis damper winding leakage reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - First direct axis damper winding resistance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Second quadrature axis damper winding leakage reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Second quadrature axis damper winding resistance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Second direct axis damper winding leakage reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Second direct axis damper winding resistance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Third quadrature axis damper winding leakage reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Third quadrature axis damper winding resistance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Inertia time constant of the machine in MW-second/MVA. - Damping coefficient in (p.u. torque)/(p.u. speed deviation). - This parameter is used only for synchronous motor, as the exponential in the load characteristic of the motor: T m = Kω α (K is determined by TSAT based on the initial condition). It is ignored for generator model. - Coefficient in saturation characteristic. - Coefficient in saturation characteristic. - Flux linkage on the saturation curve where the Region II characteristic starts. - Flux linkage on the saturation curve where the Region III characteristic starts. - Ratio of the slopes of air-gap line and the Region III characteristic. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 30

31 Synchronous Machine Model DG1S1 State Counter The synchronous machine states are counted first in a generator. State * 5* 6* 7* 8* Variable ω δ ψ fd ψ kd1 ψ kd2 ψ kq1 ψ kq2 ψ kq3 *optional state not counted if the associated parameters are zero Data Restrictions 1. The minimum data requirement for this model is X ad, X aq, X fd, R fd, and H. These parameters cannot be equal to zero. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 31

32 Synchronous Machine Model DG1S2 Model Descriptions This model uses parameters in basic form and type 2 saturation model. Data Format IBUS, DG1S2, I, MVA, X ad, X aq, X l, R a, X fd, R fd, X kq1, R kq1, X kd1, R kd1, X kq2, R kq2, X kd2, R kd2, X kq3, R kq3, H, K D, α, A sat, B sat, ψ L, ψ M, RS / Parameter Descriptions IBUS I MVA X ad X aq X l R a X fd R fd X kq1 R kq1 X kd1 R kd1 X kq2 R kq2 X kd2 R kd2 X kq3 R kq3 H K D α A sat B sat ψ L ψ M RS - Bus number, name, or generator equipment name of the machine. - ID of the machine (may or may not be enclosed in single quotes). - MVA base of the machine. If not specified (i.e., no value or zero is entered), the MVA base of the matched generator in powerflow data will be used. - Unsaturated direct axis mutual reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Unsaturated quadrature axis mutual reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Leakage reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Armature resistance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Field winding leakage reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Field winding resistance in per unit on machine MVA base. - First quadrature axis damper winding leakage reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - First quadrature axis damper winding resistance in per unit on machine MVA base. - First direct axis damper winding leakage reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - First direct axis damper winding resistance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Second quadrature axis damper winding leakage reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Second quadrature axis damper winding resistance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Second direct axis damper winding leakage reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Second direct axis damper winding resistance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Third quadrature axis damper winding leakage reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Third quadrature axis damper winding resistance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Inertia time constant of the machine in MW-second/MVA. - Damping coefficient in (p.u. torque)/(p.u. speed deviation). - This parameter is used only for synchronous motor, as the exponential in the load characteristic of the motor: T m = Kω α (K is determined by TSAT based on the initial condition). It is ignored for generator model. - Coefficient in saturation characteristic. - Coefficient in saturation characteristic. - Flux linkage on the saturation curve where the Region II characteristic starts. - Flux linkage on the saturation curve where the Region III characteristic starts. - Ratio of the slopes of air-gap line and the Region III characteristic. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 32

33 Synchronous Machine Model DG1S2 State Counter The synchronous machine states are counted first in a generator. State * 5* 6* 7* 8* Variable ω δ ψ fd ψ kd1 ψ kd2 ψ kq1 ψ kq2 ψ kq3 *optional state not counted if the associated parameters are zero Data Restrictions 1. The minimum data requirement for this model is X ad, X aq, X fd, R fd, and H. These parameters cannot be equal to zero. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 33

34 Synchronous Machine Model DG1S4 Model Descriptions This model uses parameters in basic form and type 4 saturation model. Data Format IBUS, DG1S4, I, MVA, X ad, X aq, X l, R a, X fd, R fd, X kq1, R kq1, X kd1, R kd1, X kq2, R kq2, X kd2, R kd2, X kq3, R kq3, H, K D, α, S(1.0), S(1.2) / Parameter Descriptions IBUS I MVA X ad X aq X l R a X fd R fd X kq1 R kq1 X kd1 R kd1 X kq2 R kq2 X kd2 R kd2 X kq3 R kq3 H K D α S(1.0) S(1.2) - Bus number, name, or generator equipment name of the machine. - ID of the machine (may or may not be enclosed in single quotes). - MVA base of the machine. If not specified (i.e., no value or zero is entered), the MVA base of the matched generator in powerflow data will be used. - Unsaturated direct axis mutual reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Unsaturated quadrature axis mutual reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Leakage reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Armature resistance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Field winding leakage reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Field winding resistance in per unit on machine MVA base. - First quadrature axis damper winding leakage reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - First quadrature axis damper winding resistance in per unit on machine MVA base. - First direct axis damper winding leakage reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - First direct axis damper winding resistance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Second quadrature axis damper winding leakage reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Second quadrature axis damper winding resistance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Second direct axis damper winding leakage reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Second direct axis damper winding resistance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Third quadrature axis damper winding leakage reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Third quadrature axis damper winding resistance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Inertia time constant of the machine in MW-second/MVA. - Damping coefficient in (p.u. torque)/(p.u. speed deviation). - This parameter is used only for synchronous motor, as the exponential in the load characteristic of the motor: T m = Kω α (K is determined by TSAT based on the initial condition). It is ignored for generator model. - Saturation coefficient. - Saturation coefficient. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 34

35 Synchronous Machine Model DG1S4 State Counter The synchronous machine states are counted first in a generator. State * 5* 6* 7* 8* Variable ω δ ψ fd ψ kd1 ψ kd2 ψ kq1 ψ kq2 ψ kq3 *optional state not counted if the associated parameters are zero Data Restrictions 1. The minimum data requirement for this model is X ad, X aq, X fd, R fd, and H. These parameters cannot be equal to zero. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 35

36 Synchronous Machine Model DG1S5 Model Descriptions This model uses parameters in basic form and type 5 saturation model. Data Format IBUS, DG1S5, I, MVA, X ad, X aq, X l, R a, X fd, R fd, X kq1, R kq1, X kd1, R kd1, X kq2, R kq2, X kd2, R kd2, X kq3, R kq3, H, K D, α, S(1.0), S(1.2) / Parameter Descriptions IBUS I MVA X ad X aq X l R a X fd R fd X kq1 R kq1 X kd1 R kd1 X kq2 R kq2 X kd2 R kd2 X kq3 R kq3 H K D α S(1.0) S(1.2) - Bus number, name, or generator equipment name of the machine. - ID of the machine (may or may not be enclosed in single quotes). - MVA base of the machine. If not specified (i.e., no value or zero is entered), the MVA base of the matched generator in powerflow data will be used. - Unsaturated direct axis mutual reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Unsaturated quadrature axis mutual reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Leakage reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Armature resistance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Field winding leakage reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Field winding resistance in per unit on machine MVA base. - First quadrature axis damper winding leakage reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - First quadrature axis damper winding resistance in per unit on machine MVA base. - First direct axis damper winding leakage reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - First direct axis damper winding resistance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Second quadrature axis damper winding leakage reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Second quadrature axis damper winding resistance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Second direct axis damper winding leakage reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Second direct axis damper winding resistance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Third quadrature axis damper winding leakage reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Third quadrature axis damper winding resistance in per unit on machine MVA base. - Inertia time constant of the machine in MW-second/MVA. - Damping coefficient in (p.u. torque)/(p.u. speed deviation). - This parameter is used only for synchronous motor, as the exponential in the load characteristic of the motor: T m = Kω α (K is determined by TSAT based on the initial condition). It is ignored for generator model. - Saturation coefficient. - Saturation coefficient. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 36

37 Synchronous Machine Model DG1S5 State Counter The synchronous machine states are counted first in a generator. State * 5* 6* 7* 8* Variable ω δ ψ fd ψ kd1 ψ kd2 ψ kq1 ψ kq2 ψ kq3 *optional state not counted if the associated parameters are zero Data Restrictions 1. The minimum data requirement for this model is X ad, X aq, X fd, R fd, and H. These parameters cannot be equal to zero. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 37

38 Synchronous Machine Model CGEN Model Descriptions This represents the so-called classical model for synchronous machine. Saturation is not applicable to this model. Data Format IBUS, CGEN, I, MVA, R a, X d, H, K D / Parameter Descriptions IBUS I MVA R a - Bus number, name, or generator equipment name of the machine. - ID of the machine (may or may not be enclosed in single quotes). - MVA base of the machine. If not specified (i.e., no value or zero is entered), the MVA base of the matched generator in powerflow data will be used. - Armature resistance in per unit on machine MVA base. X d - Transient (or subtransient) reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. H - Inertia time constant of the machine in MW-second/MVA. - Damping coefficient in (p.u. torque)/(p.u. speed deviation). K D If both R a and X d are zero or not entered, the values in powerflow data are used. State Counter The synchronous machine states are counted first in a generator. State 1 2 Variable ω δ Data Restriction 1. The minimum data requirement for this model is X d and H. These parameters cannot be equal to zero. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 38

39 2.3 Exciter/AVR Models and Data Formats There are 13 standard exciter/avr models in TSAT format. An exciter/avr can be added to a generator with any synchronous machine model, except for the classical model (CGEN). The main input signal for an exciter/avr is bus voltage magnitude from either the local generator terminal bus (default), or a remote bus (specified by the parameter BUSR). Other input signals (from PSS, OEL, and/or UEL) may be added at various locations in AVR as indicated by the flags LVS, IVOEL, and IVUEL. Each exciter/avr model has a line-drop compensation function (with parameters R C and X C ). This function is included in the model only if either R C or X C is non-zero, and generator terminal voltage is used as the feedback signal (i.e., BUSR = 0). For rotating excitation system, a saturation model can be applied to account for the saturation effect in exciter. The exponential saturation model (same as the one described in Section 2.1.3) is used. Simplifications are made by assuming only two regions for a saturation curve, a linear region and a nonlinar region. The breakpoint for these two regions is determined automatically from the saturation characteristics provided using four parameters, E 1, S(E 1 ), E 2, S(E 2 ), where E is the exciter output voltage and S is the saturation function value. A data checking feature in TSAT checks for small time constants in exciter/avr models and makes sure that they do not cause potential problems in simulations. The rules used for the checking are described for each exciter/avr model. The minimum time constant, T min, is described in TSAT User Manual. This data checking feature can be disabled in TSAT. Refer to TSAT User Manual on how to do this. Each exciter/avr model has a number of common parameters shown below: IBUS I BUSR - Bus number, name, or generator equipment name of the machine. - ID of the machine (may or may not be enclosed in single quotes). - Bus number, name, or node equipment name of a remote bus whose voltage is taken as input for the AVR. If the local machine bus voltage is to be used, set BUSR to 0. The standard exciter/avr models and data formats are shown below. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 39

40 Exciter Model EXC1 Model Descriptions V REF (2) V T V RMAX E TV V T I T V C 1 V C = VT (RC jx C ) IT 1 st R 1 stc 1 stb HV GATE K A 1 sta V R 1 st E V E E FD (1A) (1B) V RMIN E V T TV K E SE(VE ) skf 1 stf Notes: 1. PSS output signal is added to (1A) OEL output signal is added to (1B) 2. UEL output signal is added to: (1A) if IVUEL= 0 or 1 (2) if IVUEL= 2 Data Format IBUS, EXC1, I, BUSR, IVUEL, K A, T A, K E, T E, E 1, S(E 1 ), E 2, S(E 2 ), K F, T F, T C, T B, V RMAX, V RMIN, E TV, E TMIN, T R, R C, X C / Data Restrictions 1. If T A 0 and T A < T min, then T A is set to zero. 2. T E > 0; if T E < 10 T min, then T E is set to 10 T min. 3. If T F 0 and T F < T min, then T F is set to zero. 4. If T R 0 and T R < T min, then T R is set to zero. 5. If T B 0 and T B < T min, then T B is set to zero. VT 6. If E TV = 0, is set to 1.0. E TV 7. If V T < E TMIN, V R is set to 1.0. State Counter The exciter states are counted after the synchronous machine states. State Control Block T R T F T B T A T E Powertech Labs Inc. Page 40

41 Exciter Model EXC2 Model Descriptions V T I T V REF V C 1 V C = VT (RC jxc ) IT 1 st R 1 stc 1 stb V RMAX E V T K V A R 1 sta TV 1 st E V E E FD (1A) (1B) V RMIN E V T TV R X SE(VE ) Notes: skf 1 stf 1. PSS and UEL output signals are added to (1A) OEL output signal is added to (1B) Data Format IBUS, EXC2, I, BUSR, K A, T A, T E, E 1, S(E 1 ), E 2, S(E 2 ), K F, T F, T C, T B, V RMAX, V RMIN, E TV, E TMIN, T R, R C, X C / Data Restrictions 1. If T A 0 and T A < T min, then T A is set to zero. 2. T E > 0; if T E < 10 T min, then T E is set to 10 T min. 3. If T F 0 and T F < T min, then T F is set to zero. 4. If T R 0 and T R < T min, then T R is set to zero. 5. If T B 0 and T B < T min, then T B is set to zero. VT 6. If E TV = 0, is set to 1.0. E TV 7. If V T < E TMIN, V R is set to 1.0. State Counter The exciter states are counted after the synchronous machine states. State Control Block T R T F T B T A T E Powertech Labs Inc. Page 41

42 Exciter Model EXC3 Model Descriptions E f (p.u.) V/Hz Limit 0.0 E/f K K 22 s KCI I FD N = VTH I FD V T I T V C V REF X DE X DE 1 1 stc 1 stk 1 st 1 V K C1 E V C = VT (RC jxc ) IT A 1 st R 1 stb 1 sta 1 stb1 ste V TH (1A) (1B) V RMIN V RMAX V EMIN K E X DE I N FEX = f (IN ) F EX E FD E TLMT V OMX SE(VE ) V T 1 st K L1 ETL 1 stl2 skf 1 stf Notes: 1. PSS and UEL output signals are added to (1A) OEL output signal is added to (1B) 2. F EX IN IN = 0.75 IN < IN < (1.0 IN ) IN 0.75 Data Format IBUS, EXC3, I, BUSR, K A, T A, K E, T E, E 1, S(E 1 ), E 2, S(E 2 ), K C, K F, T F, T C, T B, T C1, T B1, V RMAX, V RMIN, V EMIN, T K, X DE, X DE, K ETL, T L1, T L2, E TLMT, V OMX, K 21, K 22, T R, R C, X C / Data Restrictions 1. If T A 0 and T A < T min, then T A is set to zero. 2. T E > 0; if T E < 10 T min, then T E is set to 10 T min. 3. If T F 0 and T F < T min, then T F is set to zero. 4. If T R 0 and T R < T min, then T R is set to zero. 5. If T B 0 and T B < T min, then T B is set to zero. 6. If T B 0 and T B1 < T min, then T B1 is set to zero. 7. If T L2 0 and T L2 < T min then T L2 is set to zero. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 42

43 Exciter Model EXC3 State Counter The exciter states are counted after the synchronous machine states. State * Control Block T R K 22 T L2 T F T B T A T E T B1 *optional state not counted if the associated control block does not exist. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 43

44 Exciter Model EXC4 Model Descriptions K LN V LN V REF V AMAX VFEMAX (XDE X DE )IFD KE SE(VE ) V V T C 1 1 stc HV KA 1 V E V TH V C = VT (RC jx C ) IT 1 st R 1 st GATE B 1 sta st E I T Notes: (1A) (1B) V F (B) (2) s 1 st F V N (A) V N K F V AMIN E FDN KN E FD K R V EMIN K E SE(VE ) X DE X DE X DE E FD F EX FEX = f (IN ) I N KCI I FD N = VTH I FD 1. PSS output signal is added to (1A) OEL output signal is added to (1B) 2. UEL output signal is added to: (1A) if IVUEL = 0 or 1 (2) if IVUEL = 2 3. V F is added to: (A) if LVF = 0 (B) if LVF = IN IN FEX = IN < IN < (1.0 IN ) IN 0.75 Data Format IBUS, EXC4, I, BUSR, IVUEL, LVF, K A, T A, K E, T E, E 1, S(E 1 ), E 2, S(E 2 ), K C, K F, K N, E FDN, T F, T C, T B, V AMAX, V AMIN, V FEMAX, V EMIN, K R, X DE, X DE, K LN, V LN, T R, R C, X C / Data Restrictions 1. If T A 0 and T A < T min, then T A is set to zero. 2. T E > 0; if T E < 10 T min, then T E is set to 10 T min. 3. If T F 0 and T F < T min, then T F is set to zero. 4. If T R 0 and T R < T min, then T R is set to zero. 5. If T B 0 and T B < T min, then T B is set to zero. 6. K LN > 0. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 44

45 Exciter Model EXC4 State Counter The exciter states are counted after the synchronous machine states. State Control Block T R T F T B T A T E Powertech Labs Inc. Page 45

46 Exciter Model EXC5 Model Descriptions V T I T V C = VT (RC jx C ) IT V C 1 1 st R E f (p.u.) V REF V/Hz Limit 0.0 E/f K K 22 1 stl1 21 KETL s 1 stl2-1.0 V OMX E TLMT V T V AMAX (2) (B) V RMAX (1) (A) Notes: 1 stc 1 stb 1 st K 6 A 1 sta V AMIN 1. PSS output signal is added to (1) 2. UEL output signal is added to: (1) if IVUEL = 0 or 1 (2) if IVUEL = 2 1 stc2 1 stb2 HV GATE skf 1 stf LV GATE V RMIN 3. OEL output signal is added to: (A) if IVOEL = 0 or 1 (B) if IVOEL = 2 4. F EX IN IN = 0.75 IN < IN < (1.0 IN ) IN 0.75 V EMIN 1 st E SE(VE ) K E X DE X DE V E X DE V TH F EX FEX = f (IN ) I N KCFD I I N = VTH E FD I FD Data Format IBUS, EXC5, I, BUSR, IVUEL, IVOEL, K A, T A, K E, T E, E 1, S(E 1 ), E 2, S(E 2 ), K C, K F, T F, T C, T B, T C2, T B2, V AMAX, V AMIN, V RMAX, V RMIN, V EMIN, T 6, X DE, X DE, K ETL, T L1, T L2, E TLMT, V OMX, K 21, K 22, T R, R C, X C / Data Restrictions 1. If T A 0 and T A < T min, then T A is set to zero. 2. T E > 0; if T E < 10 T min, then T E is set to 10 T min. 3. If T F 0 and T F < T min, then T F is set to zero. 4. If T R 0 and T R < T min, then T R is set to zero. 5. If T B 0 and T B < T min, then T B is set to zero. 6. If T B1 0 and T B1 < T min, then T B1 is set to zero. 7. If T L2 0 and T L2 < T min, then T L2 is set to zero. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 46

47 Exciter Model EXC5 State Counter The exciter states are counted after the synchronous machine states. State * Control Block T R K 22 T L2 T F T B T A T E T B2 *optional state not counted if the associated control block does not exist. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 47

48 Exciter Model EXC6 Model Descriptions V T I T V C = VT (RC jx C ) IT V C 1 1 st R V REF (1) (A) Notes: V AMAX 1 stc KA 1 stb 1 sta V AMIN LV GATE K L K H skf 1 stf K B (2) (B) V LMT HV GATE LV GATE V RMIN V RMAX VFEMAX (XDE XDE )IFD KE SE(VE ) 0 1 st E SE(VE ) K E X DE X DE V E X DE V TH F EX FEX = f (IN ) I N E FD KCI I FD N = VTH I FD 1. PSS output signal is added to (1) 2. UEL output signal is added to: (1) if IVUEL = 0 or 1 (2) if IVUEL = 2 3. OEL output signal is added to: (A) if IVOEL = 0 or 1 (B) if IVOEL = 2 4.F EX IN IN = 0.75 IN < IN < (1.0 IN ) IN 0.75 Data Format IBUS, EXC6, I, BUSR, IVUEL, IVOEL, K A, T A, K E, T E, E 1, S(E 1 ), E 2, S(E 2 ), K C, K F, T F, T C, T B, V AMAX, V AMIN, V RMAX, V RMIN, V FEMAX, X DE, X DE, K B, K H, K L, V LMT, T R, R C, X C / Data Restrictions 1. If T A 0 and T A < T min, then T A is set to zero. 2. T E > 0; if T E < 10 T min, then T E is set to 10 T min. 3. If T F 0 and T F < T min, then T F is set to zero. 4. If T R 0 and T R < T min, then T R is set to zero. 5. If T B 0 and T B < T min, then T B is set to zero. State Counter The exciter states are counted after the synchronous machine states. State Control Block T R T F T B T A T E Powertech Labs Inc. Page 48

49 Exciter Model EXC7 Model Descriptions V REF (2) V RMAX E FDMAX V T I T V C V C = VT (RC jxc) IT (1A) 1 1 st R HV GATE 1 stc 1 stb KA V V I R 1 A 1 sta ste V B V RMIN 0 E FD (1B) skf 1 stf ( K E V T I T V E = KP VT jkiit V E F EX Notes: FEX = f (IN ) 1. PSS output signal is added to (1A) OEL output signal is added to (1B) 2. UEL output signal is added to: (1A) if IVUEL = 0 or 1 (2) if IVUEL = 2 3. Arithmetic at junction A: VI = VR VB VI = VR VB if LVI= 0 if LVI= IN IN FEX = 0.75 IN < IN < (1.0 IN ) IN 0.75 I N KCI I FD N = VE I FD Data Format IBUS, EXC7, I, BUSR, IVUEL, LVI, K A, T A, K E, T E, K C, K F, T F, T C, T B, V RMAX, V RMIN, E FDMAX, K P, K I, T R, R C, X C / Data Restrictions 1. If T A 0 and T A < T min, then T A is set to zero. 2. T E > 0; if T E < 10 T min, then T E is set to 10 T min. 3. If T F 0 and T F < T min, then T F is set to zero. 4. If T R 0 and T R < T min, then T R is set to zero. 5. If T B 0 and T B < T min, then T B is set to zero. 6. K P and K I must not be zero simultaneously. State Counter The exciter states are counted after the synchronous machine states. State Control Block T R T F T B T A T E Powertech Labs Inc. Page 49

50 Exciter Model EXC8 Model Descriptions V GMAX V REF (2) K G V T I T V C = VT (RC jx C ) IT V C (1A) 1 1 st R V IMIN V IMAX HV GATE V RMAX V MMAX 1 stc KA KM 1 stb 1 sta 1 stm V RMIN V MMIN E FMAX E FD (1B) V T V E = KP VT j(k I KPXL )IT skf 1 stf V E V BMAX ( Notes: 1. PSS output signal is added to (1A) OEL output signal is added to (1B) 2. UEL output signal is added to (1A) if IVUEL = 0 or 1 (2) if IVUEL = 2 I T F EX FEX = f (IN ) I N KCI I FD N = VE I FD 3. Kp = Kpe jθp IN IN FEX = 0.75 IN < IN < (1.0 IN ) IN 0.75 Data Format IBUS, EXC8, I, BUSR, IVUEL, K M, T M, K A, T A, K G, V IMAX, V IMIN, V RMAX, V RMIN, V MMAX, V MMIN, V GMAX, E FMAX, K C, K F, T F, T C, T B, K P, K I, θ P, X L, V BMAX, T R, R C, X C / Data Restrictions 1. If KG 0 and T M < 0.4, then T M is set to 0.4. KG = 0 and T M < T min, then T m is set to T min. 2. If T A 0 and T A < T min, then T A is set to zero. 3. If T F 0 and T F < T min, then T F is set to zero. 4. If T R 0 and T R < T min, then T R is set to zero. 5. If T B 0 and T B < T min, then T B is set to zero. 6. K P and K I must not be zero simultaneously. 7. θ P is in degrees. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 50

51 Exciter Model EXC8 State Counter The exciter states are counted after the synchronous machine states. State Control Block T R T F T B T A T M Powertech Labs Inc. Page 51

52 Exciter Model EXC9 Model Descriptions V REF V T I T V C = VT (RC jxc ) IT V C 1 1 st R V ERR K V V RMAX VRMAX V IF V RMIN ERR > K V, V R = V RMAX IF V sk VT ERR < K V, V R = V RMIN RH IF V ERR < K V, V R = V RH 1 st E E FDMAX E FD (1A) (1B) K V V RMIN V RH K E E FDMIN Notes: SE(VE ) 1. PSS and UEL output signals are added to (1A) OEL output signal is added to (1B) Data Format IBUS, EXC9, I, BUSR, K E, T E, E 1, S(E 1 ), E 2, S(E 2 ), K V, T RH, E FDMAX, E FDMIN, V RMAX, V RMIN, T R, R C, X C / Data Restrictions 1. T E > 0; if T E < T min, then T E is set to T min. 2. K V T RH > 0; if K V. T RH < T min, then T RH is set to T min / K V. 4. If T R 0 and T R < T min, then T R is set to zero. State Counter The exciter states are counted after the synchronous machine states. State Control Block T R T RH T B T E Powertech Labs Inc. Page 52

53 Exciter Model EXC10 Model Descriptions V REF V RMAX V T I T V C = VT (RC jxc ) IT V C 1 1 st R 1 stc 1 stb KA 1 sta 1 st E V E E FD (1A) (1B) V RMIN K E Notes: skf 1 stf1 1 stf3 1 stf2 SE(VE ) 1. PSS and UEL output signals are added to (1A) OEL output signal is added to (1B) Data Format IBUS, EXC10, I, BUSR, K A, T A, K E, T E, E 1, S(E 1 ), E 2, S(E 2 ), T C, T B, K F, T F1, T F3, T F2, V RMAX, V RMIN, T R, R C, X C / Data Restrictions 1. If T A 0 and T A < T min and either of the following conditions is satisfied: T F1 = 0 or the T B block exits (i.e. T B 0 and T B T C ), then T A is set to zero. 2. If T A < T min and T F1 0 and the T B block does not exist (i.e. T B = 0 or T B = T c ), then T A is set to T min. 3. T E > 0; if T E < 10 T min, then T E is set to 10 T min. 4. If T F1 0 and T F1 < T min, then T F1 is set to zero. 5. If T F2 0 and T F2 < T min, then T F2 is set to zero. 6. If T R 0 and T R < T min, then T R is set to zero. 7. If T B 0 and T B < T min, then T B is set to zero. State Counter The exciter states are counted after the synchronous machine states. State * 5* 6* Control Block T R T E K A T F2 T F1 T B *optional state not counted if the associated control block does not exist. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 53

54 Exciter Model EXC30 Model Descriptions V REF V T I T V C V C = VT (RC jxc ) IT (1A) (1B) V OMX 1 1 st R V SMAX V IMAX 1 stc HV 1 st GATE B (2) V RMAX E K A 1 st A V T TV K I VF FD E FD E TLMT V T K ETL 1 st 1 st L1 L2 V SMIN V IMIN VT V RMIN K E TV I VF FD I FD F F1 K IFL 1 stf 1 stf2 sk 1 st I FLMT Notes: 1. PSS output signal is added to (1A) OEL output signal is added at (1B) 2. UEL output signal is added to (1A) if IVUEL = 0 or 1 (2) if IVUEL = 2 3. For bus - fed exciter, if V T for E < E TV. TMIN V RMAX V E T TV K is set to zero.for alternator - fed exciter, enter I VF FD zero Data Format IBUS, EXC30, I, BUSR, IVUEL, K A, T A, T C, T B, K F, T F, T F1, T F2, V IMAX, V IMIN, V RMAX, V RMIN, E TV, K VF, E TMIN, K IFL, I FLMT, K ETL, T L1, T L2, E TLMT, V OMX, V SMAX, V SMIN, T R, R C, X C / Data Restrictions 1. If T A 0 and T A < T min then T A is set to T min. 2. If K F = 0, then T F is set to zero. If T F = 0, then K F is set to zero. 3. If T F 0 and T F < T min, then T F is set to zero. 4. If T R 0 and T R < T min, then T R is set to zero. 5. If T B < T min and T A = 0 and T F 0 then T B is set T min. If T B 0 and T B < T min, and either of the following conditions is satisfied: T A 0 or T F = 0, then T B is set to zero. 6. If T F2 0 and T F2 < T min, then T F2 is set to zero. 7. If T L2 0 and T L2 < T min, then T L2 is set to zero. 8. If E TV = 0, VT is set to 1.0. E TV Powertech Labs Inc. Page 54

55 Exciter Model EXC30 State Counter The exciter states are counted after the synchronous machine states. State 1 2* 3* 4* 5* 6 Control Block T R T L2 T F2 T F T B T A * optional state not counted if the associated control block does not exist. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 55

56 Exciter Model EXC32 Model Descriptions V REF V T E TLMT Σ K ETL 1 st 1 st L1 L2 V T I T V C = VT (RC jxc ) IT V OMX (1A) (1B) V C Σ 1 1 st R V SMAX Σ Σ V IMAX 1 st 1 st C B Σ V RMAX V E K A 1 st A T TV K I VF FD E FD V T V OMN 0 (A) V SMIN (B) V IMIN (C) VT V RMIN K E TV I VF FD V TMAX V TMIN V out V OMX 0 t 1 t BCON = 3 t 2 ACON t 2 t 3 Time V OMX e -ACON(t-t 2 ) Time V out HV GATE 1 st 1 st F1 F2 K IFL stf 1 st Σ F I FD Notes: I FLMT 1. PSS and UEL output signals are added to (1A) 3. The voltage limiter output OEL output signal is added at (1B) signal is added to: V (A) if LIMOUT = 0 T 2. For bus - fed exciter, V (B) if LIMOUT = 1 RMAX KVFIFD is set to zero ETV (C) if LIMOUT = 2 if V < E. For alternator - fed exciter, enter zero T for E TV TMIN Data Format IBUS, EXC32, I, BUSR, LIMOUT, K A, T A, T C, T B, K F, T F, T F1, T F2, V IMAX, V IMIN, V RMAX, V RMIN, E TV, K VF, E TMIN, K IFL, I FLMT, K ETL, T L1, T L2, E TLMT, V TMAX, V TMIN, V OMAX, V OMIN, ACON, BCON, V SMAX, V SMIN, T R, R C, X C / Data Restrictions 1. If T A 0 and T A < T min then T A is set to zero. 2. If T B 0 and T B < T min, then T B is set to zero. 3. If T F 0 and T F < T min, then T F is set to zero. 4. If T F2 0 and T F2 < T min, then T F2 is set to zero. 5. If T R 0 and T R < T min, then T R is set to zero. 6. If T L2 0 and T L2 < T min, then T L2 is set to zero. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 56

57 Exciter Model EXC32 State Counter The exciter states are counted after the synchronous machine states. State 1 2 3* 4* 5* 6 Control Block T R T L2 T F T F2 T B T A * optional state not counted if the associated control block does not exist. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 57

58 Exciter Model EXC34 Model Descriptions V REF V T I T V C = VT (RC jxc ) IT V C 1 1 st R V IMAX V AMAX (2) (C) (ii) V RMAX V T K I C FD (1) (A) HV GATE 1 st 1 st C B 1 st 1 st C1 B1 K A 1 st A HV GATE LV GATE E FD (i) Notes: V IMIN (B) skf 1 st F V AMIN ( K LR V RMIN V T I FD 1. PSS output signal is added to: (1) if LVS = 0 or 1 (2) if LVS = 2 0 I LR 2. UEL output signal is added to: (A) if IVUEL = 0 or 1 (B) if IVUEL = 2 (C) if IVUEL = 3 3. OEL output signal is added to: (i) if IVOEL = 0 or 1 (ii) if IVOEL = 2 Data Format IBUS, EXC34, I, BUSR, IVUEL, IVOEL, LVS, K A, T A, T C, T B, T C1, T B1, K F, T F, V IMAX, V IMIN, V AMAX, V AMIN, V RMAX, V RMIN, K C, K LR, I LR, T R, R C, X C / Data Restrictions 1. If T A 0 and T A < T min, then T A is set to zero. 2. If T B 0 and T B < T min, then T B is set to zero. 3. If T F 0 and T F < T min, then T F is set to zero. 4. If T R 0 and T R < T min, then T R is set to zero. 5. If T B1 0 and T B1 < T min, then T B1 is set to zero. State Counter The exciter states are counted after the synchronous machine states. State 1 2 3* 4* 5* Control Block T R T A T F T B T B1 * optional state not counted if the associated control block does not exist. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 58

59 2.4 Power System Stabilizer Models and Data Formats There are 4 standard power system stabilizer (PSS) models in TSAT format. A PSS can be added to a generator when an exciter/avr model is available for the generator. Each PSS model has a number of common parameters shown below: IBUS I BUSR - Bus number, name, or generator equipment name of the machine. - ID of the machine (may or may not be enclosed in single quotes). - Bus number, name, or node equipment name of a remote bus whose frequency is taken as input for the PSS. If local inputs are used for the PSS, set BUSR to 0. For model PSS12, there may be two such remote buses, BUSR1 and BUSR2. The input signals to a PSS can be of different types. This is determined using the input type code ITYPE (or ITYPE1 and ITYPE2 if two inputs are available): ITYPE = 0 or 1: generator rotor speed deviation in per unit. = 2: accelerating power of the generator in per unit on machine MVA base. = 3: bus frequency in per unit. = 4: electrical power output of the generator in per unit on machine MVA base. = 5: bus voltage magnitude in per unit. Input types 1, 2, and 4 must be from the local generator. Input types 3 and 5 may be from a remote bus (specified by the parameter BUSR, or BUSR1 and BUSR2 if two inputs are available) with optional load compensation R C jx C. For input type 3, the per unit bus frequency is obtained by applying a combined digital filter and washout function to the bus voltage angle. The digital filter sampling time is the same as the integration step, and the washout time constant is T F (a parameter in PSS data). In some situations, it is desirable to disable PSS when the generator active power output is low. This can be achieved by using the P THR parameter: the PSS is disabled if the generator active power (in pu on machine MVA base) is lower than P THR. A data checking feature in TSAT checks for small time constants in PSS models and makes sure that they do not cause potential problems in simulations. The rules used for the checking are described for each PSS model. The minimum time constant, T min, is described in TSAT User Manual. This data checking feature can be disabled in TSAT. Refer to TSAT User Manual on how to do this. The standard PSS models and data formats are shown below. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 59

60 PSS Model PSS1 Model Descriptions V SMAX V SI K S 1 st5 st 5 1 st1 1 st 2 1 st3 1 st 4 V S V SMIN Data Format IBUS, PSS1, I, BUSR, ITYPE, K S, T 5, T 1, T 2, T 3, T 4, V SMAX, V SMIN, T F, R C, X C, P THR / Data Restrictions 1. T 5 T min. 2. If T 2 0 and T 2 < T min, then T 2 is set to zero. 3. If T 4 0 and T 4 < T min, then T 4 is set to zero. 4. If T 2 or T 4 is zero, the corresponding lead/lag block is ignored. 5. If the input type is bus frequency and T F < 0.01, then T F is set to Further more, if T min > 0.01, then T F is set to T min. State Counter The PSS states are counted after the exciter/avr states. State 1* 2 3** 4** Control Block T F T 5 T 2 T 4 * optional state counted only when the input type is bus frequency. ** optional state- not counted if the associated control block does not exist. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 60

61 PSS Model PSS4 Model Descriptions V SMAX V SI st K 5 S 1 st5 1 st1 s T 1 st s T4 V S V SMIN Data Format IBUS, PSS4, I, BUSR, ITYPE, K S, T 5, T 1, T 2, T 3, T 4, V SMAX, V SMIN, T F, R C, X C, P THR / Data Restrictions 1. T 5 T min. 2. If T 2 = 0, T 1 is set to zero. 3. If T 4 = 0, T 3 is set to zero. 4. If T 4 < T min, T 4 is set to zero, and in this case if T 2 < T min, T 2 is also set to zero. 5. If the input type is bus frequency and T F < 0.01, then T F is set to Further more, if T min > 0.01, then T F is set to T min. State Counter The PSS states are counted after the exciter/avr states. State 1* 2 3** 4** Control Block T F T 5 T 2 /T 4 (first state) T 2 /T 4 (second state) * optional state counted only when the input type is bus frequency. ** optional state- not counted if the associated control block does not exist. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 61

62 PSS Model PSS9 Model Descriptions V SMAX K S1 st 1 1 st 1 st st12 1 st2 1 st4 V S If If V T V T V, C > V, C V = V S V = 0 S S V S V SMIN V S1 st 1 st 1 (1 st m 5 6 FD n st5 1 st6 1 st7 (1 stfg ) ) K S3 P E st 1 st 8 9 S2 st8 1 st9 1 st10 K Notes: 1. V T = V T0 - V T Data Format IBUS, PSS9, I, BUSR, ITYPE, n, m, T 11, T 12, T 1, T 2, T 3, T 4, V SMAX, V SMIN, K S1, T 5, T 6, T 7, K S2, T 8, T 9, T 10, K S3, T FD, T FG, T F, R C, X C, P THR, V C / Data Restrictions 1. If T 5 0, T 5 must be equal to or greater than T min. 2. If T 6 0, T 6 must be equal to or greater than T min. 3. If T 7 0 and T 7 < Tmin then T 7 is set to zero. 4. If T 8 0, T 8 must be equal to or greater than T min. 5. If T 9 0, T 9 must be equal to or greater than T min. 6. If T 10 0 and T 10 < T min, then T 10 is set to zero. 7. If m > n, m is set to n. 8. If T FG 0 and T FG < T min, then T FG is set to zero. 9. If m=n=0, or m=n and T FG = T FD, then the ramp track filter is ignored. 10. If T 12 0 and T 12 < T min, then T 12 is set to zero. 11. If T 2 0 and T 2 < T min, then T 2 is set to zero. 12. If T 4 0 and T 4 < T min then T4 is set to zero. 13. If the input type is bus frequency and T F < 0.01, then T F is set to Further more, if T min > 0.01, then T F is set to T min. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 62

63 PSS Model PSS9 State Counter The PSS states are counted after the exciter/avr states. State 1* 2** 3** 4** 5** 6** 7** 8** Control Block T F T 5 T 6 T 7 T 8 T 9 T 10 T FG State... (n7)** (n8)** (n9)** (n10)** Control Block... T FG T 12 T 2 T 4 * optional state counted only when the input type is bus frequency. ** optional state- not counted if the associated control block does not exist. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 63

64 PSS Model PSS12 Model Descriptions V SI2 K 2 1 st2 V SI1 K1 1 st 1 st Q0 1 st Q0 1 st 1 st Q1 Q1 1 st 1 st Q2 Q2 1 st 1 st Q3 Q3 V SMIN V SMAX V If VCL VT VCU, VS = V S V S S All other V values, V = 0 T S Data Format IBUS, PSS12, I, BUSR1, ITYPE1, BUSR2, ITYPE2, K 1, T 1, K 2, T 2, T Q0, T Q0, T Q1, T Q1, T Q2, T Q2, T Q3, T Q3, V SMAX, V SMIN, T F, R C, X C, P THR, V CU, V CL / Data Restrictions 1. If T 1 0 and T 1 < T min, then T 1 is set to zero. 2. If T 2 0 and T 2 < T min, then T 2 is set to zero. 3. If T Qn 0 and T Qn < T min, then T Qn is set to zero (n=0, 1, 2, 3). If T Q0 = 0, the washout is ignored. 4. If T Qn = 0, then T Qn is set to zero (n=1, 2, 3). 5. If the input type is bus frequency and T F < 0.01, then T F is set to Further more, if T min > 0.01, then T F is set to T min. State Counter The PSS states are counted after the exciter/avr states. State 1* 2* 3** 4** 5* 6** 7** 8** Control Block T F (for V SI1 ) T F (for V SI2 ) T 1 T 2 T Q0 T Q1 T Q2 T Q3 * optional state counted only when the input type is bus frequency. ** optional state not counted if the associated control block does not exist. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 64

65 2.5 Governor Models and Data Formats There are 7 standard governor models in TSAT format. A governor can be added to a generator with any synchronous machine model. The main input signal for a governor is its speed. This signal must be taken form the local generator. At the output, there is a base conversion constant (P MAX ) which is the ratio of the turbine rating over the generator rating. A data checking feature in TSAT checks for small time constants in governor models and makes sure that they do not cause potential problems in simulations. The rules used for the checking are described for each governor model. The minimum time constant, T min, is described in TSAT User Manual. This data checking feature can be disabled in TSAT. Refer to TSAT User Manual on how to do this. Each governor model has a number of common parameters shown below: IBUS I - Bus number, name, or generator equipment name of the machine. - ID of the machine (may or may not be enclosed in single quotes). The standard governor models and data formats are shown below. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 65

66 Governor Model GOV4 Model Descriptions P REF R MAX 1.0 ω (p.u.) 1 st2 st K Σ 1 T 3 1 s R MIN 0.0 Σ Σ Σ P MAX P MECH K 2 K 3 K 4 K st st 1 st 1 st K 9 K 6 K 7 K 8 Σ Σ Σ P LMAX P LMECH Notes: 1. K 5 = 1 (K 2 K 3 K 4 K 6 K 7 K 8 K 9 ) 2. P LMAX is determined at model initialization Data Format IBUS, GOV4, I, LPBUS, ID, P MAX, K 1, T 1, T 2, T 3, R MAX, R MIN, T 4, T 5, T 6, T 7, K 2, K 3, K 4, K 6, K 7, K 8, K 9 / LPUBS - Bus number, name, or generator equipment name of the low-pressure unit with a crosscompound turbine. If a low-pressure unit does not exist, set LPBUS to 0. ID - Unit ID of the low-pressure unit with a cross-compound turbine. If a low-pressure unit does not exist, set ID to 0. Data Restrictions 1. If T 1 0 and T 1 < T min then T 1 is set to zero. 2. If T 3 < T min, then T 3 is set to T min. 3. If T 4 0 and T 4 < T min, then T 4 is set to zero. 4. If T 5 0 and T 5 < T min, then T 5 is set to zero. 5. If T 6 0 and T 6 < T min, then T 6 is set to zero. 6. If T 7 0 and T 7 < T min, then T 7 is set to zero. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 66

67 Governor Model GOV4 State Counter The governor states are counted after the excitation system states. State * Control Block T 1 Integrator T 4 T 5 T 6 T 7 - * Reserved for future use. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 67

68 Governor Model GOV6 Model Descriptions REF 1.0 ω (p.u.) 1 R 1 1 st 1 1 st 2 1 st3 P MAX P MECH V MIN D t Data Format IBUS, GOV6, I, P FL, R, T 1, T 2, T 3, V MIN, D t / Data Restrictions 1. If T 1 < T min, then T 1 is set to T min. 2. If T 3 0 and T 3 < T min, then T 3 is set to zero. State Counter The governor states are counted after the excitation system states. State 1 2 Control Block T 1 T 3 Powertech Labs Inc. Page 68

69 Governor Model GOV7 Model Descriptions ω (p.u.) D 1 1 R 1.0 P REF LV GATE 1 1 st 1 1 st2 1 st 3 P MAX P MECH V MIN LL K t 1 1 st 4 Data Format IBUS, GOV7, I, P FL, R, T 1, T 2, T 3, V MIN, D t, T 4, K t, LL / Data Restrictions 1. If T 1 < T min, then T 1 is set to T min. 2. If T 3 0 and T 3 < T min, then T 3 is set to zero. 3. If T 4 0 and T 4 < T min, then T 4 is set to zero. State Counter The governor states are counted after the excitation system states. State Control Block T 1 T 3 T 4 Powertech Labs Inc. Page 69

70 Governor Model GOV8 Model Descriptions P REF ω (p.u.) 1 st K 1 1 st1 1 st3 1 st 1 st st P MAX P MECH V MIN Data Format IBUS, GOV8, I, P MAX, K 1, T 1, T 2, T 3, V MIN, T 4, T 5, T 6 / Data Restrictions 1. If T 1 = 0, T 2 is set to zero; if T 1 0 and T 1 < T min, then T 1 is set to T min. 2. If T 3 0 and T 3 < T min, then T 3 is set to zero. 3. If T 4 0 and T 4 < T min, then T 4 is set to zero. 4. If T 5 = 0, T 6 is set to zero; If T 5 0 and T 5 < T min, then T 5 is set to T min. State Counter The governor states are counted after the excitation system states. State Control Block T 1 T 3 T 4 T 5 Powertech Labs Inc. Page 70

71 Governor Model GOV20 Model Descriptions ω r ω (p.u.) Σ Σ Σ K S R MXO 1 s GFL - G NL R MXC 0 R p Σ 1 s Σ R t g st G 1 T R G 1 u Σ Σ P MAX u G HEAD st W u NL P MECH Notes: 1. g 0 and u NL are determined at model initialization Data Format IBUS, GOV20, I, P FL, K S, R P, R MXO, R MXC, R t, T R, G FL, G NL, T G, T W, HEAD, G BF, R BFC, T DB1, DB1 / G BF R BFC T DB1 D B1 - Buffer region in per unit on turbine base (see note on R BFC for interpretation). - Maximum gate closing rate in buffer region. If the gate position (state variable #1) is less than G BF, the gate closing speed must be slower than R BFC. - Type of the deadband. If T DB1 1, intentional deadband without hysteresis is assumed; if T DB1 > 1.0, unintentional deadband is assumed. Refer to the deadband block (Type DBD) in userdefined model section for an explanation of deadband types. - Magnitude of dead band. Data Restrictions 1. If T W < T min, then T W is set to T min. 2. If T G 0 and T G < T min, then T G is set to zero. 3. If HEAD = 0, then HEAD is set to R BFC 0.0. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 71

72 Governor Model GOV20 State Counter The governor states are counted after the excitation system states. State Control Block Integrator T R T W T G Powertech Labs Inc. Page 72

73 Governor Model GOV21 Model Descriptions ω r V ELO G MAX ω (p.u.) 1 Σ T (1 st ) G P 1 s 1- st TW 1 s 2 P MAX P MECH V ELC G MIN Σ R D D std 1 st D Data Format IBUS, GOV21, I, P MAX, R, T G, T P, T D, D D, V ELO, V ELC, G MAX, G MIN, T W / Data Restrictions 1. If T P 0 and T P < T min, then T P is set to zero. 2. If 0 < T D < T min, then T D is set to T min. 3. If T W 0 and T W / 2 < T min, then T W is set to 2T min. State Counter The governor states are counted after the excitation system states. State Control Block T P Integrator T D T W Powertech Labs Inc. Page 73

74 Governor Model GOV22 Model Descriptions P REF ω (p.u.) 1 R 1 st2 1 st 1 1 st4 1 st 3 G MAX 1 TW 1 s 2 G MIN K 1 K 3 P MAX P MECH Data Format IBUS, GOV22, I, P MAX, R, T 1, T 2, T 3, T 4, G MAX, G MIN, T W, K 1, K 3 / Data Restrictions 1. If T 1 0 and T 1 < T min, then T 1 is set to zero. 2. If T 3 0 and T 3 < T min, then T 3 is set to zero. 3. If T W 0 and T W < T min, then T W is set to zero. State Counter The governor states are counted after the excitation system states. State 1* 2* 3 Control Block T 1 T 3 T W *optional state not counted if the associated control block does not exist. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 74

75 3 Wind Generator Data TSAT supports four standard wind generator models. This section describes these models. In addition to the standard models, user-defined models can also be created for wind generators. Please refer to DSATools UDM Manual for details on creating user-defined models for wind generators. Wind generator data in non-tsat formats, namely PTI PSS/E and GE PSLF, are also accepted in TSAT, as described in Section 15. Wind generator models with mixed formats cannot be used for a specific generator. In other words, a wind generator must be presented entirely using either TSAT models or third party models. However, it is possible to use TSAT models for some wind generators and third party models for other generators in a system. 3.1 Modelling Considerations Interface and Initialization A wind generator in TSAT is interfaced with generator data in the powerflow. Accordingly, dynamic models for wind generators must match generator data in the powerflow data. The following rules apply when matching dynamic models with powerflow data: A wind generator is identified by its bus number/name and ID. Only when both bus number/name and ID match, dynamic models of a wind generator is assigned to the generator in the powerflow data. Models in dynamic data that cannot be matched with any generators in powerflow data are ignored. Likewise, generators in powerflow data that do not have matching models in dynamic data are net out as constant impedance. Alternatively, a wind generator can be matched with the powerflow data by using the equipment name method. Refer to Section 1.2 for details. The terminal voltage, active, and reactive power of a wind generator are obtained from powerflow data and are used to initialize the machine. In addition, the rated generator MVA base in powerflow data may also be used for dynamic models (refer to individual models for details). A negative active power output of a wind generator in powerflow data causes initialization errors Modelling Approach The wind generator models used in TSAT are developed based on the works of the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) Wind Generator Modelling Group. The modelling information can be found in the WECC website Model Structure Generally speaking, a wind generator model includes three components: A generator model, this can be an induction machine, a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) or Powertech Labs Inc. Page 75

76 a Voltage Source Converter (VSC) An electric control system model A mechanical control system model (including turbine-generator mechanical system model) Unlike synchronous machine models, all these three components are mandatory. And models of different types of wind generators cannot be mixed. For example, a type 1 electric control system model cannot be used with a type 3 wind generator model Examples Figure 3-1 shows the sample data of a wind generator model (including control system model). 123,'WGNC',1,100,0.8,1,5,0.9,0.5/ 123,'WGNCE',1,0,'Q','Y',5,3,0.6,0.05,1.12,0.04,0.45,1.1,0.69,0.78,0.98,1.12,0.74, 1.2,0.1,40,0.436,-0.436,1.1,0.9,1.45,0.5,0.05,0,0.02,1,5,18,0.05,0.15/ 123,'WGNCT',1,100,1,4.94,0,0.007,21.98,0.875,1.8,1.5,150,25,3,30,27,0,10,0.3,1.0/ Figure 3-1: Sample dynamic model data of a wind generator Powertech Labs Inc. Page 76

77 3.2 WECC Generic Type 1 Wind Generator Model These models represent a wind generator utilizing a conventional squirrel cage induction generator. The wind generator and its control systems are represented by three models: WGNA, WGNAT and WGNAE (optional). The models and data formats are shown below. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 77

78 Squirrel Cage Induction Machine Model WGNA Model Descriptions This represents the conventional squirrel cage induction generator. Data Format IBUS, WGNA, I, MVA, X s, X', R a, T' o, S(1.0), S(1.2), X'', X l, T'' o / Parameter Descriptions IBUS - Bus number, name, or generator equipment name of the machine. I - ID of the machine (may or may not be enclosed in single quotes). MVA - MVA base of the machine. If not specified (i.e., no value or zero is entered), the MVA base of the matched generator in powerflow data will be used. X s - Synchronous reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. X - Transient reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. R a - Stator resistance in per unit on machine MVA base. T' o - Transient open-circuit time constant in seconds. S(1.0) - Saturation coefficient. S(1.2) - Saturation coefficient. X'' - Sub-transient reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. X l - Stator leakage reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. T'' o - Sub-transient open-circuit time constant in seconds. Data Restriction 1. The minimum data requirement for this model is X s, X, T o. These parameters cannot be equal to zero. 2. If X is equal to zero. Then T'' 0 is set to zero, and single cage induction machine is assumed. 3. If T'' 0 is equal to zero. Then X is set to zero, and single cage induction machine is assumed. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 78

79 Wind Generator Turbine and Pitch Control Model WGNAT Model Descriptions ω T (turbine speed p.u.) PI MAX P E 1 1 st PE ω REF K DROOP K P K I s PI MIN st 1 1 st 2 P MECH P REF P E One-mass Model P MECH 1 2H 1 s ω = ω T G D ω T P MECH (turbine speed) 1 2H T Two-mass Model 1 s ω ο ω T D SHAFT 1 s K P E ω G (generator speed) 1 2H G 1 s ω ο ω G When H TFRAC > 0, two-mass model is used, otherwise one-mass model is used and: H T = H H H = H H K = 2 π TFRAC G T ( 2 F ) 2 REQ1 H T H H G Powertech Labs Inc. Page 79

80 Data Format IBUS, WGNAT, I, P BASE, H, D, H TFRAC, F REQ1, D SHAFT, T PE, K DROOP, K P, K I, PI MAX, PI MIN, T 1, T 2 / Notes 1. If P BASE = 0, then P BASE is set to machine MVA base. 2. Parameters are per unit on P BASE. 3. The minimum data requirement for this model is H and K DROOP. These parameters cannot be equal to zero. 4. K P and K I can not both be zero. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 80

81 Model Descriptions Wind Generator Voltage and Frequency Protection Model WGNAE This model can be configured to have two stages of under-voltage protection, two stages of over-voltage protection, two stages of under-frequency protection and two stages of over-frequency protection. This model is optional. Data Format IBUS, WGNAE, I, UV 1L, UV 1T, OV 1L, OV 1T, UF 1L, UF 1T, OF 1L, OF 1T, UV 2L, UV 2T, OV 2L, OV 2T, UF 2L, UF 2T, OF 2L, OF 2T / Parameter Descriptions UV 1L UV 1T OV 1L OV 1T UF 1L UF 1T OF 1L OF 1T UV 2L UV 2T OV 2L OV 2T UF 2L UF 2T OF 2L OF 2T First stage under-voltage threshold (pu) Timer for first stage under-voltage tripping (seconds) First stage over-voltage threshold (pu) Timer for first stage over-voltage tripping (seconds) First stage under-frequency threshold (pu) Timer for first stage under-frequency tripping (seconds) First stage over-frequency threshold (pu) Timer for first stage over-frequency tripping (seconds) Second stage under-voltage threshold (pu) Timer for second stage under-voltage tripping (seconds) Second stage over-voltage threshold (pu) Timer for second stage over-voltage tripping (seconds) Second stage under-frequency threshold (pu) Timer for second stage under-frequency tripping (seconds) Second stage over-frequency threshold (pu) Timer for second stage over-frequency tripping (seconds) Powertech Labs Inc. Page 81

82 3.3 WECC Generic Type 2 Wind Generator Model These models represent a wind generator utilizing an induction generator with variable rotor resistance. The wind generator and its control systems are represented by three models: WGNB, WGNBT and WGNBE. All three models are mandatory. The models and data formats are shown below. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 82

83 Induction Machine Model WGNB Model Descriptions This represents a induction generator with variable rotor resistance. The value of the rotor resistance is controlled by external control system (WGNBE model). Data Format IBUS, WGNB, I, MVA, Xs, X', X l, R a, T' o, S(1.0), S(1.2), W rot0 / Parameter Descriptions IBUS - Bus number, name, or generator equipment name of the machine. I - ID of the machine (may or may not be enclosed in single quotes). MVA - MVA base of the machine. If not specified (i.e., no value or zero is entered), the MVA base of the matched generator in powerflow data will be used. X s - Synchronous reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. X l - Stator leakage reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. X - Transient reactance in per unit on machine MVA base. R a - Stator resistance in per unit on machine MVA base. T' o - Transient open-circuit time constant in seconds. S(1.0) - Saturation coefficient. S(1.2) - Saturation coefficient. - Initial generator rotor speed in pu on system frequency base. W rot0 Data Restriction 1. The minimum data requirement for this model is X s, X, T o, W rot0. These parameters cannot be equal to zero. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 83

84 Wind Generator Turbine and Pitch Control Model WGNBT Model Descriptions ω T (turbine speed p.u.) PI MAX P E 1 1 st PE ω REF K DROOP K P K I s PI MIN st 1 1 st 2 P MECH P REF P E One-mass Model P MECH 1 2H 1 s ω = ω T G D ω T P MECH (turbine speed) 1 2H T Two-mass Model 1 s ω ο ω T D SHAFT 1 s K P E ω G (generator speed) 1 2H G 1 s ω ο ω G When H TFRAC > 0, two-mass model is used, otherwise one-mass model is used and: H T = H H H = H H K = 2 π TFRAC G T ( 2 F ) 2 REQ1 H T H H G Powertech Labs Inc. Page 84

85 Data Format IBUS, WGNBT, I, P BASE, H, D, H TFRAC, F REQ1, D SHAFT, T PE, K DROOP, K P, K I, PI MAX, PI MIN, T 1, T 2 / Notes 1. If P BASE = 0, then P BASE is set to machine MVA base. 2. Parameters are per unit on P BASE. 3. The minimum data requirement for this model is H and K DROOP. These parameters cannot be equal to zero. 4. K P and K I can not both be zero. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 85

86 Model Descriptions Wind Generator Electric Control and Protection Model WGNBE P E K P 1 st P R MAX ω E Generator Speed (p.u.) 1.0 K W 1 st W Power-slip curve K PP K IP /s R MIN R EXT External rotor resistance (p.u.) The output signal of this model is the external rotor resistance of the generator. This model can be configured to have two stages of under-voltage protection, two stages of over-voltage protection, two stages of under-frequency protection and two stages of over-frequency protection. Data Format IBUS, WGNBE, I, T W, K W, T P, K P, K PP, K IP, R MAX, R MIN, S LIP1, S LIP2, S LIP3, S LIP4, S LIP5, P OWR1, P OWR2, P OWR3, P OWR4, P OWR5, U V1L, U V1T, O V1L, O V1T, U F1L, U F1T, O F1L, O F1T, U V2L, U V2T, O V2L, O V2T, U F2L, U F2T, O F2L, O F2T / Notes 1. Parameters are per unit on machine MVA base. 2. Frequencies are per unit on system frequency base. 3. Refer to WGNAE model for description of parameters of voltage and frequency protection. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 86

87 3.4 WECC Generic Type 3 Wind Generator Model These models represent a wind generator utilizing a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). The wind generator and its control systems are represented by three models: WGNC, WGNCT and WGNCE. All three models are mandatory. The models and data formats are shown below. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 87

88 Doubly Fed Induction Generator Model WGNC Model Descriptions This is a simplified DFIG model. E" QCMD From WGNCE s - 1 X" High Voltage Reactive Current Control Logic I IORC L VPL R LVPL L VPL I PCMD From WGNCE S Low Voltage Active Current Control Logic -R LVPL Angle Calculation L VPLSW = 0 L VPL 1.11 V TERM V 1 L VPLSW = s 0.0 V X" V LVPL1 V LVPL2 Low Voltage Power Logic Angle Calculation Block details Powertech Labs Inc. Page 88

89 Data Format IBUS, WGNC, I, MVA, X'', L VPLSW, R LVPL, V LVPL2, V LVPL1, K pll, K ipll, Pll max / Notes 1. If machine MVA base is not specified (i.e., no value or zero is entered), the MVA base of the matched generator in powerflow data will be used. 2. If L VPLSW = 0, the low voltage control power logic is disabled. 3. V LVPL2 > V LVPL1 4. R LVPL > 0 Powertech Labs Inc. Page 89

90 Wind Generator Turbine and Pitch Control Model WGNCT Model Descriptions PI MAX PI RATE PI MAX ω G Generator Speed (p.u.) K PP K IP /s 1 T PI 1 S θ Blade Pitch angle (degree) PI MIN -PI RATE PI MIN ω REF PI MAX P ORD From WGNCE KP C K IC /s PI MIN P SET θ Blade Pitch angle (degree) X K AERO P MECH θ Ο P M0 P E One-mass Model P MECH 1 2H 1 s ω = ω T G D ω T P MECH (turbine speed) 1 2H T Two-mass Model 1 s ω ο ω T D SHAFT 1 s K P E ω G (generator speed) 1 2H G 1 s ω ο ω G When H TFRAC > 0, two-mass model is used, otherwise one-mass model is used and: H T = H H H = H H K = 2 π TFRAC G T ( 2 F ) 2 REQ1 H T H H G Powertech Labs Inc. Page 90

91 Data Format IBUS, WGNCT, I, P BASE, V W, H, D, K AERO, T HETA2, H TFRAC, F REQ1, D SHAFT, K PP, K IP, K PC, K IC, PI MAX, PI MIN, PI RATE, T PI, P SET / Notes 1. If P BASE = 0, then P BASE is set to machine MVA base. 2. Parameters are per unit on P BASE. 3. The minimum data requirement for this model is H, K AERO, T PI. These parameters cannot be equal to zero. 4. The initial wind speed V w is only used only when the WTG is generating rated power and the V w is greater than 1.0 pu. When the WTG is generating rated power and the V w is greater than 1.0 pu, the initial pitch angle will be initialized as: 2 2 θ T HETA 1. V ( ) 0 = 0 W Otherwise: θ = Powertech Labs Inc. Page 91

92 Model Descriptions Wind Generator Electric Control and Protection Model WGNCE V REF /s V C K IV st 1/F R N 1 st C K PV 1 st V Voltage Regulator PF REF tan V ARFLG = V Q MAX P E 1 1 st P X V ARFLG = PF Q CMD Power Factor Regulator V ARFLG = Q Q MIN Q E V MAX V TERM XI QMAX Q REF Q CMD K QI /s K QV /s V LTFLG = Y V LTFLG = N E" QCMD To WGNC V MIN XI QMIN ω G Generator Speed (p.u.) P E ω 1 REF F (P E ) 1 KPTRQ K ITRQ /s X st SP Power-Speed Curve To WGNCT P WRAT P MAX 1 T PC -P WRAT P 1 ORD S P MIN I PMAX I PCMD To WGNC V T To WGNCT Powertech Labs Inc. Page 92

93 This model can be configured to have two stages of under-voltage protection, two stages of over-voltage protection, two stages of under-frequency protection and two stages of over-frequency protection. Data Format IBUS, WGNCE, I, RBUS, V ARFLG, V LTFLG, T SP, K PTRQ, K ITRQ, T PC, P MAX, P MIN, P WRAT, IP MAX, WP MIN, WP 20, WP 40, WP 60, PWP 100, WP 100, K QI, K QV, Q MAX, Q MIN, V MAX, V MIN, XI QMAX, XI QMIN, T P, X C, T R, F N, K IV, K PV, T V, T C, UV 1L, UV 1T, OV 1L, OV 1T, UF 1L, UF 1T, OF 1L, OF 1T, UV 2L, UV 2T, OV 2L, OV 2T, UF 2L, UF 2T, OF 2L, OF 2T / Notes 1. K PTRQ, K ITRQ, P MAX, P MIN, P WRAT, IP MAX, PWP 100 are per unit on P BASE specified in WGNCT model. 2. Other parameters are per unit on machine MVA base specified in WGNC model. 3. The power-speed curve is defined as shown in Figure 3-2. Active power P E (pu) 1.0 PWP P min WP min WP 20 WP 40 WP 60 WP 100 Generator speed ω G (pu) Figure 3-2: Power Speed curve 4. RBUS is the bus number (or bus name, equipment name) of the remote control bus for voltage regulation. 5. V ARFLG = V for voltage control V ARFLG = Q for constant reactive power control V ARFLG = PF for power factor control 6. V LTFLG = Y to enable fast close loop terminal voltage control 7. Refer to WGNAE model for description of parameters of voltage and frequency protection. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 93

94 3.5 WECC Generic Type 4 Wind Generator Model These models represent a wind generator utilizing a full Voltage Source Converter (VSC) interface to the system. The wind generator and its control systems are represented by three models: WGND, WGNDT and WGNDE. All three models are mandatory. The models and data formats are shown below. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 94

95 Doubly Fed Induction Generator Model WGND Model Descriptions This is a simplified VSC converter model. Only the grid side converter is represented. The DC link, the generator side converter and the generator are simplified. I QCMD From WGNDE s High Voltage Reactive Current Control Logic I IORC L VPL R LVPL L VPL I PCMD From WGNDE S Low Voltage Active Current Control Logic -R LVPL L VPLSW = 0 L VPL G LVPL V TERM V 1 L VPLSW = s 0.0 V X" V LVPL1 V LVPL2 Low Voltage Power Logic Data Format IBUS, WGND, I, MVA, L VPLSW, R LVPL, V LVPL2, V LVPL1, G LVPL / Notes 1. If machine MVA base is not specified (i.e., no value or zero is entered), the MVA base of the matched generator in powerflow data will be used. 2. If L VPLSW = 0, the low voltage control power logic is disabled. 3. V LVPL2 > V LVPL1 4. R LVPL > 0 5. G LVPL > 0 Powertech Labs Inc. Page 95

96 Model Descriptions Simplified Wind Generator Mechanical System Model WGNDT PREF PREF DP MX P E 1 1 st PW K PP K s IP P ORD To WGNDE DP MN skf 1 st F Data Format IBUS, WGNDT, I, T PW, K PP, K IP, T F, K F, DP MX, DP MN / Notes 1. Parameters are per unit on MVA base specified in WGND model. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 96

97 Model Descriptions Wind Generator Electric Control and Protection Model WGNDE V REG V REF K IV /s Q MAX st 1/F N R 1 stc KPV Q MIN 1 stv Q ORD V ARFLG = V Q MAX P E PF REF tan 1 1 st P X V ARFLG = PF Q REF V ARFLG = Q Q MIN Q E V MAX I QMX K QI /s K QV /s I QCMD To WGND V MIN V T I QMN PQ FLG Converter Current Limit P ORD From WGNDT I PMX I PCMD To WGND V T Powertech Labs Inc. Page 97

98 P,Q Priority Flag (PQ FLAG ) PQ FLAG = Q PQ FLAG = P V T I QMN I QMX IQMX IQMN Q MAX 1.0 VT -1 I QMXV I QHL Minimum Minimum Minimum IPCMD I PCMD I QCMD IQCMD I PHL Minimum Minimum I PMX I PMX This model can be configured to have two stages of under-voltage protection and two stages of overvoltage protection. Data Format IBUS, WGNDE, I, RBUS, V ARGLG, PQ FLG, K QI, K VI, V MAX, V MIN, Q MAX, Q MIN, T R, T C, K PV, K IV, F N, T V, T PWR, I PHL, I QHL, UV 1L, UV 1T, OV 1L, OV 1T, UV 2L, UV 2T, OV 2L, OV 2T / Notes 1. Parameters are per unit on MVA base specified in WGND model. 2. RBUS is the bus number (or bus name, equipment name) of the remote control bus for voltage regulation. 3. V ARFLG = V for voltage control V ARFLG = Q for constant reactive power control V ARFLG = PF for power factor control 4. PQ FLG = Q for Q priority current limiter (reduce P first) PQ FLG = P for P priority current limiter (reduce Q first) 5. Refer to WGNAE model for description of parameters of voltage protection. Powertech Labs Inc. Page 98

99 3.6 Enercon WEC Model ENRCN (ExF2) Model Descriptions This represents an Enercon Wind Energy Converter (WEC) for positive sequence phasor domain simulations. It also includes a model of the Enercon Farm Control Unit (FCU) which provides reactive power, power factor or voltage control at the Point of Connection (PoC). Data Format IBUS, 'ENRCN', I, CBUS, FBUS, ID, NWEC, STATCOM, FCU_MODE, UVRT_MODE, Prat, Imax, QMAX_EXP, QMAX_IMP, U_UVP1, U_SL_UVRT, TD_UVRT, U_OVP2, U_SL_OVRT, TD_OVRT, T_RAMP, K_PAM, K_QUM, F_OF, TD_OF, F_UF, TD_UF, KP1_FCU, KI1_FCU, TD1_FCU, KP2_FCU, TD2_FCU, QMAX_EXP_POC, QMAX_IMP_POC, QREF_OFF, TF1_FCU, TF2_FCU, U_RESET_UV, U_RESET_OV, Ts / Parameter Descriptions IBUS - Bus number, name, or generator equipment name of the machine. I - ID of the machine (may or may not be enclosed in single quotes). CBUS - PoC bus, HV bus of the farm step-up transformer FBUS - LV bus of the farm step-up transformer ID - ID of the farm step-up transformer NWEC - Number of WEC represented by the model STATCOM - 0: No STATCOM option; 1: STATCOM option FCU_MODE - 0: No remote control (FCU off) 1: Control type 1 (voltage control) 2: Control type 2 (voltage-droop control) 3: Control type 3 (reactive power control) 4: Control type 4 (power factor control) UVRT_MODE - 0: FD-Configuration 1: FT/FTQ-Configuration with ZPM 2: FT/FTQ-Configuration with PQM 3: FT/FTQ-Configuration with PAM 4: FT/FTQ-Configuration with QUM1 5: FT/FTQ-Configuration with QUM2 Prat - Rated power of one WEC, [kw] Imax - Short circuit current, [A] QMAX_EXP - Max. reactive power export, [pu of Prat] QMAX_IMP - Max. reactive power import, [pu of Prat] U_UVP1 - Threshold value for undervoltage detection, [pu] U_SL_UVRT - Threshold value for undervoltage clearance detection, [pu] TD_UVRT - Maximum UVRT time, [s] U_OVP2 - Threshold value for overvoltage detection, [pu] U_SL_OVRT - Threshold value for overvoltage clearance detection, [pu] Powertech Labs Inc. Page 99

100 TD_OVRT - Maximum OVRT time, [s] T_RAMP - ZPM: current ramp time, [s] K_PAM - PAM: reactive current factor, [-] K_QUM - QUM2: dq/du-slope, [-] F_OF - Threshold value for overfrequency detection, [Hz] TD_OF - Overfrequency protection delay time, [s] F_UF - Threshold value for underfrequency detection, [Hz] TD_UF - Underfrequency protection delay time, [s] KP1_FCU - Proportional gain 1, [-] KI1_FCU - Integral gain, [1/s] TD1_FCU - Time delay 1, [s] KP2_FCU - Proportional gain 2, [-] TD2_FCU - Time delay 2, [s] QMAX_EXP_POC - Max. reactive power export at controlled bus, [pu of NWEC*Prat] QMAX_IMP_POC - Max. reactive power import at controlled bus, [pu of NWEC*Prat] QREF_OFF - Reactive power offset, [pu of NWEC*Prat] TF1_FCU - Voltage filter time constant, [s] TF2_FCU - Power filter time constant, [s] U_RESET_UV - Lower threshold for output reset, [pu] U_RESET_OV - Upper threshold for output reset, [pu] Ts - Sampling time, default = 0.001s Data Restriction 4. The step-up transformer between FBUS and CBUS must be modelled explicitly. Furthermore, there must be only one transformer between these buses. 5. Sampling time will be internally set to 0.001s if the PTI data format is used. 6. Use the following table as a guide for load flow setup for different WEC types. Transformer Pmax Pmin MBASE Qmax Qmin WEC type Config. Rated Power [MW] [MW] [MVA] [MVAR] [MVAR] [MVA] E-44 FD, FT E-48 FD, FT E-53 FD, FT E-70 FD, FT FTQ E-82 E1/E2 FD, FT FTQ E-82 E2 FD, FT FTQ E-82 E3 FD, FT FTQ E-101 FD, FT FTQ E-126 FT FTQ Powertech Labs Inc. Page 100

101 The short-circuit reactance of all transformers is about 6%. 7. Use the following table as a guide for dynamic setup for different WEC types. WEC type Config. Prat Imax QMAX_EXP QMAX_IMP [kw] [A] [pu] [pu] E-44 FD, FT E-48 FD, FT E-53 FD, FT E-70 FD, FT FTQ E-82 E1/E2 FD, FT FTQ E-82 E2 FD, FT FTQ E-82 E3 FD, FT FTQ E-101 FD, FT FTQ E-126 FT FTQ Use the following table as a guide to monitor FCU reference values. FCU reference value Control Type TSAT Signal U ref, [pu] 1 and 2 UREF Q ref, [pu] 3 QREF PF ref 4 The initial value PFREF0 is written in the message report. QREF_FCU Q ref_fcu 9. To apply a step change to the FCU reference, create a contingency and set the value of UREFIVL, QREFIVL, or PFRIVL depending on the type of control. Example: Change UDM Block ;WTGUDM ;UREFIVL ;1 ; ; SET Change UDM Block ;WTGUDM ;QREFIVL ;1 ; ; SET Change UDM Block ;WTGUDM ;PFRIVL ;1 ; ; SET Powertech Labs Inc. Page 101

102 4 Generator Powerflow Matching and Modification Data Model Descriptions TSAT uses a special model called GPFM to either match or modify the generator rated MVA and in case of the classical generator also the stator resistance (Rsource) and transient reactance (Xsource) values specified in the power flow data. For DSATools generator models including the wind turbines, whenever the MVA parameter is entered 0 in this model, the corresponding value specified in the powerflow is used as the MVA base for the machine. For PSS/E and PSLF models, the MVA base is not specified in the dynamic model directly. In this case the MVA base specified in the powerflow is used and GPFM model provides an option for you to change the MVA base for the dynamical simulation without having to change the powerflow data. Data Format IBUS, $$GPFM, I, 1.0, 1.0, Rsource, Xsource, MVA / Notes 1. The first two parameters after the generator definition and model name are reserved for future compatibility. They should be entered as 1.0. Figure 4-1 shows a sample GPFM model dispayed in the dynamic data editor of TSAT. In addition to the parameters specified for this model, the following are also shown: The generator active and reactive power (Pgen, Qgen) from the powerflow data The matching Status for the generator between the powerflow and dynamics data: -4 : generator is in powerflow data and out-of-service, but not in dynamics data -3 : generator is in dynamics data, but not in powerflow data -2 : generator is in powerflow data and in-service, but not in dynamics data -1 : generator is netted as a load 0 : generator is matched in powerflow and dynamics, but is out-of-service 1 : generator is matched in powerflow and dynamics and is in-service Powertech Labs Inc. Page 102

103 Figure 4-1: GPFM model dialog in TSAT Dynamic Data Editor Powertech Labs Inc. Page 103