CONCLUSIONS AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK
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1 Chapter 6 CONCLUSIONS AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK 6.1 CONCLUSIONS Distributed generation (DG) has much potential to improve distribution system performance. The use of DG strongly contributes to a clean, reliable and cost effective energy for future. The range of DG technologies and the variability in their size, performance, and suitable applications suggest that DG could provide power supply solutions in many different industrial, commercial, and residential settings. In this way, DG is contributing to improving the security of electricity supply. However, distribution system designs and operating practices are normally based on radial power flow and this creates a significant challenge for the successful integration of DG system. As the issues are new and are the key for sustainable future power supply, a lot of research is required to study their impact and exploit them to the full extent. Distributed generation based on fuel cell technology is new and a fast growing business. Most likely fuel cell will be the dominant and attractive DG because it is modular, efficient and environmentally friendly. A SOFC fuel cell is one of the potential candidates for DG applications. In this thesis the behavior of the SOFC based DG system is studied under various operation modes by performing the mathematical analysis and simulation studies. Also, various suitable control strategies are designed for power electronic interface of SOFC based DG to isolated load and to utility grid. The conclusions drawn from the studies are given below: A dynamic model of SOFC based DG system has been successfully developed in SIMULINK/MATLAB environment that incorporates the electrochemical reaction dynamics and major voltage losses. The operating principle of SOFC 142
2 and its V I and P I characteristics have been studied considering various voltage losses. In order to adjust the hydrogen input flow rate of SOFC, a constant utilization mode is implemented using current.this is because an appropriately chosen constant fuel utilization operation closely approximates the maximum efficiency operation of the fuel cell in its operating range. Power electronics interface is employed to convert the power generated by the SOFC into usable form. For this, various interface topologies have been discussed. A DC-DC PWM boost converter is designed and is implemented in SimPower Systems/Matlab to boost the DC voltage of fuel cell for isolated mode and for grid connected mode of operation. For this, a feedback PI control has been designed and employed, which provides proportionate change in duty cycle of boost converter for varying load. A control strategy under voltage control mode using PI controller is developed for three phase PWM voltage source inverter (VSI) that interfaces the SOFC to a three phase isolated load. A virtual phase locked loop (PLL) has been used that delivers the angle essentially required for the transformation of the voltage from abc coordinate into dq o coordinate and vice versa. The combination of developed Simulink model DC DC boost converter and PWM voltage source inverter is used to interface the SOFC based DG to isolated load. The dynamic performance of SOFC based DG System has been studies for step change in reference input and with three phase isolated load. The analysis of the simulated results is summarized as follows: 143
3 The voltage, current and power responses of fuel cell take some time to reach new steady value after step change in the reference power. These performances show that SOFC has slow dynamic response during transient. Fuel cell requires less time to reach new steady value when there is a change in power demand compared to initial startup time. This is because the hydrogen flow rates can be slowly adjusted to meet the change in power demand. Designed of DC DC boost converter using PI voltage feedback controller to regulate the fuel cell voltage for isolated mode operation gave better and quick response curve. The simulation results show that under isolated mode of operation, change in the load does influence the output voltage and the voltage across the load remains unchanged. Thus, the control scheme designed and developed for the inverter functions accurately, even with sudden change in the load. Fuzzy logic controllers are increasingly employed for a wide range of applications in electric power system. This can be attributed to the fact, that fuzzy logic is a powerful vehicle that allows engineers to incorporate human reasoning in the control algorithm. It provides an effective means for capturing the approximate, inexact nature of the real world. In chapter 4, fuzzy logic control strategy has been employed in place of conventional PI controllers for inter facing SOFC based DG system to isolated load. In this perspective the following points are mentioned: The Fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for DC DC boost converter and PWM inverter have been designed and implemented using Fuzzy tool box of the Matlab successfully. A triangle-shaped uniformly distributed membership function has been used for fuzzy logic controller design. The numbers of rules set for DC/DC boost converter control are 49, which are based upon the seven membership functions of the input variables. 144
4 Two fuzzy controllers are employed for voltage source PWM inverter one for direct voltage component vd control and another for quadrature voltage component vq control. The numbers of rules set for PWM inverter are 81 which are generated form behavior of the system. The design of simple boost converter with fuzzy logic controller gives better performance for changes in load without the use of any storage devices. The use of FLC achieves faster transient response with better rejection to load variation and attains more stable state response. Other dynamic behavior of SOFC based DG system with FLC and PI are studied and compared. The dynamic behavior of the system with FLC is found to be more improved compared to that of PI controller in terms of response time of SOFC based DG system in following the load demand to it. The developed fuzzy logic control method is less sensitive to step load change compared to PI control method. In chapter 5 of this thesis the grid connected performance of SOFC based DG has been evaluated. Control strategies for grid side inverter was designed and employed for interfacing the SOFC based DG to grid. They are summarized as follow: The interface control scheme for SOFC based DG system is successfully developed to control active and reactive power injected by the fuel cell to the grid. The control strategy uses the decoupling technique for control of active and reactive power injected by the fuel cell to the grid independently. The reactive power reference is set to zero for simplicity. A three phase locked loop (PLL) available in SimpowerSystems of the MATLAB has been used to provide accurate phase angle reference for Park transformation within the control scheme. 145
5 The performance of the developed control scheme has been investigated under various cases. The simulation results of case studies show that active and reactive power delivered from SOFC based DG can be controlled as desired and also shows the robustness of designed controller in maintaining the active power output and no reactive power is injected to grid during simulations. The performance of the developed model has also been studied under fault condition at point of common coupling. The simulated results show that SOFC based DG system can remain stable after clearness of the fault. The total harmonic distortion (THD) of the voltage introduced by the SOFC based DG system is 3.5 % which is well within the of IEEE standard. 6.2 SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK The research work presented in this thesis can be further focused on The developed SOFC based DG system can be considred along with the other DG sources in the microgrid such as wind, photovoltaic to study the operational interaction among the Dg source in utility interactive/islanded operation. The developed dynamic model of SOFC based DG system can be used along with microturbine based DG system for combined operation to increase the efficeincy of the complete system.the heat generated in fuel cell can be utilised for miroturbine operation in this case. New control scheme for power electronic interface of SOFC based DG system using artificial intelligence can be developed for utility interactive operation. The dynamic variation of stack voltage of fuel cell can be included in the sofc model to improve the performance of the developed SOFC model in this work. 146
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