CHAPTER 7 ROLE OF ADAPTIVE MULTIRATE ON WCDMA CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "CHAPTER 7 ROLE OF ADAPTIVE MULTIRATE ON WCDMA CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT"

Transcription

1 CHAPTER 7 ROLE OF ADAPTIVE MULTIRATE ON WCDMA CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT 7.1 INTRODUCTION Originally developed to be used in GSM by the Europe Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), the AMR speech codec [TS ] was approved within the 3GPP forum in 1999 to be mandatory for circuit- and packet-switched speech in UMTS networks. An AMR speech codec adapts the error protection level to the local radio channel and traffic conditions so that it always selects the optimum channel and codec mode to deliver the best combination of speech quality and system capacity. AMR uses Multi-Rate Algebraic Code Excited Linear Prediction (MR-ACELP) scheme based on two different synthesis filters. It converts a narrowband speech signal (from 300 to 3,400Hz) to 13-bit uniform Pulse Coded Modulated (PCM) samples with 8kHz sample rate. This leads to 20 ms AMR frames consisting of 160 encoded speech samples. This means that the codec can switch mode, i.e. source bite rate, every 20ms. AMR has 8 coded modes in UMTS systems, whereas in GSM AMR uses either 6 or 8 modes. The eight source rates vary from 4.75 to 12.2kbps. It also contains a low rate encoding mode, called SIlence Descriptor (SID), which operates at 1.8kbps to produce background noise and a nontransmission mode. The AMR codec dynamically adapts its error protection level to the channel error conditions. For instance, lower speech coding bit rate and more error protection schemes are used in bad channel conditions. This principle where AMR strives to change to the best curve associated to a given AMR mode. It has been shown that the degradation on the audio quality caused by a lower speech coding rate is compensated by increased robustness with the channel coding. Note, however, that this channel robustness is more beneficial in GSM than in UMTS due to the embedded fast power control used in WCDMA systems [71]. Using a variable-rate transmission scheme also makes it possible to control the transmission power of the UE, a fact that is particularly useful when the

2 95 UE suddenly attains its maximum transmits power in CDMA, lower bit rates generally need lower transmit power and vice versa [72]. 7.2 AMR FRAME STRUCTURE AND OPERATING MODES The generic structure of the AMR frame is divided into a header, auxiliary information and core frame. The header contains the Frame Types and Frame Quality Indicator fields. The Frame Type can indicate the use of one of the eight AMR codec modes for that frame, a noise frame, or an empty frame. The Frame Quality Indicator indicates if the frame is good or bad. The auxiliary information part includes the Mode Indication, Mode Request and Codec CRC fields. The CRC field is used for the purpose of error detection calculated over all the Class A bits in the AMR Core frame. The Core frame part is used to carry the encoded bits divided into A, B and C classes. In case of a comfort noise frame, comfort noise parameters, i.e. a SID frame, replace class A bits of the core frame while class B and class C bits are omitted Classification of the encoded bits according to their sensitivity to errors AMR encoded bits are divided into three indicative classes according to their importance: A, B and C. The reason for dividing the speech bits into classes is that they can be subjected to different error protection in the network. Class A contains the bits that are most sensitive to errors and any kind of errors in these bits typically result in a corrupted speech frame which should not be decoded without applying appropriate error concealment. This class is protected by the CRC in auxiliary information field. Classes B and C contain bits where increasing error rates gradually reduce the speech quality, but the decoding of an erroneous speech frame is usually possible without a strongly perceptible quality degradation AMR operating modes The AMR can operate in 8 different modes [73] (source bit rates). It should be noted that some of these modes are equivalent to the speech codecs currently used in other mobile communication systems. For instance, the AMR 12.20kbps mode is equal to the ETSI GSM called codec EFR (Enhanced Full Rate Speech [TS 06.60]). Similarly, the AMR 7.40kbps mode is equivalent to the IS-641 codec

3 96 used in the USA standard IS-136 (US TDMA). Finally, AMR 6.7kbps mode is equivalent to the codec used in the PDC Japanese standard. Based on the fact that voice activity in a normal conversation is about 40%, all AMR modes implement a Voice Activity Detection (VAD) algorithm that detects if each 20 ms-frame contains speech or not on the transmitting side. VAD works together with the DTX or Source Controlled Rate (SCR) [TS ] techniques where RF transmission is cut during speech pauses. When the transmission is cut, comfort noise parameters are sent at a regular rate in AMR frames during discontinuous activity. These frames are known as Silence Descriptor (SID) frames. The receiver decodes these parameters and generates locally a comfort noise. Without this background noise the participants in a conversation, might think that their connection is broken during silence periods. The SCR technique for AMR in UMTS is mandatory and aims at prolonging the battery life (UE side) and reducing the interference. 7.3 DYNAMIC AMR MODE ADAPTATION The AMR mode adaptation in UMTS networks means using different AMR coding for the data stream. Mode adaptation can independently be applied in the uplink and the downlink. At any point in time, a different AMR mode can be used in each direction and this can be dynamically changed during a voice conversation Location of the AMR speech codec in UMTS networks The AMR speech codec is located in the Transcoder (TC) function defined to be in the UMTS core network and as such, logically controlled by Non-Access Stratum protocols. From the transfer point of view, this means that all AMR coded data is going to be transmitted not only via Iub and air interface but also via Iuinterfaces. Note, however, that the AMR mode control that generates the AMR mode command cannot be located in the TC, since this control entity needs information from the air interface to make a decision about valid AMR modes the AMR mode command is used to change the current AMR mode to the new one. The only element in the network which can provide this type of information is the UTRAN. Note that in GSM networks the control of the codec mode is provided by the BTS. This solution is not applicable in UTRA due to the soft-handover procedure defined for dedicated traffic channels. Therefore, the AMR mode control

4 97 function is part of the RNC, and more precisely a part of layer 3 functionality. Within the radio interface, the rate on the speech connection is either decreased or increased depending on the new valid AMR mode by changing the valid Transport Format (TF) in the corresponding MAC-d entity AMR mode adaptation in the downlink The RNC generates the AMR mode adaptation command based on existing radio conditions in the downlink as reported by the UE from radio quality measurements and from traffic volume measurements. The command is sent to the encoder inside the TC via the Iu interface. 7.4 RESOURCE ALLOCATION FOR AN AMR SPEECH CONNECTION An AMR speech connection can be initiated either by the UE or by the network. When the UE requests resources from the network, a first negotiation is made based on NAS procedures in order to configure the call connection. The CN will determine the QoS, needed which will be then indicated to the UTRAN inside the RANAP RAB ASSIGNMENT REQUEST message. Based on this request, RNC can define the requested. RAB and associated Radio Bearer(s) (RB). Depending on whether the requested AMR base speech connection supports the concept of Unequal Error Protection (UEP) or Equal Error Protection (EEP), the RNC assigns either one or three RBs (including one or three DCHs), respectively, for the user plane. In the control plane, RRC may allocate one or none signalling radio bearer according to the alternative method used to change the AMR mode. The speech codec in UMTS will employ the AMR technique. These services are initially provided through the circuit switched core network in WCDMA, but they can later be provided also through the packet switched core network. The multirate speech coder is a single integrated speech codec with eight source rates such as 12.2 (GSM-EFR), 10.2, 7.95, 7.40 (IS-641), 6.70 (PDC-EFR), 5.90, 5.15 and 4.75kbps. The AMR bit rates can be controlled by the radio access network. To facilitate interoperability with existing cellular networks, some of the modes are same as in existing cellular networks. The 12.2kbps AMR speech codec is equal to

5 98 the GSM EFR codec, 7.4kbps is equal to the US-TDMA speech codec, and 6.7kbps is equal to the Japanese PDC codec. The AMR speech codec is capable of switching its bit rate every 20 ms speech frame upon command. The bit rate of the AMR speech connection can be controlled by the radio access network depending on the air interface loading and the quality of speech connections [74]. During busy hours, it is possible to use lower AMR bit rates to offer higher capacity while providing slightly lower speech quality. Also, if the mobile is running out of the cell coverage area and using its maximum transmission power, a lower AMR bit rate can be used to extend the cell coverage area. With the AMR speech codec it is possible to achieve a trade-off between the network capacities, coverage and speech quality according to the operator s requirements. Table 7.1 Capacity Calculation parameters with AMR Parameters Values Chip rate (W) 3.84Mcps Voice Bit rate (R) 12.2,7.95,4.75kbps Video Bit rate (R) 64 kbps Voice Activity factor(υ j ) 0.58 Total interference (i) 0.55 Orthogonality factor(α) 0.9 Voice Bit energy to noise density ratio (E b /N o ) 5dB,2.7dB Video Bit energy to noise density ratio (E b /N o ) 6.5dB,4.1dB 7.5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The objective of this simulation is to analyze the utility based CAC for different services in WCDMA network with AMR for different decision decoders. The simulation model is based on downlink load factor 0.7 with 70% voice users and 30% video users. The Table 7.1 shows the Bit Error Rate to the Bit energy to noise density ratio (E b /N o ) of QPSK modulation of WCDMA network for convolution coding with soft and hard decision scheme. To maintain QoS for voice service the BER is 10-3 and the corresponding E b /N o values are 5dB and 2.7dB for convolutional code hard and soft decision scheme respectively. Similarly for video service the BER is 10-5 and the corresponding E b /N o values are 6.5dB and 4.1dB for convolution code hard and soft decision scheme respectively.

6 Voice- 12.2kbps 0.8 Downlink Load Factor Number of Users Figure 7.1a Number of users with AMR CC- Hard Decision Voice- 7.95kbps 0.8 Downlink Load Factor Number of Users Figure 7.1b Number of users with AMR CC- Hard Decision

7 Voice- 4.75kbps 0.8 Downlink Load Factor Number of Users Figure 7.1c Number of users with AMR CC- Hard Decision Figure 7.1a, b, c shows the capacity of WCDMA network for voice service with AMR of 12.2kbps, 7.95kbps, and 4.75kbps respectively for convolutional code hard decision (CCHD) decoder scheme. The number of voice users for load factor 0.7 of different AMR data rates and offered load for network capacity is given in Table 7.2. Table 7.2 Number of voice users and offered with AMR CCHD Data Rate Number of Users Offered load 12.2kbps Erlangs 7.95kbps Erlangs 4.75kbps Erlangs

8 Voice- 12.2kbps 0.8 Downlink Load Factor Number of Users Figure 7.2a Number of users with AMR CC- Soft Decision Voice- 7.95kbps 0.8 Downlink Load Factor Number of Users Figure 7.2b Number of users with AMR CC- Soft Decision

9 Voice- 4.75kbps 0.8 Downlink Load Factor Figure 7.2c Number of users with AMR CC- Soft Decision Figure 7.2a, b, c shows the capacity of WCDMA network for voice service with AMR of 12.2kbps, 7.95kbps, and 4.75kbps respectively for convolutional code soft decision (CCSD) decoder scheme. The number of voice users for load factor 0.7 of different AMR data rates and offered load for network capacity is given in Table Number of Users Table 7.3 Number of voice users and offered load with AMR CCSD Data Rate Number of Users Offered load 12.2kbps Erlangs 7.95kbps Erlangs 4.75kbps Erlangs

10 103 Figure 7.3 Blocked video users for CCHD with AMR 7.95kbps Figure 7.4 Blocked video users for CCHD with AMR 4.75kbps

11 104 Figure 7.3 and 7.4 explains the percentage of blocked users for the service utility combination of 30% video users and 70% voice users. The load factor for video user is 0.21 and for voice user is At particular instant if the number of user is 100, the percentage of blocked video user is 86% without the utility function and 77% with utility function. The utility based CAC scheme reduces 9% of blocked video users by means providing resources from the unutilized voice service. Figure.7.5 and 7.6 explains the percentage of blocked users for the service utility combination of 30% video users and 70% voice users. The load factor for video user is 0.21 and for voice user is At particular instant if the number of user is 100, the percentage of blocked video user is 75% without the utility function and 60% with utility function. The utility based CAC scheme reduces 15% of blocked video users by means providing resources from the unutilized voice service. Figure 7.5 Blocked video users for CCSD with AMR 7.95kbps

12 105 Figure 7.6 Blocked video users for CCSD with AMR 4.75kbps 7.6 SUMMARY The performance of WCDMA network for different services such as voice 4.75kbps, 7.95kbps and 12.2kbps and Video 64kbps are calculated for the downlink load factor value of 0.7. The quality of service for voice and video users are maintain by selecting appropriate value of BER for convolutional code with soft and hard decision scheme. The number of users admitted is evaluated for convolutional code with soft and hard decision scheme for the same load factor. The network capacity enhanced with convolutional code with soft decision scheme as well as the utility based CAC scheme.

ARIB STD-T V Mandatory speech codec; AMR speech codec; Interface to lu and Uu (Release 1999)

ARIB STD-T V Mandatory speech codec; AMR speech codec; Interface to lu and Uu (Release 1999) ARIB STD-T63-26.102 V3.4.0 Mandatory speech codec; AMR speech codec; Interface to lu and Uu (Release 1999) Refer to "Industrial Property Rights (IPR)" in the preface of ARIB STD-T63 for Related Industrial

More information

3GPP TS V5.0.0 ( )

3GPP TS V5.0.0 ( ) TS 26.171 V5.0.0 (2001-03) Technical Specification 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; Speech Codec speech processing functions; AMR Wideband

More information

CS 6956 Wireless & Mobile Networks April 1 st 2015

CS 6956 Wireless & Mobile Networks April 1 st 2015 CS 6956 Wireless & Mobile Networks April 1 st 2015 The SIM Card Certain phones contain SIM lock and thus work only with the SIM card of a certain operator. However, this is not a GSM restriction introduced

More information

TELE4652 Mobile and Satellite Communications

TELE4652 Mobile and Satellite Communications Mobile and Satellite Communications Lecture 12 UMTS W-CDMA UMTS W-CDMA The 3G global cellular standard set to supersede GSM Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) Slow on the uptake by mid-2008

More information

Transcoding free voice transmission in GSM and UMTS networks

Transcoding free voice transmission in GSM and UMTS networks Transcoding free voice transmission in GSM and UMTS networks Sara Stančin, Grega Jakus, Sašo Tomažič University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering Abstract - Transcoding refers to the conversion

More information

Contents. UMTS Radio Access Network (UTRAN) UTRAN Architecture. Refresher: Some concepts. UTRAN Bearer Architecture.

Contents. UMTS Radio Access Network (UTRAN) UTRAN Architecture. Refresher: Some concepts. UTRAN Bearer Architecture. Contents UMTS Radio Access Network (UTRAN) T-110.498 UMTS Networks Chapter 4 Päivi Savola 4.2.2003 UTRAN Architecture Base Station Radio Network Controller Radio Resource Management, QoS Control Functions

More information

CDMA & WCDMA (UMTS) AIR INTERFACE. ECE 2526-WIRELESS & CELLULAR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Monday, June 25, 2018

CDMA & WCDMA (UMTS) AIR INTERFACE. ECE 2526-WIRELESS & CELLULAR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Monday, June 25, 2018 CDMA & WCDMA (UMTS) AIR INTERFACE ECE 2526-WIRELESS & CELLULAR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Monday, June 25, 2018 SPREAD SPECTRUM OPTIONS (1) Fast Frequency Hopping (FFSH) Advantages: Has higher anti-jamming

More information

EUROPEAN pr ETS TELECOMMUNICATION November 1996 STANDARD

EUROPEAN pr ETS TELECOMMUNICATION November 1996 STANDARD FINAL DRAFT EUROPEAN pr ETS 300 723 TELECOMMUNICATION November 1996 STANDARD Source: ETSI TC-SMG Reference: DE/SMG-020651 ICS: 33.060.50 Key words: EFR, digital cellular telecommunications system, Global

More information

ETSI TS V ( )

ETSI TS V ( ) TS 126 171 V14.0.0 (2017-04) TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+) (GSM); Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Speech codec speech processing

More information

ETSI SMG#24 TDoc SMG 903 / 97. December 15-19, 1997 Source: SMG2. Concept Group Alpha - Wideband Direct-Sequence CDMA: System Description Summary

ETSI SMG#24 TDoc SMG 903 / 97. December 15-19, 1997 Source: SMG2. Concept Group Alpha - Wideband Direct-Sequence CDMA: System Description Summary ETSI SMG#24 TDoc SMG 903 / 97 Madrid, Spain Agenda item 4.1: UTRA December 15-19, 1997 Source: SMG2 Concept Group Alpha - Wideband Direct-Sequence CDMA: System Description Summary Concept Group Alpha -

More information

Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects Meeting #7, Madrid, Spain, March 15-17, 2000 Agenda Item: 5.4.3

Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects Meeting #7, Madrid, Spain, March 15-17, 2000 Agenda Item: 5.4.3 TSGS#7(00)0028 Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects Meeting #7, Madrid, Spain, March 15-17, 2000 Agenda Item: 5.4.3 Source: TSG-S4 Title: AMR Wideband Permanent project document WB-4:

More information

ETSI TS V8.0.0 ( ) Technical Specification

ETSI TS V8.0.0 ( ) Technical Specification Technical Specification Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) speech processing functions; General description () GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS R 1 Reference

More information

ETSI EN V7.0.2 ( )

ETSI EN V7.0.2 ( ) EN 301 703 V7.0.2 (1999-12) European Standard (Telecommunications series) Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR); Speech processing functions; General description

More information

UTRAN Radio Resource Management

UTRAN Radio Resource Management UTRAN Radio Resource Management BTS 3 Introduction Handover Control Soft/Softer Handover Inter Frequency Handover Power Control UE BTS 2 Closed Loop Power Control Open Loop Power Control Interference Management

More information

BASIC CONCEPTS OF HSPA

BASIC CONCEPTS OF HSPA 284 23-3087 Uen Rev A BASIC CONCEPTS OF HSPA February 2007 White Paper HSPA is a vital part of WCDMA evolution and provides improved end-user experience as well as cost-efficient mobile/wireless broadband.

More information

Mobile and Broadband Access Networks Lab session OPNET: UMTS - Part 2 Background information

Mobile and Broadband Access Networks Lab session OPNET: UMTS - Part 2 Background information Mobile and Broadband Access Networks Lab session OPNET: UMTS - Part 2 Background information Abram Schoutteet, Bart Slock 1 UMTS Practicum CASE 2: Soft Handover Gain 1.1 Background The macro diversity

More information

UTRAN Radio Resource Management

UTRAN Radio Resource Management UTRAN Radio Resource Management BTS 3 BTS 1 UE BTS 2 Introduction Handover Control Soft/Softer Handover Inter Frequency Handover Power Control Closed Loop Power Control Open Loop Power Control Interference

More information

Background: Cellular network technology

Background: Cellular network technology Background: Cellular network technology Overview 1G: Analog voice (no global standard ) 2G: Digital voice (again GSM vs. CDMA) 3G: Digital voice and data Again... UMTS (WCDMA) vs. CDMA2000 (both CDMA-based)

More information

Universal Mobile Telecommunication System Handover Signalling Messages Performance

Universal Mobile Telecommunication System Handover Signalling Messages Performance TECHNOLOGY HORIZONS JOURNAL Vol. 2 (1), 10 Feb 2018, pp. 12-18 Received: 15 October 17 Accepted: 10 December 17 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System Handover Signalling Messages Performance Hamza

More information

3GPP TS V8.0.0 ( )

3GPP TS V8.0.0 ( ) TS 46.081 V8.0.0 (2008-12) Technical Specification 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) for Enhanced Full Rate

More information

References. What is UMTS? UMTS Architecture

References. What is UMTS? UMTS Architecture 1 References 2 Material Related to LTE comes from 3GPP LTE: System Overview, Product Development and Test Challenges, Agilent Technologies Application Note, 2008. IEEE Communications Magazine, February

More information

Cellular Network Planning and Optimization Part VI: WCDMA Basics. Jyri Hämäläinen, Communications and Networking Department, TKK, 24.1.

Cellular Network Planning and Optimization Part VI: WCDMA Basics. Jyri Hämäläinen, Communications and Networking Department, TKK, 24.1. Cellular Network Planning and Optimization Part VI: WCDMA Basics Jyri Hämäläinen, Communications and Networking Department, TKK, 24.1.2008 Outline Network elements Physical layer Radio resource management

More information

TELE4652 Mobile and Satellite Communication Systems

TELE4652 Mobile and Satellite Communication Systems TELE4652 Mobile and Satellite Communication Systems Lecture 10 IS-95 CDMA A second generation cellular standard, based on CDMA technology, was proposed by Qualcomm in the early 1990s. It was standardised

More information

Content. WCDMA BASICS HSDPA In general HSUPA

Content. WCDMA BASICS HSDPA In general HSUPA HSPA essentials Content WCDMA BASICS HSDPA In general HSUPA WCDMA Network Architecture USIM card Affected elements for HSPA GSM/WCDMA mobile Uu GSM/WCDMA mobile WCDMA mobile Uu Uu BTS BTS RAN Iub Iub RNC

More information

3GPP TS V6.2.0 ( )

3GPP TS V6.2.0 ( ) TS 26.103 V6.2.0 (2006-03) Technical Specification 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; Speech codec list for GSM and UMTS; (Release 6) GLOBAL

More information

Vocoder RNS RNC. Node B. Node B UE2. Figure 1. Synchronisation issues model.

Vocoder RNS RNC. Node B. Node B UE2. Figure 1. Synchronisation issues model. TSG-RAN Working Group 2 (Radio layer 2 and Radio layer 3) TSGR2#2(99) 90 Stockholm 8 th to 11 th March 1999 Agenda Item: 8.7 Source: Title: Nokia UTRAN Synchronisation Document for: FYI [This contribution

More information

ETSI SMG#24 TDoc SMG2 898 / 97 Madrid, Spain December 15-19, 1997 Source: SMG2. Concept Group Delta WB-TDMA/CDMA: Evaluation Summary

ETSI SMG#24 TDoc SMG2 898 / 97 Madrid, Spain December 15-19, 1997 Source: SMG2. Concept Group Delta WB-TDMA/CDMA: Evaluation Summary ETSI SMG#24 TDoc SMG2 898 / 97 Madrid, Spain December 15-19, 1997 Source: SMG2 Concept Group Delta WB-TDMA/CDMA: Evaluation Summary Introduction In the procedure to define the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access

More information

Evolving WCDMA. Services and system overview. Tomas Hedberg and Stefan Parkvall

Evolving WCDMA. Services and system overview. Tomas Hedberg and Stefan Parkvall Evolving WCDMA Tomas Hedberg and Stefan Parkvall WCDMA is rapidly emerging as the leading global third-generation (IMT- 2000) standard, providing simultaneous support for a wide range of services with

More information

UTRAN Radio Resource Management

UTRAN Radio Resource Management UTRAN Radio Resource Management BTS 3 BTS 1 UE BTS 2 Introduction Handover Control Soft/Softer Handover Inter Frequency Handover Power Control Closed Loop Power Control Open Loop Power Control Interference

More information

An Enhanced Radio Resource Allocation Approach for Efficient MBMS Service Provision in UTRAN

An Enhanced Radio Resource Allocation Approach for Efficient MBMS Service Provision in UTRAN An Enhanced Radio Resource Allocation Approach for Efficient MBMS Service Provision in UTRAN Christophoros Christophorou, Andreas Pitsillides, Vasos Vassiliou Computer Science Department University of

More information

CHAPTER 2 WCDMA NETWORK

CHAPTER 2 WCDMA NETWORK CHAPTER 2 WCDMA NETWORK 2.1 INTRODUCTION WCDMA is a third generation mobile communication system that uses CDMA technology over a wide frequency band to provide high-speed multimedia and efficient voice

More information

ETSI TS V5.1.0 ( )

ETSI TS V5.1.0 ( ) TS 126 103 V5.1.0 (2002-03) Technical Specification Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); Speech Codec List for GSM and UMTS (3GPP TS 26.103 version 5.1.0 Release 5) 1 TS 126 103 V5.1.0 (2002-03)

More information

ECE 476/ECE 501C/CS Wireless Communication Systems Winter Lecture 9: Multiple Access, GSM, and IS-95

ECE 476/ECE 501C/CS Wireless Communication Systems Winter Lecture 9: Multiple Access, GSM, and IS-95 ECE 476/ECE 501C/CS 513 - Wireless Communication Systems Winter 2003 Lecture 9: Multiple Access, GSM, and IS-95 Outline: Two other important issues related to multiple access space division with smart

More information

Md. Firoz Hossain Abu Shadat Mohammad Sohab

Md. Firoz Hossain Abu Shadat Mohammad Sohab Mathematical Modelling of Call Admission Control in WCDMA Network Md. Firoz Hossain Abu Shadat Mohammad Sohab This thesis is presented as part of Degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering With

More information

Multiplexing Module W.tra.2

Multiplexing Module W.tra.2 Multiplexing Module W.tra.2 Dr.M.Y.Wu@CSE Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai, China Dr.W.Shu@ECE University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM, USA 1 Multiplexing W.tra.2-2 Multiplexing shared medium at

More information

Radio Network Controller for HSDPA. Abstract

Radio Network Controller for HSDPA. Abstract HSDPA Radio Network Controller for HSDPA HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessW-CDMA 14.4 Mbps RNCHSDPA HSDPA Abstract High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) technology provides a maximum data transfer

More information

A NEW EFFICIENT HANDOVER ALGORITHM FOR MBMS ENABLED 3G MOBILE CELLULAR NETWORKS UNIVERSITY OF CYPRUS

A NEW EFFICIENT HANDOVER ALGORITHM FOR MBMS ENABLED 3G MOBILE CELLULAR NETWORKS UNIVERSITY OF CYPRUS Master s Thesis A NEW EFFICIENT HANDOVER ALGORITHM FOR MBMS ENABLED 3G MOBILE CELLULAR NETWORKS Christopher Christophorou UNIVERSITY OF CYPRUS DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE December 2005 UNIVERSITY OF

More information

3G TS V3.0.0 ( )

3G TS V3.0.0 ( ) Technical Specification 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (); Technical Specification Group (TSG) Terminals Terminal logical test interface; Special conformance testing functions () The present document

More information

Voice over IP Realized for the 3GPP Long Term Evolution

Voice over IP Realized for the 3GPP Long Term Evolution Voice over IP Realized for the 3GPP Long Term Evolution Fredrik Persson Ericsson Research Ericsson AB, SE-164 80 Stockholm, Sweden fredrik.f.persson@ericsson.com Abstract The paper outlines voice over

More information

RFCD 202: Introduction to W-CDMA

RFCD 202: Introduction to W-CDMA RFCD 202: Introduction to W-CDMA Technical data is subject to change Copyright@2003 Agilent Technologies Printed on Dec. 4, 2002 5988-8504ENA This paper examines the core concepts of one operating mode

More information

LTE systems: overview

LTE systems: overview LTE systems: overview Luca Reggiani LTE overview 1 Outline 1. Standard status 2. Signal structure 3. Signal generation 4. Physical layer procedures 5. System architecture 6. References LTE overview 2 Standard

More information

ETSI TS V ( )

ETSI TS V ( ) TS 125 306 V5.10.0 (2005-03) Technical Specification Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); UE Radio Access capabilities definition (3GPP TS 25.306 version 5.10.0 Release 5) 1 TS 125 306 V5.10.0

More information

Wireless Medium Access Control and CDMA-based Communication Lesson 14 CDMA2000

Wireless Medium Access Control and CDMA-based Communication Lesson 14 CDMA2000 Wireless Medium Access Control and CDMA-based Communication Lesson 14 CDMA2000 1 CDMA2000 400 MHz, 800 MHz, 900 MHz, 1700 MHz, 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz, and 2100 MHz Compatible with the cdmaone standard A set

More information

Lecture overview. UMTS concept UTRA FDD TDD

Lecture overview. UMTS concept UTRA FDD TDD Lecture overview 3G UMTS concept UTRA FDD TDD 3 rd Generation of Mobile Systems Goal to create a global system enabling global roaming International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT-2000) requirements: Throughput

More information

1. Introduction to WCDMA. 1.1 Summary of the Main Parameters in WCDMA 1.2 Power Control 1.3 Softer and Soft Handovers

1. Introduction to WCDMA. 1.1 Summary of the Main Parameters in WCDMA 1.2 Power Control 1.3 Softer and Soft Handovers UMTS WCDMA / HSPA 1. Introduction to WCDMA 1.1 Summary of the Main Parameters in WCDMA 1.2 Power Control 1.3 Softer and Soft Handovers IMT-2000 International Mobile Telecommunications 3G Frequency Allocation

More information

EUROPEAN pr ETS TELECOMMUNICATION August 1995 STANDARD

EUROPEAN pr ETS TELECOMMUNICATION August 1995 STANDARD FINAL DRAFT EUROPEAN pr ETS 300 581-5 TELECOMMUNICATION August 1995 STANDARD Source: ETSI TC-SMG Reference: DE/SMG-020641 ICS: 33.060.50 Key words: European digital cellular telecommunications system,

More information

Requirements for GPRS Evolution Towards Providing Third Generation Services

Requirements for GPRS Evolution Towards Providing Third Generation Services Requirements for GPRS Evolution Towards Providing Third Generation Services Håkan Olofsson Ericsson Radio Systems AB Outline GPRS Background GPRS Role in Future Communications Higher bit rates: EGPRS Improved

More information

TD SMG-P Draft EN 300 XXX V2.0.0 ( )

TD SMG-P Draft EN 300 XXX V2.0.0 ( ) TD SMG-P-99-131 European Standard (Telecommunications series) Digital cellular telecommunication system (Phase 2+); Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) for Adaptive Multi-Rate speech traffic channels (GSM

More information

ETSI TS V4.2.0 ( )

ETSI TS V4.2.0 ( ) TS 125 401 V4.2.0 (2001-09) Technical Specification Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); UTRAN Overall Description (3GPP TS 25.401 version 4.2.0 Release 4) 1 TS 125 401 V4.2.0 (2001-09) Reference

More information

HSPA & HSPA+ Introduction

HSPA & HSPA+ Introduction HSPA & HSPA+ Introduction www.huawei.com Objectives Upon completion of this course, you will be able to: Understand the basic principle and features of HSPA and HSPA+ Page1 Contents 1. HSPA & HSPA+ Overview

More information

ETSI TS V9.4.0 ( ) Technical Specification

ETSI TS V9.4.0 ( ) Technical Specification TS 145 008 V9.4.0 (2010-10) Technical Specification Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Radio subsystem link control (3GPP TS 45.008 version 9.4.0 Release 9) GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE

More information

Mobile Communication Systems. Part 7- Multiplexing

Mobile Communication Systems. Part 7- Multiplexing Mobile Communication Systems Part 7- Multiplexing Professor Z Ghassemlooy Faculty of Engineering and Environment University of Northumbria U.K. http://soe.ac.uk/ocr Contents Multiple Access Multiplexing

More information

ETSI EN V7.2.1 ( )

ETSI EN V7.2.1 ( ) European Standard (Telecommunications series) Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) for Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) speech traffic channels GLOBAL SYSTEM

More information

Public Interfaces. January 2006

Public Interfaces. January 2006 Public Interfaces January 2006 1 INTRODUCTION This publication does not include interfaces within the BASE network. For clarity purposes cross reference of appropriate international standards is applied

More information

IMT-2000 members UTRA-TDD and UTRA-FDD

IMT-2000 members UTRA-TDD and UTRA-FDD IMT-2000 members UTRA-TDD and UTRA-FDD Dr. Christian Menzel, SIEMENS AG christian.menzel@icn.siemens.de Author Siemens AG, Munich Siemens AG 2000 IMT-2000_UTRA_TDD_FDD_1 UTRA (FDD + TDD)! IMT-2000 and

More information

EUROPEAN ETS TELECOMMUNICATION April 2000 STANDARD

EUROPEAN ETS TELECOMMUNICATION April 2000 STANDARD EUROPEAN ETS 300 729 TELECOMMUNICATION April 2000 STANDARD Second Edition Source: SMG Reference: RE/SMG-020681R1 ICS: 33.020 Key words: Digital cellular telecommunications system, Global System for Mobile

More information

ETSI EN V8.0.1 ( )

ETSI EN V8.0.1 ( ) EN 300 729 V8.0.1 (2000-11) European Standard (Telecommunications series) Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) for Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) speech traffic

More information

Abstract. Marío A. Bedoya-Martinez. He joined Fujitsu Europe Telecom R&D Centre (UK), where he has been working on R&D of Second-and

Abstract. Marío A. Bedoya-Martinez. He joined Fujitsu Europe Telecom R&D Centre (UK), where he has been working on R&D of Second-and Abstract The adaptive antenna array is one of the advanced techniques which could be implemented in the IMT-2 mobile telecommunications systems to achieve high system capacity. In this paper, an integrated

More information

Lauri Pirttiaho, NMP/Oulu

Lauri Pirttiaho, NMP/Oulu Contents: General about radio communications systems 3GPP WCDMA L1, the physical layer structure Transmitting and receiving Channels Codings Procedures Not included: Lauri Pirttiaho, NMP/Oulu diversity

More information

RADIO LINK ASPECT OF GSM

RADIO LINK ASPECT OF GSM RADIO LINK ASPECT OF GSM The GSM spectral allocation is 25 MHz for base transmission (935 960 MHz) and 25 MHz for mobile transmission With each 200 KHz bandwidth, total number of channel provided is 125

More information

Wireless WANS and MANS. Chapter 3

Wireless WANS and MANS. Chapter 3 Wireless WANS and MANS Chapter 3 Cellular Network Concept Use multiple low-power transmitters (100 W or less) Areas divided into cells Each served by its own antenna Served by base station consisting of

More information

University of Würzburg Institute of Computer Science Research Report Series. Diversity Effects on the Soft Handover Gain in UMTS networks

University of Würzburg Institute of Computer Science Research Report Series. Diversity Effects on the Soft Handover Gain in UMTS networks University of Würzburg Institute of Computer Science Research Report Series Diversity Effects on the Soft Handover Gain in UMTS networks Klaus Heck, Dirk Staehle, and Kenji Leibnitz Report No. 295 April

More information

IMT IMT-2000 stands for IMT: International Mobile Communications 2000: the frequency range of 2000 MHz and the year 2000

IMT IMT-2000 stands for IMT: International Mobile Communications 2000: the frequency range of 2000 MHz and the year 2000 IMT-2000 IMT-2000 stands for IMT: International Mobile Communications 2000: the frequency range of 2000 MHz and the year 2000 In total, 17 proposals for different IMT-2000 standards were submitted by regional

More information

High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) HSDPA Background & Basics Principles: Adaptive Modulation, Coding, HARQ Channels/ UTRAN Architecture Resource Management: Fast Scheduling, Mobility Performance

More information

3GPP TS V8.0.0 ( )

3GPP TS V8.0.0 ( ) TS 46.031 V8.0.0 (2008-12) Technical Specification 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; Full rate speech; Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) for

More information

3GPP TS V8.0.0 ( )

3GPP TS V8.0.0 ( ) Technical Specification 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; Half rate speech; Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) for half rate speech traffic channels

More information

3G Technologies. Outline. WCDMA, TD-(S)CDMA and cdma2000 Janne Kurjenniemi. Background. 3G technologies WCDMA TD-(S)CDMA. cdma2000

3G Technologies. Outline. WCDMA, TD-(S)CDMA and cdma2000 Janne Kurjenniemi. Background. 3G technologies WCDMA TD-(S)CDMA. cdma2000 3G Technologies WCDMA, TD-(S)CDMA and cdma2000 Janne Kurjenniemi 1 Magister Solutions 2006-11-02 / JKu Outline Background Why new radio access Frequency allocation Spread spectrum 3G technologies WCDMA

More information

IJPSS Volume 2, Issue 9 ISSN:

IJPSS Volume 2, Issue 9 ISSN: INVESTIGATION OF HANDOVER IN WCDMA Kuldeep Sharma* Gagandeep** Virender Mehla** _ ABSTRACT Third generation wireless system is based on the WCDMA access technique. In this technique, all users share the

More information

Chapter 5 3G Wireless Systems. Mrs.M.R.Kuveskar.

Chapter 5 3G Wireless Systems. Mrs.M.R.Kuveskar. Chapter 5 3G Wireless Systems Mrs.M.R.Kuveskar. Upgrade paths for 2G Technologies 2G IS-95 GSM- IS-136 & PDC 2.5G IS-95B HSCSD GPRS EDGE Cdma2000-1xRTT W-CDMA 3G Cdma2000-1xEV,DV,DO EDGE Cdma2000-3xRTT

More information

UMTS Radio Access Network Physical Layer. Fabrizio Tomatis

UMTS Radio Access Network Physical Layer. Fabrizio Tomatis UMTS Radio Access Network Physical Layer Fabrizio Tomatis Agenda 3G Standardization process 3GPP standardization committee ITU and frequency planning Physical layer principles Mapping of transport channels

More information

Agilent Designing and Testing 3GPP W-CDMA Base Transceiver Stations

Agilent Designing and Testing 3GPP W-CDMA Base Transceiver Stations Agilent Designing and Testing 3GPP W-CDMA Base Transceiver Stations Application Note 1355 DTCH data bits DCCH data bits Add CRC & tail bits Add CRC & tail bits Conv. coder Conv. coder Rate matching Rate

More information

Introduction to WCDMA and WCDMA Dimensioning for UMTS

Introduction to WCDMA and WCDMA Dimensioning for UMTS Introduction to WCDMA and WCDMA Dimensioning for UMTS 1 internet Third generation services 2M 384K video conference video conference remote medical service video catalogue shopping video on demand mobile

More information

Enhanced Uplink Dedicated Channel (EDCH) High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)

Enhanced Uplink Dedicated Channel (EDCH) High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) Enhanced Uplink Dedicated Channel (EDCH) High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) EDCH Background & Basics Channels/ UTRAN Architecture Resource Management: Scheduling, Handover Performance Results Background

More information

Code Planning of 3G UMTS Mobile Networks Using ATOLL Planning Tool

Code Planning of 3G UMTS Mobile Networks Using ATOLL Planning Tool Code Planning of 3G UMTS Mobile Networks Using ATOLL Planning Tool A. Benjamin Paul, Sk.M.Subani, M.Tech in Bapatla Engg. College, Assistant Professor in Bapatla Engg. College, Abstract This paper involves

More information

LTE Aida Botonjić. Aida Botonjić Tieto 1

LTE Aida Botonjić. Aida Botonjić Tieto 1 LTE Aida Botonjić Aida Botonjić Tieto 1 Why LTE? Applications: Interactive gaming DVD quality video Data download/upload Targets: High data rates at high speed Low latency Packet optimized radio access

More information

QOS SUPPORT IN UMTS NETWORKS USING RATE MATCHING ATTRIBUTES

QOS SUPPORT IN UMTS NETWORKS USING RATE MATCHING ATTRIBUTES QOS SUPPORT IN UMTS NETWORKS USING RATE MATCHING ATTRIBUTES T V Prabhakar, Joy Kuri, Vinay S CEDT, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore - 56002, INDIA tvprabs, kuri, svinay @cedt.iisc.ernet.in Shameem

More information

ETSI TS V6.1.0 ( )

ETSI TS V6.1.0 ( ) TS 134 109 V6.1.0 (2005-06) Technical Specification Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); Terminal logical test interface; Special conformance testing functions (3GPP TS 34.109 version 6.1.0

More information

Question Points Score Total 100

Question Points Score Total 100 THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE CSIS 7304 The Wireless Internet and Mobile Computing (Midterm Examination) Date: July, 006 Time: 7:00pm 9:00pm Question

More information

ETSI TS V ( )

ETSI TS V ( ) TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+) (GSM); GSM/EDGE Radio subsystem link control () GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS R 1 Reference RTS/TSGR-0645008vb70

More information

An objective method for evaluating data hiding in pitch gain and pitch delay parameters of the AMR codec

An objective method for evaluating data hiding in pitch gain and pitch delay parameters of the AMR codec An objective method for evaluating data hiding in pitch gain and pitch delay parameters of the AMR codec Akira Nishimura 1 1 Department of Media and Cultural Studies, Tokyo University of Information Sciences,

More information

CDMA Principle and Measurement

CDMA Principle and Measurement CDMA Principle and Measurement Concepts of CDMA CDMA Key Technologies CDMA Air Interface CDMA Measurement Basic Agilent Restricted Page 1 Cellular Access Methods Power Time Power Time FDMA Frequency Power

More information

Final draft ETSI EN V1.2.0 ( )

Final draft ETSI EN V1.2.0 ( ) Final draft EN 300 395-1 V1.2.0 (2004-09) European Standard (Telecommunications series) Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA); Speech codec for full-rate traffic channel; Part 1: General description of speech

More information

SOURCE CONTROLLED CHANNEL DECODING FOR GSM-AMR SPEECH TRANSMISSION WITH VOICE ACTIVITY DETECTION (VAD) C. Murali Mohan R. Aravind

SOURCE CONTROLLED CHANNEL DECODING FOR GSM-AMR SPEECH TRANSMISSION WITH VOICE ACTIVITY DETECTION (VAD) C. Murali Mohan R. Aravind SOURCE CONTROLLED CHANNEL DECODING FOR GSM-AMR SPEECH TRANSMISSION WITH VOICE ACTIVITY DETECTION (D C. Murali Mohan R. Aravind Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Madras

More information

WCDMA / UMTS. Principle of Spectrum Spreading. Frequency used

WCDMA / UMTS. Principle of Spectrum Spreading. Frequency used WCDMA / UMTS UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) is a new mobile standard. We talk about the third generation of telephony or 3G. Purists prefer the term W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple

More information

SYSTEM LEVEL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR HSUPA USER EQUIPMENT

SYSTEM LEVEL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR HSUPA USER EQUIPMENT SYSTEM LEVEL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR HSUPA USER EQUIPMENT Moritz Harteneck UbiNetics Test Solutions An Aeroflex Company Cambridge Technology Center, Royston, Herts, SG8 6DP, United Kingdom email: moritz.harteneck@aeroflex.com

More information

WCDMA System Overview

WCDMA System Overview Wireless Information Transmission System Lab. WCDMA System Overview Institute of Communications Engineering National Sun Yat-sen University Table of Contents Background and Standardization of WCDMA WCDMA

More information

Technical Aspects of LTE Part I: OFDM

Technical Aspects of LTE Part I: OFDM Technical Aspects of LTE Part I: OFDM By Mohammad Movahhedian, Ph.D., MIET, MIEEE m.movahhedian@mci.ir ITU regional workshop on Long-Term Evolution 9-11 Dec. 2013 Outline Motivation for LTE LTE Network

More information

EUROPEAN pr ETS TELECOMMUNICATION March 1996 STANDARD

EUROPEAN pr ETS TELECOMMUNICATION March 1996 STANDARD DRAFT EUROPEAN pr ETS 300 729 TELECOMMUNICATION March 1996 STANDARD Source: ETSI TC-SMG Reference: DE/SMG-020681 ICS: 33.060.50 Key words: EFR, DTX, digital cellular telecommunications system, Global System

More information

Section A : example questions

Section A : example questions 2G1723 GSM Network and Services The exam will consist of two sections: section A (20p) and section B (8p). Section A consist of 20 multiple-choice questions (1p each), where exactly one answer is correct.

More information

Mobilné systémy 3. generácie UMTS

Mobilné systémy 3. generácie UMTS Mobilné systémy 3. generácie UMTS Ing. Matúš Turcsány, PhD. turcsany@ktl.elf.stuba.sk KTL FEI STU 2009 Prehľad prednášok UMTS HSDPA, EUL HSPA evolution LTE LTE-Advanced Nasadené technológie GSM worldwide

More information

Link Adaptation in Mobile Communication Networks

Link Adaptation in Mobile Communication Networks Link Adaptation in Mobile Communication Networks Assoc. prof. Vladimír Wieser, PhD. Department of Telecommunication and Multimedia University of Zilina (vladimir.wieser@fel.uniza.sk) Department of Telecommunications

More information

3GPP TR V ( )

3GPP TR V ( ) TR 25.702 V12.1.0 (2013-12) Technical Report 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Study on Dedicated Channel (DCH) enhancements for UMTS (Release 12)

More information

CDMA - QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

CDMA - QUESTIONS & ANSWERS CDMA - QUESTIONS & ANSWERS http://www.tutorialspoint.com/cdma/questions_and_answers.htm Copyright tutorialspoint.com 1. What is CDMA? CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access. It is a wireless technology

More information

Lesson 8 Speech coding

Lesson 8 Speech coding Lesson 8 coding Encoding Information Transmitter Antenna Interleaving Among Frames De-Interleaving Antenna Transmission Line Decoding Transmission Line Receiver Information Lesson 8 Outline How information

More information

Part 7. B3G and 4G Systems

Part 7. B3G and 4G Systems Part 7. B3G and 4G Systems p. 1 Roadmap HSDPA HSUPA HSPA+ LTE AIE IMT-Advanced (4G) p. 2 HSPA Standardization 3GPP Rel'99: does not manage the radio spectrum efficiently when dealing with bursty traffic

More information

Issue: TC-WRAN12.0- UAE DC-V Huawei Test Cases Description DC-HSDPA. Website:

Issue: TC-WRAN12.0- UAE DC-V Huawei Test Cases Description DC-HSDPA. Website: Issue: TC-WRAN12.0- UAE DC-V1.0-20100427 Total 10 pages Huawei Test Cases Description Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Website: http://support.huawei.com Address: Bantian, Longgang District,

More information

Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) Over VoIP and Wireless Networks

Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) Over VoIP and Wireless Networks Final Report of the UGC Sponsored Major Research Project on Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) Over VoIP and Wireless Networks UGC Sanction Letter: 41-600/2012 (SR) Dated 18th July 2012 by Prof.P.Laxminarayana

More information

Long Term Evolution (LTE)

Long Term Evolution (LTE) 1 Lecture 13 LTE 2 Long Term Evolution (LTE) Material Related to LTE comes from 3GPP LTE: System Overview, Product Development and Test Challenges, Agilent Technologies Application Note, 2008. IEEE Communications

More information

Access Methods and Spectral Efficiency

Access Methods and Spectral Efficiency Access Methods and Spectral Efficiency Yousef Dama An-Najah National University Mobile Communications Access methods SDMA/FDMA/TDMA SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access) segment space into sectors, use

More information

S Cellular Radio Network Planning and Optimization. Exercise Set 2. Solutions

S Cellular Radio Network Planning and Optimization. Exercise Set 2. Solutions S-72.3275 Cellular Radio Network Planning and Optimization Exercise Set 2 Solutions Handover 1 1. What is meant by Hard Handover, Soft Handover and Softer Handover? Hard: like in GSM, no multiple simultaneous

More information