DASL 120 Introduction to Microcontrollers
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1 DASL 120 Introduction to Microcontrollers Lecture 2 Introduction to 8-bit Microcontrollers
2 Introduction to 8-bit Microcontrollers Introduction to 8-bit Microcontrollers Introduction to Atmel Atmega328 and Arduino Duemilanove Analog signal input Digital signal input Analog to digital conversion/digital to analog conversion Digital and PWM signal output Serial communication
3 Introduction to the Atmega328 Atmel Atmega328 8-bit microcontroller 16 MHz external crystal 32 kb EEPROM (2kB used by Arduino bootloader) 28 pins 6 ADC 2 Gnd 1 Vcc 1 Avcc 1 Aref 1 Reset 14 GPIO 2 Clock
4 Introduction to the Arduino Arduino Duemilanove Duemilanove Programming board for Atmega 328 chip Connects to PC through USB-Serial port Powered from USB or separate power supply Contains breakout pins for 3.3V and 5V power, analog and digital pins, and JTAG programming cable
5 Analog Signals Analog Signals Description Continuous voltage signal that varies with time Based on a reference potential Advantages of Analog Signals High signal information density Low bandwidth needed Disadvantages of Analog Signals Susceptible to signal noise
6 Digital Signals Digital Signals Description Discrete voltage signal that varies with time High or low voltages Advantages of Digital Signals Easy to correct for signal noise High speed of data transfer Disadvantages of Digital Signals Low signal information density
7 ADC/DAC Conversion Analog to Digital Description Converts a continuous analog signal to a discrete digital signal Process Requires a low voltage input, a high voltage input, and a signal voltage input from the transmitter (sensor) The bit resolution per voltage step is determined by the voltage range divided by the resolution of the ADC Graphical representation of 3-bit ADC with 0-1V input (x-axis)and binary output (y-axis)
8 Voltage ADC/DAC Conversion (cont.) Digital to Analog Description Converts a discrete digital signal to a continuous analog signal Process Operates between a reference voltage with a voltage step size based on the resolution of the DAC Capacitors smooth the output signal from a piecewise function into a continuous function Time Graphical representation of a DAC with varying voltage (y-axis) as a function of time (x-axis)
9 Question? What would be the voltage step resolution of an 8-bit ADC with a potential difference of 5V? What about a 10-bit ADC?
10 Answer 8-bit ADC (V high V low )/(2 n ) (5V 0V)/(2 8 steps) (5V)/(256 steps) ~0.020 V/step 10-bit ADC (V high V low )/(2 n ) (5V 0V)/(2 10 steps) (5V)/(1024 steps) ~0.005 V/step 8-bit ADCs and 10- bit ADCs are standard on the Atmega328 microcontroller A 10-bit ADC can resolve voltage readings 4 times greater than an 8-bit ADC
11 General Digital Output Microcontroller Digital Output Overview All microcontroller output is digital Digital output is based on the microcontroller s operating voltage levels (0-5V) High signals transmit 5V; low signals transmit 0V Used to send serial data, PWM signals, or for GPIO signals
12 PWM Output Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) Description Voltage signal which remains at a peak voltage for a duration of time (duty cycle) Applications Motor speed control (same idea but higher power) Servo position signal (servo signal operates between a servo-specific frequency) Dimming LEDs
13 PWM as Analog Output Conversion to Analog Signal Process PWM by itself is a digital signal, but attaching a capacitor from the signal lead to the ground lead will take the derivative of the signal For example, a 25% duty cycle will output 25% of the voltage
14 Serial Communication TTL/RS-232 Serial Communication Description Bits sent sequentially (serially) over a data line in packets Packets begin and end with start and stop bits Differences Between TTL and RS-232 Voltage levels are +5V and 0V for TTL serial and ±12V for RS-232 TTL logic has high voltage as high signal (+5V, 1), while RS-232 has an inverted signal (-12V, 1)
15 Serial Communication (cont.) Microcontroller Serial Ports Transmission of Data Asynchronous data transfer between the microcontroller and a peripheral device 2 separate transmit and receive pins (Tx ->, Rx <-) Data transfer rates from 300 to 115,200 bits per second (baud rate) Baud rate of the microcontroller must be the same as the baud rate of the peripheral device
16 Announcements Homework will be online between this evening and tomorrow evening Next week s quiz will be based on the homework Next week s lecture will cover Arduino programming
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