EDWARD HUGHES ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY / 1. Revised by John Hiley, Keith Brown and Ian McKenzie Smith

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "EDWARD HUGHES ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY / 1. Revised by John Hiley, Keith Brown and Ian McKenzie Smith"

Edwin Wood
5 years ago
Views:

1 / 1 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY EDWARD HUGHES Revised by John Hiley, Keith Brown and Ian McKenzie Smith Hariow, England London New York Boston San Francisco Toronto Sydney Singapore Hong Kong Tokyo Seoul Taipei New Delhi Cape Town Madrid Mexico City Amsterdam Munich Paris Milan

Contents Prefaces Section 1 Electrical Principles 1 International System of Measurement 1.1 The International System 1.2 SI derived units 1.3 Unit of turning moment or torque 1.

2 Contents Prefaces Section 1 Electrical Principles 1 International System of Measurement 1.1 The International System 1.2 SI derived units 1.3 Unit of turning moment or torque 1.4 Unit of work or energy 1.5 Unit of power 1.6 Efficiency 1.7 Temperature 2 Introduction to Electrical Systems 2.1 Electricity and the engineer 2.2 An electrical system 2.3 Electric charge 2.4 Movement of electrons 2.5 Current flow in a circuit 2.6 Electromotive force and potential difference 2.7 Electrical units 2.8 Ohm's law 2.9 Resistors 2.10 Resistor coding 2.11 Conductors and insulators 2.12 The electric circuit in practice 3 Simple DC Circuits 3.1 Series circuits 3.2 Parallel networks 3.3 Series circuits versus parallel networks Kirchhoff's laws 3.5 Power and energy 3.6 Resistivity 3.7 Temperature coefficient of resistance 3.8 Temperature rise Network Theorems New circuit analysis techniques Kirchhoff's laws and network solution Mesh analysis Nodal analysis Superposition theorem Thevenin's theorem The constant-current generator Norton's theorem Delta-star transformation Star delta transformation Maximum power transfer Capacitance and Capacitors Capacitors Hydraulic analogy Charge and voltage Capacitance Capacitors in parallel Capacitors in series Distribution of voltage across capacitors in series Capacitance and the capacitor Electric fields Electric field strength and electric flux density Relative t>ermittivitv

3 viii 5.12 Capacitance of a multi-plate capacitor Composite-dielectric capacitors Charging and discharging currents Growth and decay Analysis of growth and decay Discharge of a capacitor through a resistor Transients in CR networks Energy stored in a charged capacitor Force of attraction between oppositely charged plates > Dielectric strength Leakage and conduction currents in capacitors Displacement current in a dielectric Types of capacitor and capacitance Electromagnetism Inductance in a DC Circuit 8.1 Inductive and non-inductive circuits 8.2 Unit of inductance 8.3 Inductance in terms of flux-linkages per ampere 8.4 Factors determining the inductance of a coil 8.5 Ferromagnetic-cored inductor in a d.c. circuit 8.6 Growth in an inductive circuit 8.7 Analysis of growth 8.8 Analysis of decay 8.9 Transients in LR networks 8.10 Energy stored in an inductor 8.11 Mutual inductance 8.12 Coupling coefficient 8.13 Coils connected in series 8.14 Types of inductor and inductance Magnetic field Direction of magnetic field Characteristics of lines of magnetic flux Magnetic field due to an electric current Magnetic field of a solenoid Force on a current-carrying conductor Force determination Electromagnetic induction Direction of induced e.m.f Magnitude of the generated or induced e.m.f Magnitude of e.m.f. induced in a coil Simple Magnetic Circuits Introduction to magnetic circuits Magnetomotive force and magnetic field strength Permeability of free space or magneticconstant Relative permeability Reluctance Comparison of electric and magnetic circuits Determination of the B/H characteristic Comparison of electromagnetic and electrostatic terms Alternating Voltage and Current Alternating systems Generation of an alternating e.m.f Waveform terms and definitions Relationship between frequency, speed and number of pole pairs Average and r.m.s. values of an alternating current Average and r.m.s. values of sinusoidal currents and voltages Average and r.m.s. values of non-sinusoidal currents and voltages Representation of an alternating quantity by a phasor Addition and subtraction of sinusoidal alternating quantities Phasor diagrams drawn with r.m.s. values instead of maximum values Alternating system frequencies in practice Single-phase Series Circuits Basic a.c. circuits Alternating current in a resistive circuit Alternating current in an inductive circuit Current and voltage in an inductive circuit 226

4 IX 10.5 Mechanical analogy of an inductive circuit Resistance and inductance in series Alternating current in a capacitive circuit Current and voltage in a capacitive circuit Analogies of a capacitance in an a.c. circuit Resistance and capacitance in series Alternating current in an RLC circuit Single-phase Parallel Networks Basic a.c. parallel circuits Simple parallel circuits Parallel impedance circuits Polar impedances Polar admittances Power in AC Circuits The impossible power Power in a resistive circuit Power in a purely inductive circuit Power in a purely capacitive circuit Power in a circuit with resistance and reactance Power factor Active and reactive currents The practical importance of power factor Measurement of power in a single-phase circuit Complex Notation The j operator Addition and subtraction of phasors Voltage, current and impedance Admittance, conductance and susceptance RL series circuit admittance RC series circuit admittance Parallel admittance Calculation of power, using complex notation Resonance in AC Circuits Introduction 291 Frequency variation in a series RLC circuit 291 The resonant frequency of a series RLC circuit 294 The current in a series RLC circuit Voltages in a series RLC circuit Quality factor Q Oscillation of energy at resonance Mechanical analogy of a resonant circuit Series resonance using complex notation Bandwidth Selectivity Parallel resonance Current magnification Parallel and series equivalents The two-branch parallel resonant circuit 15 Network Theorems Applied to AC Networks 15.1 One stage further 15.2 Kirchhoff's laws and network solution 15.3 Nodal analysis 15.4 Superposition theorem 15.5 Thevenin's theorem 15.6 Norton's theorem 15.7 Star delta transformation 15.8 Delta-star transformation 15.9 Maximum power transfer 16 Micropower or Megapower 16.1 Introduction 16.2 System efficiency 16.3 Effects of waste heat 16.4 The length of the circuit 16.5 Accuracy 16.6 The way ahead Section 2 Electronic Engineering Electronic Systems 17.1 Introduction to systems 17.2 Electronic systems

5 17.3 Basic amplifiers 17.4 Basic attenuators 17.5 Block diagrams 17.6 Layout of block diagrams 18 Passive Filters 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Types of filter 18.3 Frequency response 18.4 Logarithms 18.5 Log scales 18.6 The decibel (db) 18.7 The low-pass or lag circuit 18.8 The high-pass or lead circuit 18.9 Passband (or bandpass) filter Stopband (or bandstop) filters Bode plots Amplifier Equivalent Networks Amplifier constant-voltage equivalent networks Amplifier constant-current equivalent networks Logarithmic units Frequency response Feedback Effect of feedback on input and output resistances Effect of feedback on bandwidth Distortion Semiconductor Materials Introduction Atomic structure Covalent bonds An n-type semiconductor A p-type semiconductor Junction diode Construction and static characteristics of a junction diode Rectifiers Rectifier circuits Half-wave rectifier Full-wave rectifier network Bridge rectifier network Smoothing Zener diode Junction Transistor Amplifiers 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Bipolar junction transistor 22.3 Construction of a bipolar transistor 22.4 Common-base and common-emitter circuits 22.5 Static characteristics for a common-base circuit 22.6 Static characteristics for a common-emitter circuit 22.7 Relationship between a and / Load line for a transistor 22.9 Transistor as an amplifier Circuit component selection Equivalent circuits of a transistor Hybrid parameters Limitations to the bipolar junction transistor Stabilizing voltage supplies Transistor as a switch 23 FET Amplifiers 23.1 Field effect transistor (FET) 23.2 JUGFET 23.3 IGFET 23.4 Static characteristics of a FET 23.5 Equivalent circuit of a FET 23.6 The FET as a switch Further Semiconductor Amplifiers Cascaded amplifiers 24.2 Integrated circuits

6 xi 24.3 Operational amplifiers The inverting operational amplifier The summing amplifier The non-inverting amplifier Differential amplifiers Common-mode rejection ratio Interfacing Digital and Analogue Systems The need for conversion Digital-to-analogue conversion D/A converter hardware D/A converters in practice RI1R ladder D/A converter Analogue-to-digital conversion Simple comparator A/D converters Converters in action Digital Numbers Introduction Binary numbers Decimal to binary conversion Binary addition Binary subtraction Binary multiplication Binary division Negative binary numbers Signed binary addition Signed binary subtraction Signed binary multiplication Signed binary division The octal system Hexadecimal numbers Digital Systems Introduction to logic Basic logic statements or functions The OR function The AND function The EXCLUSIVE-OR function The NOT function Logic gates The NOR function The NAND function Logic networks Combinational logic Gate standardization Karnaugh maps for simplifying combinational logic Bistable multivibrator circuits Registers Timing diagrams Integrated circuit logic gates Microprocessors and Programs Microprocessors Microprocessor operation Microprocessor control Programs Simple programs Control programs Programming in hexadecimal representation The programmable logic controller Control system characteristics Flexibility of PLCs Inside a PLC The PLC program Input devices Outputs A practical application 29 Control Systems 29.1 Introduction 29.2 Open-loop and closed-loop systems 29.3 Automation 29.4 Components of a control system 29.5 Transfer function 29.6 Regulators and servomechanisms 29.7 In transient periods 29.8 Damping

7 XII 30 Signals Classification of signals Representation of a signal by a continuum of impulses Impulse response Convolution sum for discrete-time systems Convolution integral for continuous-time systems Deconvolution Relation between impulse response and unit step response Step and impulse responses of discrete-time systems Data Transmission and Signals Transmission of information Analogue signals Digital signals Bandwidth Modulation Filters Demodulation Amplifying signals Digital or analogue? Communications Basic concepts Information theory for source coding Data communications systems Coding for efficient transmission Source coding Fibreoptics Introduction Fibre loss Refraction Light acceptance Attenuation 33.6 Bandwidth 33.7 Modulation 33.8 Optical fibre systems Section 3 Power Engineering 34 Multiphase Systems 34.1 Disadvantages of the single-phase system 34.2 Generation of three-phase e.m.f.s 34.3 Delta connection of three-phase windings 34.4 Star connection of three-phase windings 34.5 Voltages and currents in a star-connected system 34.6 Voltages and currents in a delta-connected system 34.7 Power in a three-phase system with a balanced load 34.8 Measurement of active power in a three-phase, three-wire system 34.9 Power factor measurement by means of two wattmeters Two-phase systems 35 Transformers 35.1 Introduction 35.2 Core factors 35.3 Principle of action of a transformer 35.4 EMF equation of a transformer 35.5 Phasor diagram for a transformer on no load 35.6 Phasor diagram for an ideal loaded transformer 35.7 Useful and leakage fluxes in a transformer 35.8 Leakage flux responsible for the inductive reactance of a transformer 35.9 Methods of reducing leakage flux Equivalent circuit of a transformer Phasor diagram for a transformer on load Approximate equivalent circuit of a transformer Simplification of the approximate equivalent circuit of a transformer Voltage regulation of a transformer

8 xiii Efficiency of a transformer Condition for maximum efficiency of a transformer Open-circuit and short-circuit tests on a transformer Calculation of efficiency from the open-circuit and short-circuit tests Calculation of the voltage regulation from * the short-circuit test Three-phase core-type transformers Auto-transformers Current transformers Waveform of the magnetizing current of a transformer Air-cored transformer Introduction to Machine Theory The role of the electrical machine Conversion process in a machine Methods of analysis of machine performance Magnetic field energy Simple analysis of force of alignment Energy balance Division of converted energy and power Force of alignment between parallel magnetized surfaces Rotary motion Reluctance motor Doubly excited rotating machines AC Synchronous Machine Windings Characteristics of AC Synchronous Machines Armature reaction in a three-phase synchronous generator Voltage regulation of a synchronous generator Synchronous impedance Parallel operation of synchronous generators Three-phase synchronous motor: principle of action Advantages and disadvantages of the synchronous motor Induction Motors 39.1 Principle of action 39.2 Frequency of rotor e.m.f. and current 39.3 Rotor e.m.f. and current 39.4 Relationship between the rotor I 2 R loss and the rotor slip 39.5 Factors determining the torque 39.6 Variation of torque with slip, other factors remaining constant 39.7 Effect of rotor resistance upon the torque/sli] relationship 39.8 Starting torque 39.9 Starting of a three-phase induction motor fitted with a cage rotor Comparison of cage and slip-ring rotors Braking Single-phase induction motors Capacitor-run induction motors Split-phase motors Shadcd-pole motors General arrangement of synchronous machines Types of rotor construction Stator windings Expression for the e.m.f. of a stator winding Production of rotating magnetic flux by three-phase currents Analysis of the resultant flux due to three-phase currents Reversal of direction of rotation of the magnetic flux Power Systems 40.1 System representation 40.2 Power system analysis 40.3 Voltage-drop calculations 40.4 The per-unit method 40.5 Per-unit impedance 40.6 Base power - S n or MVA B 40.7 Faults in a power system 40.8 Representation of a grid connection

9 xiv 41 Direct-current Machines General arrangement of a d.c. machine 41.2 Double-layer drum windings 41.3 Calculation of e.m.f. generated in an armature winding 41.4 Armature reaction 41.5 Armature reactiop in a d.c. motor 41.6 Commutation * 42 Direct-current Motors 42.1 Armature and field connections 42.2 A d.c. machine as generator or motor 42.3 Speed of a motor 42.4 Torque of an electric motor 42.5 Speed characteristics of electric motors 42.6 Torque characteristics of electric motors 42.7 Speed control of d.c. motors Control System Motors Review Motors for regulators RPC system requirements Geneva cam The stepping (or stepper) motor The variable-reluctance motor The hybrid stepping motor Drive circuits Motor Selection and Efficiency Selecting a motor Speed Power rating and duty cycles Load torques The motor and its environment Machine efficiency Hysteresis Current-ring theory of magnetism Hysteresis loss Losses in motors and generators Efficiency of a d.c. motor Approximate condition for maximum efficiency Determination of efficiency Power Electronics Introductory Thyristor Some thyristor circuits Limitations to thyristor operation The thyristor in practice The fully controlled a.c./d.c. converter AC/DC inversion Switching devices in inverters Three-phase rectifier networks The three-phase fully controlled converter Inverter-fed induction motors Soft-starting induction motors Section 4 Measurements Analogue Measuring Instruments Electronic Measuring Instruments 867 Introduction to analogue and electronic instruments Digital electronic voltmeters Digital electronic ammeters and wattmeters Graphical display devices The two-electrode vacuum device Control of the anode current Cathode-ray tube Deflecting systems of a cathode-ray tube Cathode-ray oscilloscope Use of the cathode-ray oscilloscope in waveform measurement Introduction 888 Electrical analogue indicating instruments 888 Controlling devices 889

10 XV 47.4 Damping devices 47.5 Permanent-magnet moving-coil ammeters and voltmeters 47.6 Thermocouple instruments 47.7 Electrodynamic (or dynamometer) instruments 47.8 Electrostatic voltmeters 47.9 Rectifier ammeters and voltmeters Measurement of resistance by the Wheatstone bridge The potentiometer A commercial form of potentiometer Standardization of the potentiometer Calibration of an ammeter by means of a potentiometer Calibration accuracy and errors Determination of error due to instrument errors Appendix: Symbols, Abbreviations, Definitions and Diagrammatic Symbols Answers to Exercises Index Supporting resource Visit to find a valuable online resource For instructors Complete, downloadable Instructor's Manual For more information please contact your local Pearson Education sales representative or visit

Lesson Plan. Week Theory Practical Lecture Day. Topic (including assignment / test) Day. Thevenin s theorem, Norton s theorem

Lesson Plan. Week Theory Practical Lecture Day. Topic (including assignment / test) Day. Thevenin s theorem, Norton s theorem Name of the faculty: GYANENDRA KUMAR YADAV Discipline: APPLIED SCIENCE(C.S.E,E.E.ECE) Year : 1st Subject: FEEE Lesson Plan Lesson Plan Duration: 31 weeks (from July, 2018 to April, 2019) Week Theory Practical