NMI's Role and Expertise in Synchronization Applications
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1 NMI's Role and Expertise in Synchronization Applications Wen-Hung Tseng National Time and Frequency standard Lab, Telecommunication Laboratories, Chunghwa Telecom Co., Ltd., Taiwan APMP 2014 Time-transfer Workshop September 20, 2014 Daejeon, Korea
2 Time/phase synchronization will become the critical technique for many systems, such as financial market, smart power grid, telecommunication network, and sensor networks. However, the standard of time synchronization may be defined by IEEE, ITU, or local regulators. Some of experts in NMIs have already involved the works; some may not be ready. For the need of calibration and MRA, the NMI have to play a more important role in the future development of synchronization applications. I hope to share a few experience and visions in this issue. Welcome to sharing information and discussion during this meeting.
3 Outline Examples of Synchronization Applications Electrical Power Financial Market Telecommunication Network NMIs role Summary
4 Electrical Power- Smart Grid Accurate timing for efficiency, fault detection -Synchronization of phasor measurement units (PMUs) For 60 Hz power line, maximum tolerance error < 26 µs (phase error of 0.57 ) For a Smart Grid which enables real-time fault detection and network self-healing, the desired accuracy is better than 1 µs. 4
5 Electrical Power- Smart Grid Calibration, Consulting. TL TF Lab Power company Sync of PMU Smart Gird 5
6 Financial Market- High Frequency Trading Technologies (e.g. high-speed computer and communication ) have allowed the timing of financial trading to approach its limits. (e.g. 500 ns) *HFT makes up over 50 % of the total volume on equity markets in the United States Market capacity that enable HFT Hong Kong Exchanges Korea Exchange Shanghai Stock Exchange Tokyo Stock Exchange Taiwan Future Exchange Capital market in Asia Coming Soon Taiwan Stock Exchange (matching 10 s 5 s <5 ms)
7 Financial Market- Low-latency trading Low-latency trading -to react to market events faster than the competition to increase profitability of trades. $ 20.0 Co-location $ m cable (~ 500 ns) $ 20.1 buyer Exchange Company 5 km distance (*1.5 routing ~ 37.5 µs) Co-location: being physically close to the exchange, even in the same building, to further reduce latency.
8 Financial Market- Low-latency trading FIX/FAST protocol Broker order confirmation Messaging Middleware Matching system Trader Price Trading Decision & Execution <1 µs ~ days Propagation delay 1 µs ~ 250 ms Processing <100 µs- 200 ms Roundtrip latency: <200 µs ~ 900 ms
9 Financial Market- Regulators due to -the impact of the flash crash, on May 6, 2010, the U.S. stock market fell by 9% within 20 min. - risk arose from high frequency trading (HFT) - Integrity of market Regulators are now aware that precise timestamp is necessary for Today s market. -to monitor and analyze trading activity -for trading risk management -for example: 1) In U.S., the SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) build a powerful computer called CAT (Consolidated Audit Trail) to monitor trading in stocks and options in real time. (*SEC rule 613) 2) The CAT will require all clocks to be accurate to 1 ms. 9
10 Financial System- Relationship UTC TL calibration consulting Timestamp service, e.g., TSA (Time Stamping Authority) Co-location Regulator Submit trading data Brokers Exchange Company Brokers Time-tamps < 1 ms (for recording trading data) An accuracy of 10 µs would be necessary for the clocks of HFT.
11 Telecommunication Network- QoS (Quality of Service) Digital telecommunications networks require precise frequency synchronization to ensure the quality of data streams. e.g. if a transmitter is sending the bits at 1000 bits/s and a receiver's local clock is running at 1001 bits/s, there will be 1 slip/s. Slips will occur and degrade performance. In ITU-Recommendation G.811 (Timing Characteristics of Primary Reference Clocks) a network clock stability of 1 x for the Primary Reference Clock (RPC) is recommended. e.g. cesium clock, or GPS+OCXO 11
12 Cellular Mobile Networks- inter-base stations To manage wireless spectrum more efficiently, accurate time synchronization between base stations is required by mobile networks. The coordination among cell sites enables inter-cell interference cancellation for cell-edge users and enhances their throughput. * D. Gesbert, et al., IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., 2010.
13 Cellular Mobile Networks- inter-base stations For a larger number of base stations, the timing distribution system is vital for 4G/5G systems. cell size: 1km~10km cell size (radius) : 10m~500m centralized (BBU) baseband processing unit (RAU) remote antenna units 13 * Georgia Institute of Technology, Gee-Kung Chang
14 Synchronization Requirements Frequency Synchronization A B f A =f B Phase Synchronization A B f A =f B Time Synchronization A 01:00:00 T A =1/f A T B =1/f B T A =1/f A T B =1/f B t t t at identical moment T A =1/f A 01:00:10 t t Mobile Network Architecture CDMA2000 Frequency Sync GSM 5 x 10-8 LTE-FDD 5 x 10-8 Time-of-day / Phase Sync ± 10 μs LTE-TDD 5 x 10-8 ± 1.5 μs (<3 km cell size) LTE-Advanced 5 x 10-8 ± 1.5 µs B f A =f B T B =1/f B 01:00:00 01:00:10 t at identical moment, identical time *MEF reference presentations
15 Time and frequency Synchronization Technologies 1 GNSS for Timing 2 IEEE1588 Precision Time Protocol (PTP) 3 Synchronous Ethernet (Sync-E) Network 1. Local area network 2. For long distance Dedicated (point-to-point ) fiber link Public optical transport network(otn) 15
16 Accuracy GNSS for Timing <1 µs accuracy with general receivers 5 ns with calibrated dual-frequency receivers designed for time-keeping purposes Issues Reception of GNSS may be difficult at indoor and underground locations. Reliability of GNSS systems can be threatened by jamming and spoofing of the signal. GNSS: {GPS (US), GLONASS (Russian), Galileo (European), Beidou (China), and QZSS (Japan)} 16
17 IEEE1588v2 Precision Time Protocol -To synchronize clocks of a system through communication network. -carried out in steps, the client offset and the propagation delay measurements. (Packed-based methods) Accuracy 8 ns ~ 100 µs Issues 1. Packet delay variation 2. Asymmetry 3. Stability of the slave s internal oscillator e.g. Realizing time synchronization on a wide area network with the help of boundary clocks (BCs) and transparent clocks (TCs) 17
18 Synchronous Ethernet (Sync-E) -Frequency Synchronization -over the Ethernet physical layer -To maintain jitter and wander within acceptable limits -To allow more Holdover time Primary Reference Clocks synchronization supply unit Ethernet Network Equipment 18
19 Timing Distribution Network for Mobile Networks GNSS receiver Cs clock GNSS receiver Core network over optical transport network with Sync-E support Backhaul network over packet transport network GNSS receivers can move from base stations to the backhaul network, and then 19 to the core network.
20 To oversee the primary reference clock (PRC) of critical-infrastructure Be traceable to a National Metrology Institute (NMI ) and UTC Time scale calibration service in Taiwan, UTC(TL) Current : GPS common-view time transfer (near real-time monitoring, 20 min) (to identify GPS spoofing) Future (e.g. 2020): Fiber time transfer (real-time monitoring, preparing) 20
21 Calibration/Distribution/Monitoring e.g. GPS CV in near real-time end applications Monitoring in real time Security 50 ns Electric power grid PMU for Smart grid < 1 µs UTC(local) NMI Core network Mobile backhaul Base station (e.g. LTE-TDD) < 1.5 µs Primary Clock Financial trading < 1 ms for Time-tamps <10 µs for HFT
22 What role could NMIs play? A. Advance technique B. Cooperation among BIPM and NMIs for UTC and MRA C. Regulation/serve as advisers on scientific and technical matters D. Education E. T/F Calibration/Distribution/Monitoring A B C, D,E
23 Summary We have discussed the timing requirements of synchronization applications. The precise time synchronization technique will enable the new services that we have not imaged.
24 Thank you for your attention! Telecommunication Laboratories
25 Moreover, in near future.. Internet of Things -Everyday things get connected -M2M, talk to each other -develop their own intelligence Intranet of Things
26 intelligence A wonderful future application The Internet of Things (IOT) monitoring and controlling by
27 When "everything, connected" becomes a reality, we need new concepts of managing systems and optimizing processes. Synchronization of clocks is a critical infrastructure for a big system. arranged in order, or in chaos Time keeps things (sensor, communication, actuator) in orderly.
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