Emergency Communications & Amateur Radio
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1 Outline Emergency Communications & Amateur Radio Orange County Teen Steven Ahlbom, W3AHL OC ARES/AUXCOMM EC 06/29/18 My background Amateur Radio event photos The importance of communications in emergency response Various roles of in communications during an activation How to use a communications plan Identify communication modes used in emergency response 1 Outline (cont d) Please Amateur Radio overview ARES, AUXCOMM, SKYWARN How to properly communicate using communications devices Use tactical call signs and pro-words to make and acknowledge a call Table top exercise Over-the-air exercise Resources Casual format There are no dumb questions If I use a term you aren t familiar with, ask what it means 2 3 Introduction Introduction Effective communications is the greatest logistical problem during an emergency event NIMS ESF #2 Comm s volunteers can be part of the solution Communications in disasters Hurricane Katrina September 11 th Mineral, VA, earthquake NC ice storms, hurricanes, tornados Fiber optic cable damage Power outages 4 5 1
2 Overview Role of emergency communications during an activation Communications plans Communication modes Basic radio anatomy Communications operations Practical exercises Role of Intra-team communications Allows volunteers to quickly and effectively communicate with each other Essential for functions such as light search and rescue and when dealing with large crowds Other examples? 6 7 Role of (cont d) Communicating up to the next level Tiers of communication volunteers are eyes and ears Role of (cont d) Effective communications promotes safety Calling for help when needed Reporting safety-related incidents or concerns Accountability Team leader keeping track of team members 8 9 Communications Plan Communications Plan (cont d) What is a communications plan? Logistical emergency plan Who communicates to whom How information flows Communications Plan How the s are activated and volunteers are contacted How members communicate with each other How communicates to other emergency responders Fits into jurisdiction plan
3 Communications Plan (cont d) Communications Plan (cont d) A1 Other Agencies B1 A2 Command B2 A3 Team A Leader Team B Leader B Communication Modes Two-way Radio Communications Runners Landline telephone Cell phone Computer communications Satellite phone/data terminal Two-way radio What is it? Not a one-way broadcast Organizations Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Amateur Radio Relay League (ARRL) DHS/OEC Auxiliary Communications (AUXCOMM) Amateur Radio Emergency Service (ARES) Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service (RACES) Merged with ARES/AUXCOMM in NC Two-way Radios How they work Frequencies Channels Range Antenna, power level, atmospheric conditions Repeater vs. simplex FRS/GMRS Hybrid ($35-45) Channels 1-7: Shared between FRS and GMRS (no license required when operating at lower power settings) Channels 8-14: FRS-only channels; lower power, 1 mile range Channels 15-22: GMRS-only; higher power New FCC rules in 2017 for hybrid units. 2-3 mile range using UHF 462 & 467 MHz frequencies
4 FRS/GMRS Hybrids Advantages and limitations are the same as FRS radios and GMRS radios Widely available Handheld only Non-licensed users cannot operate on GMRS channels (2017 rules change license rqmt.) Multiple-Use Radio Service (MURS) Advantages Handhelds or base units available 3-4 mile range for handhelds (VHF 151 MHz, 2 watts). Increase range with repeaters and external antennas (60 height limit) Transmit voice or data No license required MURS Limitations Limited to 5 channels Limited availability More expensive than FRS/GMRS radios ($40-80) Citizen Band (CB) Advantages No license required 40 channels Disadvantages Casual conversation Not reliable Not recommended for use Image from: Public Safety Bands Advantages Direct communication to emergency first responders, if authorized Extremely reliable Range up to 20 miles with simplex, 50 miles with repeaters Handheld, mobile, or base units Public Safety Bands Limitations Requires authorization of jurisdiction Expensive Must be used with jurisdictional protocol Licensed to municipality or government entity
5 Amateur Radio (a.k.a. ham radio) Advantages Various data types (voice, text, data, photos, documents, , television) Range in excess of 100 miles with repeaters Operate using simplex or repeaters Good availability Moderately priced Handheld, mobile, and base stations available Amateur Radio Advantages (cont.) Reliability Interoperability More simultaneous conversations possible Connect to computer Connect to global positioning system (GPS) and automated position reporting system (APRS) Amateur Radio Limitations Requires license No business use Operators cannot be paid Complex radios Complex protocols (?) What is the Amateur Radio Service FCC Definition: a radiocommunication service for the purpose of self-training, intercommunication and technical investigations carried out by amateurs, that is, duly authorized persons interested in radio technique solely with a personal aim and without pecuniary interest. [97.3(a)(4)] Basis & Purpose (First & fifth of five basic principles): Recognition and enhancement of the value of amateur radio service to the public as a voluntary noncommercial communications service, particularly with respect to providing emergency communications Continuation and extension of the amateur s unique ability to enhance international goodwill. [97.1(a)] Image from: FCC Licensing Getting a License Over 800,000 licensed hams in USA; 2,010,000 in world. FCC License Classes Technician above 30 MHz, limited HF use below 30 MHz. 35 questions out of a pool of 428, must have 74% correct to pass. New pool effective 7/1/18. General operate all bands & modes, except frequencies reserved for Extra class. 35 questions, pool effective through 06/30/19. Extra -- additional segments in each HF band. 50 questions out of pool of 712, effective through 06/30/20. ARRL website: Online study guides Printed study guides Online practice tests Local VEC (Volunteer Examiner Coordinator) exam sessions by the OCRA club every month Links to several of each in your handout
6 Basic Radio Anatomy Basic Radio Anatomy (cont d) Volume & On/Off Switch Antenna Battery Location Channel Monitor Headset Input Jack Scan Button Microphone Privacy Line (PL) Selector Push-to-Talk Button (PTT) Speaker Transmit Call Tone & Lock Settings Channel Selector Basic Radio Anatomy (cont d) Basic Radio Anatomy (cont d) Battery Location Changing and charging batteries Radio may be unusable when charging Battery substitution Carry extra batteries Don t overcharge SAFETY NOTE: Alkaline batteries are NOT rechargeable Privacy Line Selector Privacy codes or PL tones Not really private Not standard from model to model Blocks who you can hear, not who can hear you Many repeaters require a PL tone to open the repeater Amateur Radio Frequency Bands Amateur Radio Equipment High Frequency (HF) 160M MHz 80M M (Ch) 40M M M M VHF 6M MHz 2M M UHF + 70cm cm & up to many GHz! Handheld (HT) - VHF, UHF, dual-band. $40- $ watts TX power. Mobile -VHF, UHF, dual-band, HF. $150- $ watts TX power. Base - Same as above, but $500-$ watts Power Supply AC powered or rechargeable batteries
7 Amateur Radio Equipment (Cont d) HT antenna optional 17 whip for VHF, adapter for external gain antenna Mobile antenna Permanently installed or magnetic mount Base or portable antenna Dual-band gain or VHF/UHF or wire dipole for HF Coax 50 ohm feed line from radio to antenna. Use low loss for VHF/UHF Ask advise from hams before buying!! American Radio Relay League (ARRL) The ARRL is the national association for Amateur Radio in the US, founded in Their web site has a wealth of information, some of which requires a membership to access. Membership fees are $49 annually, except $25 for those 21 or younger with no older ham s living at your address. Includes QST magazine. Explore arrl.org for more info Amateur Radio Emergency Service ARES Licensed amateurs who have voluntarily registered their qualifications and equipment, with their local ARES leadership, for communications duty in the public service when disaster strikes. ARES is an ARRL sponsored program, but ARRL membership is not required (except for EC and AEC). The ARRL ARES program is undergoing some enhancements this year. NC ARES does not require their recommended training currently, nor registration in their new ARES database. ARES (Cont d) Training may be required or desired to participate fully in ARES events. A weekly ARES Training Net is held at 0930 every Saturday on the PL131.5 W4UNC repeater. This net is open to all licensed amateurs. The nightly NC Tar Heel Emergency Net (THEN) is on MHz at 19:30. Monday is ARES night, with Tom, N4TAB, NC SEC as the NCO ARES (Cont d) In NC volunteers must complete IC-100, 200, 700 & 800 online courses and register in the AUXCOMM database to deploy for an incident or exercise with any agency or NGO using ICS. AUXCOMM registration is not required for Public Service events. See the Orange County ARES Overview.pdf file link listed in your handout for more details. SKYWARN Skywarn is a National Weather Service (NWS) program of trained volunteer severe weather spotters that provide local on-the-ground weather reports via radio or Internet. In the Triangle area the Central Carolina SKYWARN coordinates training and reporting using the (no tone) repeater in Raleigh. Web site: also on Facebook. Raleigh NWS:
8 Net Operations Net Control Operator Radio traffic cop Coordinates radio traffic Duties: Direct you to call Direct you to stand by Prioritize calls based on nature of message Direct you to a different channel or net Tactical Call Signs Assigned by Net Control Operator Based on function and location Names are not needed Tactical call signs do not change for duration of assignment For amateur radio op s, must still ID with FCC call sign at end of transmission (indicates you re done) or every 10 minutes Tactical Call Signs (cont d) Radio Use Making a call STANFORD SHELTER, PARKING LOT (discuss net options) Acknowledging a call PARKING LOT, go ahead (Tactical calls used to establish link) Transmitting a message 2 standard and 1 bariatric wheelchairs are needed at front entrance Acknowledging receipt of message Roger, W4ABC Terminating a call W4XYZ Amateur radio call signs used to indicate exchange is complete. Speak across the microphone Keep antenna vertical Improving reception Elevation: Higher ground, hold radio in air Moving near window Rotation to avoid body obstructing signal Radio Use (cont d) Message Sending Headsets with microphones Hands-free use (??) Speaker Mic Keep radios on Lock settings to avoid changing channel accidentally Cheaper radios are NOT weatherproof. Look for IP63-67 ratings. Image from: Use plain text, no 10 or Q codes. Speak slowly, especially when excited. State only facts, unless opinion is requested. Write out message to be sent when possible, same for receipt. ICS-213 General Message form preferred. Carry small notepad and pen with you at all times for notes. Try to give addresses for location, rather than landmarks Avoid giving names of injured or deceased over the air. Messages should be specific on who requires how many of what, where and when. Review messages given to you, but never modify them without sender s OK
9 Pro-Words (Procedural) Phonetic Alphabet All before All after I spell (use standard phonetics) Affirmative Negative Break Emergency A--Alfa B--Bravo C--Charlie D--Delta E--Echo F--Foxtrot G--Golf H--Hotel I--India J--Juliet K--Kilo L--Lima M--Mike N--November O--Oscar P--Papa Q--Quebec R--Romeo S--Sierra T--Tango U--Uniform V--Victor W--Whiskey X--X-ray Y--Yankee Z--Zulu 9--Niner Practical Exercise Role-playing Scenario: School Fire Alarm Evacuation. Team 3 not responding to roll call Leader: Ask for location and status Team 1: In room 203, clearing 2 nd floor. Team 2: Moved outside front entrance, first floor clear. Team 3: [No reply to roll call, last location near Gym] Team 4: At meeting area in south parking lot Cafeteria is clear. Use script for exercise. Resources OCRA Club: See Info/OCRA Documents section OCRA-DFMA.groups.io: See Files section for, Repeater Coverage folders. Have to request to join group, moderator will approve. Tar Heel Emergency Net (THEN): NC Section ARRL news: ARRL Public Service: ARRL ARES Manual: No longer recommended Winlink Radio plus various Google groups ICS Online Training courses: Central Carolina Skywarn: Module Summary Communications is a key component of emergency response s assist emergency response agencies by communicating through ICS Communication plans define how to communicate during emergency response Each communication mode has advantages and limitations Achieve effective communication by using radio operation, tactical call signs, pro-words, phonetic alphabet, and basic protocols Emergency Communications Thank you! 64 9
10 Tactical Call Sign Demonstration Script A Southwest Command NOTE: You are calling EOC. You will initiate the call. EOC, this is Southwest Command, over. EOC, this is SW Command. Send 22 stretchers to corner of 12 th Street shelter near CVS, over. EOC, this is SW Command, out. Tactical Call Sign Demonstration Script B EOC NOTE: You are responding to a call from Southwest Command. They will initiate the call. Southwest Command, this is EOC, over. SW Command, this is EOC, 22 stretchers at 12 th Street shelter, over
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