r = (a cos θ, b sin θ). (1.1)
|
|
- Marion Terry
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Peeter Joot Circumference of an ellipse 1.1 Motivation Lance told me they ve been covering the circumference of a circle in school this week. This made me think of the generalization of a circle, the ellipse, but I couldn t recall what the circumference of an ellipse was. Sofia guessed a + b). Her reasoning was that this goes to r when the ellipse is circular, just like the area of an ellipse ab, goes to a in the circular limit. That seemed reasonable to me, but also strange since I didn t recall any a + b) formula. It turns out that there s no closed form expression for the circumference of an ellipse, unless you count infinite series or special functions. Here I ll calculate one expression for this circumference. 1. Geometry recap There s two ways that I think of ellipses. One is the shape that you get when you put a couple tacks in a paper, and use a string and pencil to trace it out, as sketched in fig The other is the basic vector parameterization of that same path r a cos θ, b sin θ). 1.1) Figure 1.1: Ellipse, showing tracing curve from the foci. It s been a long time since grade 11 when I would have taken it for granted that these two representations are identical. To do so, we d have to know where the foci of the ellipse sit. Cheating a bit 1
2 I find in [1] that the foci are located at f ± ± a b 1, ). 1.) This and the equivalence of the pencil and tack representation of the ellipse can be verified by checking that the length of the string equals a as expected. That string length is r f + + r f a cos θ f ) + b sin θ + a cos θ + f ) + b sin θ a cos θ + f a f cos θ + b 1 cos θ ) + a cos θ + f + a f cos θ + b 1 cos θ ). These square roots simplify nicely a cos θ + f ± a f cos θ + b 1 cos θ ) 1.3) a b ) cos θ + a b ± a f cos θ + b f cos θ + a ± a f cos θ a ± f cos θ) a ± f cos θ. 1.4) So the total length from one focus to a point on the ellipse, back to the other focus, is r f + + r f a + f cos θ + a f cos θ a, 1.5) as expected. That verifies that the trigonometric parameterization matches with the pencil and tacks representation of an ellipse provided the foci are placed at the points eq. 1.)). 1.3 Calculating the circumference The circumference expression can almost be written by inspection. An element of the tangent vector along the curve is so the circumference is just a one liner C 4 dr a sin θ, b cos θ), a sin θ + b cos θ. The problem is that this one liner isn t easy to evaluate. The square root can be put in a slightly simpler form in terms of the eccentricity, which is defined by 1.6) 1.7)
3 e f a a b a 1 b a. Factoring out a and writing the sine as a cosine gives C 4a 4a 4a 1 cos θ + b a cos θ ) b 1 + a 1 cos θ 1 e cos θ. For the square root, it s not hard to show that the fractional binomial expansion is 1 + a 1 k1 a) k k 1 k 1)!!, k)!! 1.8) 1.9) 1.1) so the circumference is Using eq. 1.), this is C 4a 1 e cos θ) k k 1 k1 ) k 1)!!. k)!! 1.11) C a 4a C a k1 1 e k k 1 k1 e k k 1 k 1)!! k 1)!! k)!! k)!! 1.1) ) ) k 1)!!. 1.13) k)!! Observe that this does reduce to r for the circle where e ), and certainly isn t as nice as a + b). 1.4 Appendix. Integral of even cosine powers. The integral cos k θ 1.14) 3
4 can be evaluated using integration by parts. cos k θ cos k 1 θ d sin θ cos k 1 θ sin θ k 1) k 1) k 1) / cos k θ1 cos θ) cos k θ sin θ) sin θ cos k θ k 1) cos k θ. 1.15) Bringing the k power integral to the other side and solving for the original integral gives a recurrence relation cos k θ k 1 cos k θ k k 1 k 3 / cos k 4 θ k k k 1 k 3 k k 3 cos θ. 4 This last can also be solved using integration by parts 1.16) or This gives cos θ r f + + r f cos θ d sin θ sin θ) sin θ 1 cos θ ), 1. cos θ 1.17) 1.18) cos k θ k 1 k 3 k k 3 4 Using the double factorial notation factorial that skips every other value), this is ) cos k θ k 1)!! k)!! 1.) 4
5 Bibliography [1] Wikipedia. Ellipse wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 15. URL w/index.php?titleellipse&oldid [Online; accessed 9-March-15]. 1. 5
WARM UP. 1. Expand the expression (x 2 + 3) Factor the expression x 2 2x Find the roots of 4x 2 x + 1 by graphing.
WARM UP Monday, December 8, 2014 1. Expand the expression (x 2 + 3) 2 2. Factor the expression x 2 2x 8 3. Find the roots of 4x 2 x + 1 by graphing. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Objectives Distinguish between
More information13-3The The Unit Unit Circle
13-3The The Unit Unit Circle Warm Up Lesson Presentation Lesson Quiz 2 Warm Up Find the measure of the reference angle for each given angle. 1. 120 60 2. 225 45 3. 150 30 4. 315 45 Find the exact value
More informationPractice Problems: Calculus in Polar Coordinates
Practice Problems: Calculus in Polar Coordinates Answers. For these problems, I want to convert from polar form parametrized Cartesian form, then differentiate and take the ratio y over x to get the slope,
More informationChapter 3, Part 1: Intro to the Trigonometric Functions
Haberman MTH 11 Section I: The Trigonometric Functions Chapter 3, Part 1: Intro to the Trigonometric Functions In Example 4 in Section I: Chapter, we observed that a circle rotating about its center (i.e.,
More informationYou found trigonometric values using the unit circle. (Lesson 4-3)
You found trigonometric values using the unit circle. (Lesson 4-3) LEQ: How do we identify and use basic trigonometric identities to find trigonometric values & use basic trigonometric identities to simplify
More informationMath 36 "Fall 08" 5.2 "Sum and Di erence Identities" * Find exact values of functions of rational multiples of by using sum and di erence identities.
Math 36 "Fall 08" 5.2 "Sum and Di erence Identities" Skills Objectives: * Find exact values of functions of rational multiples of by using sum and di erence identities. * Develop new identities from the
More informationUsing Trigonometric Ratios Part 1: Solving For Unknown Sides
MPM2D: Principles of Mathematics Using Trigonometric Ratios Part 1: Solving For Unknown Sides J. Garvin Slide 1/15 Recap State the three primary trigonometric ratios for A in ABC. Slide 2/15 Recap State
More informationMath Section 4.3 Unit Circle Trigonometry
Math 0 - Section 4. Unit Circle Trigonometr An angle is in standard position if its verte is at the origin and its initial side is along the positive ais. Positive angles are measured counterclockwise
More informationSection 5.2 Graphs of the Sine and Cosine Functions
A Periodic Function and Its Period Section 5.2 Graphs of the Sine and Cosine Functions A nonconstant function f is said to be periodic if there is a number p > 0 such that f(x + p) = f(x) for all x in
More informationHow to Graph Trigonometric Functions
How to Graph Trigonometric Functions This handout includes instructions for graphing processes of basic, amplitude shifts, horizontal shifts, and vertical shifts of trigonometric functions. The Unit Circle
More information1 Trigonometric Identities
MTH 120 Spring 2008 Essex County College Division of Mathematics Handout Version 6 1 January 29, 2008 1 Trigonometric Identities 1.1 Review of The Circular Functions At this point in your mathematical
More informationCHAPTER 9. Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis
CHAPTER 9 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 9.1 The Sinusoidal Source A sinusoidal voltage source (independent or dependent) produces a voltage that varies sinusoidally with time. A sinusoidal current source
More informationMath 123 Discussion Session Week 4 Notes April 25, 2017
Math 23 Discussion Session Week 4 Notes April 25, 207 Some trigonometry Today we want to approach trigonometry in the same way we ve approached geometry so far this quarter: we re relatively familiar with
More informationMATH STUDENT BOOK. 12th Grade Unit 5
MATH STUDENT BOOK 12th Grade Unit 5 Unit 5 ANALYTIC TRIGONOMETRY MATH 1205 ANALYTIC TRIGONOMETRY INTRODUCTION 3 1. IDENTITIES AND ADDITION FORMULAS 5 FUNDAMENTAL TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES 5 PROVING IDENTITIES
More informationMath 122: Final Exam Review Sheet
Exam Information Math 1: Final Exam Review Sheet The final exam will be given on Wednesday, December 1th from 8-1 am. The exam is cumulative and will cover sections 5., 5., 5.4, 5.5, 5., 5.9,.1,.,.4,.,
More informationAnalytic Geometry/ Trigonometry
Analytic Geometry/ Trigonometry Course Numbers 1206330, 1211300 Lake County School Curriculum Map Released 2010-2011 Page 1 of 33 PREFACE Teams of Lake County teachers created the curriculum maps in order
More informationTrigonometric Functions. Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
1 Trigonometric Functions Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 1.4 Using the Definitions of the Trigonometric Functions Reciprocal Identities Signs and Ranges of Function Values Pythagorean
More informationYear 10 Term 1 Homework
Yimin Math Centre Year 10 Term 1 Homework Student Name: Grade: Date: Score: Table of contents 6 Year 10 Term 1 Week 6 Homework 1 6.1 Triangle trigonometry................................... 1 6.1.1 The
More informationTrigonometric Identities. Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
5 Trigonometric Identities Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 5.3 Sum and Difference Identities Difference Identity for Cosine Sum Identity for Cosine Cofunction Identities Applications
More information5.1 Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions.notebook. Chapter 5: Trigonometric Functions and Graphs
Chapter 5: Trigonometric Functions and Graphs 1 Chapter 5 5.1 Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions Pages 222 237 Complete the following table using your calculator. Round answers to the nearest tenth. 2
More informationModule 5 Trigonometric Identities I
MAC 1114 Module 5 Trigonometric Identities I Learning Objectives Upon completing this module, you should be able to: 1. Recognize the fundamental identities: reciprocal identities, quotient identities,
More informationExam: Friday 4 th May How to Revise. What to use to revise:
National 5 Mathematics Exam Revision Questions Exam: Friday 4 th May 2018 How to Revise Use this booklet for homework Come to after school revision classes Come to the Easter holiday revision class There
More informationUnit 6 Task 2: The Focus is the Foci: ELLIPSES
Unit 6 Task 2: The Focus is the Foci: ELLIPSES Name: Date: Period: Ellipses and their Foci The first type of quadratic relation we want to discuss is an ellipse. In terms of its conic definition, you can
More informationThe Ellipse. PF 1 + PF 2 = constant. Minor Axis. Major Axis. Focus 1 Focus 2. Point 3.4.2
Minor Axis The Ellipse An ellipse is the locus of all points in a plane such that the sum of the distances from two given points in the plane, the foci, is constant. Focus 1 Focus 2 Major Axis Point PF
More informationChapter 6: Periodic Functions
Chapter 6: Periodic Functions In the previous chapter, the trigonometric functions were introduced as ratios of sides of a right triangle, and related to points on a circle. We noticed how the x and y
More information1 Trigonometry. Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
1 Trigonometry Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 1.2 Trigonometric Functions: The Unit Circle Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Objectives Identify a unit circle and describe
More informationPREREQUISITE/PRE-CALCULUS REVIEW
PREREQUISITE/PRE-CALCULUS REVIEW Introduction This review sheet is a summary of most of the main topics that you should already be familiar with from your pre-calculus and trigonometry course(s), and which
More informationTrigonometric Equations
Chapter Three Trigonometric Equations Solving Simple Trigonometric Equations Algebraically Solving Complicated Trigonometric Equations Algebraically Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions Solving Trigonometric
More informationAlgebra 2/Trigonometry Review Sessions 1 & 2: Trigonometry Mega-Session. The Unit Circle
Algebra /Trigonometry Review Sessions 1 & : Trigonometry Mega-Session Trigonometry (Definition) - The branch of mathematics that deals with the relationships between the sides and the angles of triangles
More information1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine
1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Exercise 1 Sketch a graph of y = cos(t). Label the multiples of π 2 and π 4 on your plot, as well as the amplitude and the period of the function. (Feel free to sketch the unit
More informationthe input values of a function. These are the angle values for trig functions
SESSION 8: TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS KEY CONCEPTS: Graphs of Trigonometric Functions y = sin θ y = cos θ y = tan θ Properties of Graphs Shape Intercepts Domain and Range Minimum and maximum values Period
More informationSECTION 1.5: TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
SECTION.5: TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS The Unit Circle The unit circle is the set of all points in the xy-plane for which x + y =. Def: A radian is a unit for measuring angles other than degrees and is measured
More informationhttp://www.math.utah.edu/~palais/sine.html http://www.ies.co.jp/math/java/trig/index.html http://www.analyzemath.com/function/periodic.html http://math.usask.ca/maclean/sincosslider/sincosslider.html http://www.analyzemath.com/unitcircle/unitcircle.html
More informationUnit 5. Algebra 2. Name:
Unit 5 Algebra 2 Name: 12.1 Day 1: Trigonometric Functions in Right Triangles Vocabulary, Main Topics, and Questions Definitions, Diagrams and Examples Theta Opposite Side of an Angle Adjacent Side of
More informationMultiple-Angle and Product-to-Sum Formulas
Multiple-Angle and Product-to-Sum Formulas MATH 160, Precalculus J. Robert Buchanan Department of Mathematics Fall 011 Objectives In this lesson we will learn to: use multiple-angle formulas to rewrite
More informationSection 5.2 Graphs of the Sine and Cosine Functions
Section 5.2 Graphs of the Sine and Cosine Functions We know from previously studying the periodicity of the trigonometric functions that the sine and cosine functions repeat themselves after 2 radians.
More informationNEW Published in June 2018 CATALOGUE 2019
NEW Published in June 2018 CATALOGUE 2019 PASS PUBLICATIONS PRIVATE ACADEMIC AND SCIENTIFIC STUDIES LIMITED passpublications.uk@gmail.com +44(0)20 8857 4752 P A S S PUBLICATIONS PASS is an acronym for
More informationTrigonometry Review Page 1 of 14
Trigonometry Review Page of 4 Appendix D has a trigonometric review. This material is meant to outline some of the proofs of identities, help you remember the values of the trig functions at special values,
More informationWheels Diameter / Conversion of Units
Note to the teacher On this page, students will learn about the relationships between wheel diameter, circumference, revolutions and distance. They will also convert measurement units and use fractions
More informationMODULAR ARITHMETIC II: CONGRUENCES AND DIVISION
MODULAR ARITHMETIC II: CONGRUENCES AND DIVISION MATH CIRCLE (BEGINNERS) 02/05/2012 Modular arithmetic. Two whole numbers a and b are said to be congruent modulo n, often written a b (mod n), if they give
More informationIntroduction to Trigonometry. Algebra 2
Introduction to Trigonometry Algebra 2 Angle Rotation Angle formed by the starting and ending positions of a ray that rotates about its endpoint Use θ to represent the angle measure Greek letter theta
More informationSpecial Right Triangles and Right Triangle Trigonometry
Special Right Triangles and Right Triangle Trigonometry Reporting Category Topic Triangles Investigating special right triangles and right triangle trigonometry Primary SOL G.8 The student will solve real-world
More informationSection 2.7 Proving Trigonometric Identities
Sec. 2.7 Proving Trigonometric Identities 87 Section 2.7 Proving Trigonometric Identities In this section, we use the identities presented in Section 2.6 to do two different tasks: ) to simplify a trigonometric
More informationMATH 1040 CP 15 SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
MATH 1040 CP 15 SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 1) (sin x + cos x) 1 + sin x cos x =? 1) ) sec 4 x + sec x tan x - tan 4 x =? ) ) cos
More information(3,4) focus. y=1 directrix
Math 153 10.5: Conic Sections Parabolas, Ellipses, Hyperbolas Parabolas: Definition: A parabola is the set of all points in a plane such that its distance from a fixed point F (called the focus) is equal
More informationMHF4U. Advanced Functions Grade 12 University Mitchell District High School. Unit 4 Radian Measure 5 Video Lessons
MHF4U Advanced Functions Grade 12 University Mitchell District High School Unit 4 Radian Measure 5 Video Lessons Allow no more than 1 class days for this unit! This includes time for review and to write
More information10.1 Curves defined by parametric equations
Outline Section 1: Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates 1.1 Curves defined by parametric equations 1.2 Calculus with Parametric Curves 1.3 Polar Coordinates 1.4 Areas and Lengths in Polar Coordinates
More informationEngineering Graphics, Class 5 Geometric Construction. Mohammad I. Kilani. Mechanical Engineering Department University of Jordan
Engineering Graphics, Class 5 Geometric Construction Mohammad I. Kilani Mechanical Engineering Department University of Jordan Conic Sections A cone is generated by a straight line moving in contact with
More informationTrigonometric Integrals Section 5.7
A B I L E N E C H R I S T I A N U N I V E R S I T Y Department of Mathematics Trigonometric Integrals Section 5.7 Dr. John Ehrke Department of Mathematics Spring 2013 Eliminating Powers From Trig Functions
More information#9: Fundamentals of Trigonometry, Part II
#9: Fundamentals of Trigonometry, Part II November 1, 2008 do not panic. In the last assignment, you learned general definitions of the sine and cosine functions. This week, we will explore some of the
More information4.3. Trigonometric Identities. Introduction. Prerequisites. Learning Outcomes
Trigonometric Identities 4.3 Introduction trigonometric identity is a relation between trigonometric expressions which is true for all values of the variables (usually angles. There are a very large number
More informationUnit 8 Trigonometry. Math III Mrs. Valentine
Unit 8 Trigonometry Math III Mrs. Valentine 8A.1 Angles and Periodic Data * Identifying Cycles and Periods * A periodic function is a function that repeats a pattern of y- values (outputs) at regular intervals.
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Trigonometry Final Exam Study Guide Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. The graph of a polar equation is given. Select the polar
More informationcos 2 x + sin 2 x = 1 cos(u v) = cos u cos v + sin u sin v sin(u + v) = sin u cos v + cos u sin v
Concepts: Double Angle Identities, Power Reducing Identities, Half Angle Identities. Memorized: cos x + sin x 1 cos(u v) cos u cos v + sin v sin(u + v) cos v + cos u sin v Derive other identities you need
More informationName: A Trigonometric Review June 2012
Name: A Trigonometric Review June 202 This homework will prepare you for in-class work tomorrow on describing oscillations. If you need help, there are several resources: tutoring on the third floor of
More informationChapter 1 and Section 2.1
Chapter 1 and Section 2.1 Diana Pell Section 1.1: Angles, Degrees, and Special Triangles Angles Degree Measure Angles that measure 90 are called right angles. Angles that measure between 0 and 90 are called
More information6.4 & 6.5 Graphing Trigonometric Functions. The smallest number p with the above property is called the period of the function.
Math 160 www.timetodare.com Periods of trigonometric functions Definition A function y f ( t) f ( t p) f ( t) 6.4 & 6.5 Graphing Trigonometric Functions = is periodic if there is a positive number p such
More informationTrigonometric Identities. Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
5 Trigonometric Identities Copyright 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 5.5 Double-Angle Double-Angle Identities An Application Product-to-Sum and Sum-to-Product Identities Copyright 2017, 2013,
More informationFigure 1. The unit circle.
TRIGONOMETRY PRIMER This document will introduce (or reintroduce) the concept of trigonometric functions. These functions (and their derivatives) are related to properties of the circle and have many interesting
More informationDouble-Angle, Half-Angle, and Reduction Formulas
Double-Angle, Half-Angle, and Reduction Formulas By: OpenStaxCollege Bicycle ramps for advanced riders have a steeper incline than those designed for novices. Bicycle ramps made for competition (see [link])
More informationof the whole circumference.
TRIGONOMETRY WEEK 13 ARC LENGTH AND AREAS OF SECTORS If the complete circumference of a circle can be calculated using C = 2πr then the length of an arc, (a portion of the circumference) can be found by
More informationGraphs of other Trigonometric Functions
Graphs of other Trigonometric Functions Now we will look at other types of graphs: secant. tan x, cot x, csc x, sec x. We will start with the cosecant and y csc x In order to draw this graph we will first
More informationSolutions to Exercises, Section 5.6
Instructor s Solutions Manual, Section 5.6 Exercise 1 Solutions to Exercises, Section 5.6 1. For θ = 7, evaluate each of the following: (a) cos 2 θ (b) cos(θ 2 ) [Exercises 1 and 2 emphasize that cos 2
More informationMATH 259 FINAL EXAM. Friday, May 8, Alexandra Oleksii Reshma Stephen William Klimova Mostovyi Ramadurai Russel Boney A C D G H B F E
MATH 259 FINAL EXAM 1 Friday, May 8, 2009. NAME: Alexandra Oleksii Reshma Stephen William Klimova Mostovyi Ramadurai Russel Boney A C D G H B F E Instructions: 1. Do not separate the pages of the exam.
More informationTHE SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORM
Chapter 11 THE SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORM The sinusoidal waveform or sine wave is the fundamental type of alternating current (ac) and alternating voltage. It is also referred to as a sinusoidal wave or, simply,
More informationhttp://my.nctm.org/eresources/view_article.asp?article_id=7655 Page 1 of 2 Advanced Search SIGN OFF MY NCTM MY MEMBERSHIP HELP HOME NCTM You are signed in as Jennifer Bergner. ON-Math 2006-2007 Volume
More informationChapter 3, Part 4: Intro to the Trigonometric Functions
Haberman MTH Section I: The Trigonometric Functions Chapter, Part : Intro to the Trigonometric Functions Recall that the sine and cosine function represent the coordinates of points in the circumference
More informationHonors Algebra 2 w/ Trigonometry Chapter 14: Trigonometric Identities & Equations Target Goals
Honors Algebra w/ Trigonometry Chapter 14: Trigonometric Identities & Equations Target Goals By the end of this chapter, you should be able to Identify trigonometric identities. (14.1) Factor trigonometric
More informationExactly Evaluating Even More Trig Functions
Exactly Evaluating Even More Trig Functions Pre/Calculus 11, Veritas Prep. We know how to find trig functions of certain, special angles. Using our unit circle definition of the trig functions, as well
More informationMath 180 Chapter 6 Lecture Notes. Professor Miguel Ornelas
Math 180 Chapter 6 Lecture Notes Professor Miguel Ornelas 1 M. Ornelas Math 180 Lecture Notes Section 6.1 Section 6.1 Verifying Trigonometric Identities Verify the identity. a. sin x + cos x cot x = csc
More information5.7 Introduction to Square Roots
5.7. INTRODUCTION TO SQUARE ROOTS 425 5.7 Introduction to Square Roots Recall that x 2 = x x. The Square of a Number. Thenumber x 2 is calledthe square ofthe number x. Thus, for example: 9 2 = 9 9 = 81.
More informationPractice problems from old exams for math 233
Practice problems from old exams for math 233 William H. Meeks III October 26, 2012 Disclaimer: Your instructor covers far more materials that we can possibly fit into a four/five questions exams. These
More informationUnit 3 Unit Circle and Trigonometry + Graphs
HARTFIELD PRECALCULUS UNIT 3 NOTES PAGE 1 Unit 3 Unit Circle and Trigonometry + Graphs (2) The Unit Circle (3) Displacement and Terminal Points (5) Significant t-values Coterminal Values of t (7) Reference
More informationUnit 5 Investigating Trigonometry Graphs
Mathematics IV Frameworks Student Edition Unit 5 Investigating Trigonometry Graphs 1 st Edition Table of Contents INTRODUCTION:... 3 What s Your Temperature? Learning Task... Error! Bookmark not defined.
More informationLogarithms. In spherical trigonometry
Logarithms In spherical trigonometry there are many formulas that require multiplying two sines together, e.g., for a right spherical triangle sin b = sin B sin c In the 1590's it was known (as the method
More informationWe will study all three methods, but first let's review a few basic points about units of measurement.
WELCOME Many pay items are computed on the basis of area measurements, items such as base, surfacing, sidewalks, ditch pavement, slope pavement, and Performance turf. This chapter will describe methods
More informationMATH 255 Applied Honors Calculus III Winter Homework 1. Table 1: 11.1:8 t x y
MATH 255 Applied Honors Calculus III Winter 2 Homework Section., pg. 692: 8, 24, 43. Section.2, pg. 72:, 2 (no graph required), 32, 4. Section.3, pg. 73: 4, 2, 54, 8. Section.4, pg. 79: 6, 35, 46. Solutions.:
More informationOn the. Geometry. of Orbits
On the Geometry of Orbits The Possible Orbits The Possible Orbits circle The Possible Orbits ellipse The Possible Orbits parabola The Possible Orbits hyperbola Speed and Distance 4000 mi 17,600 mph 1.4
More informationCalculus I Handout: Curves and Surfaces in R 3. 1 Curves in R Curves in R 2 1 of 21
1. Curves in R 2 1 of 21 Calculus I Handout: Curves and Surfaces in R 3 Up until now, everything we have worked with has been in two dimensions. But we can extend the concepts of calculus to three dimensions
More informationAQA GCSE Linear Calculator Examination Foundation - June 9th 2016
Foundation - June 9th 2016 Clip Name of Clip Grade Comment 4 Reading Scales E, F and G Quick revision 9 Square and Cube Numbers E, F and G Quick revision 20 Decimal Places & Significant Figures E, F and
More informationTrigonometric identities
Trigonometric identities An identity is an equation that is satisfied by all the values of the variable(s) in the equation. For example, the equation (1 + x) = 1 + x + x is an identity. If you replace
More informationUNIT I PLANE CURVES AND FREE HAND SKETCHING CONIC SECTIONS
UNIT I PLANE CURVES AND FREE HAND SKETCHING CONIC SECTIONS Definition: The sections obtained by the intersection of a right circular cone by a cutting plane in different positions are called conic sections
More information6.1 - Introduction to Periodic Functions
6.1 - Introduction to Periodic Functions Periodic Functions: Period, Midline, and Amplitude In general: A function f is periodic if its values repeat at regular intervals. Graphically, this means that
More information5-5 Multiple-Angle and Product-to-Sum Identities
Find the values of sin 2, cos 2, tan 2 1 cos for the given value interval, (270, 360 ) Since on the interval (270, 360 ), one point on the terminal side of θ has x-coordinate 3 a distance of 5 units from
More informationSection 6-3 Double-Angle and Half-Angle Identities
6-3 Double-Angle and Half-Angle Identities 47 Section 6-3 Double-Angle and Half-Angle Identities Double-Angle Identities Half-Angle Identities This section develops another important set of identities
More informationMathematics Essential General Course Year 12. Selected Unit 3 syllabus content for the. Externally set task 2017
Mathematics Essential General Course Year 12 Selected Unit 3 syllabus content for the Externally set task 2017 This document is an extract from the Mathematics Essentials General Course Year 12 syllabus,
More informationNow we are going to introduce a new horizontal axis that we will call y, so that we have a 3-dimensional coordinate system (x, y, z).
Example 1. A circular cone At the right is the graph of the function z = g(x) = 16 x (0 x ) Put a scale on the axes. Calculate g(2) and illustrate this on the diagram: g(2) = 8 Now we are going to introduce
More informationMath 10/11 Honors Section 3.6 Basic Trigonometric Identities
Math 0/ Honors Section 3.6 Basic Trigonometric Identities 0-0 - SECTION 3.6 BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES Copright all rights reserved to Homework Depot: www.bcmath.ca I) WHAT IS A TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITY?
More informationRadical Expressions and Graph (7.1) EXAMPLE #1: EXAMPLE #2: EXAMPLE #3: Find roots of numbers (Objective #1) Figure #1:
Radical Expressions and Graph (7.1) Find roots of numbers EXAMPLE #1: Figure #1: Find principal (positive) roots EXAMPLE #2: Find n th roots of n th powers (Objective #3) EXAMPLE #3: Figure #2: 7.1 Radical
More informationWe like to depict a vector field by drawing the outputs as vectors with their tails at the input (see below).
Math 55 - Vector Calculus II Notes 4. Vector Fields A function F is a vector field on a subset S of R n if F is a function from S to R n. particular, this means that F(x, x,..., x n ) = f (x, x,..., x
More informationTrigonometry: A Brief Conversation
Cit Universit of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Open Educational Resources Queensborough Communit College 018 Trigonometr: A Brief Conversation Caroln D. King PhD CUNY Queensborough Communit College
More informationIn this section, you will learn the basic trigonometric identities and how to use them to prove other identities.
4.6 Trigonometric Identities Solutions to equations that arise from real-world problems sometimes include trigonometric terms. One example is a trajectory problem. If a volleyball player serves a ball
More informationLimits and Continuity
Limits and Continuity February 26, 205 Previously, you learned about the concept of the it of a function, and an associated concept, continuity. These concepts can be generalised to functions of several
More informationUnit 4: Geometric Construction (Chapter4: Geometry For Modeling and Design)
Unit 4: Geometric Construction (Chapter4: Geometry For Modeling and Design) DFTG-1305 Technical Drafting Instructor: Jimmy Nhan OBJECTIVES 1. Identify and specify basic geometric elements and primitive
More informationChapter 6: Periodic Functions
Chapter 6: Periodic Functions In the previous chapter, the trigonometric functions were introduced as ratios of sides of a triangle, and related to points on a circle. We noticed how the x and y values
More informationHW#02 (18 pts): All recommended exercises from JIT (1 pt/problem)
Spring 2011 MthSc103 Course Calendar Page 1 of 7 January W 12 Syllabus/Course Policies BST Review Th 13 Basic Skills Test F 14 JIT 1.1 1.3: Numbers, Fractions, Parentheses JIT 1.1: 2, 6, 8, 9 JIT 1.2:
More informationHow to Do Trigonometry Without Memorizing (Almost) Anything
How to Do Trigonometry Without Memorizing (Almost) Anything Moti en-ari Weizmann Institute of Science http://www.weizmann.ac.il/sci-tea/benari/ c 07 by Moti en-ari. This work is licensed under the reative
More information3.2 Proving Identities
3.. Proving Identities www.ck.org 3. Proving Identities Learning Objectives Prove identities using several techniques. Working with Trigonometric Identities During the course, you will see complex trigonometric
More informationMath + 4 (Red) SEMESTER 1. { Pg. 1 } Unit 1: Whole Number Sense. Unit 2: Whole Number Operations. Unit 3: Applications of Operations
Math + 4 (Red) This research-based course focuses on computational fluency, conceptual understanding, and problem-solving. The engaging course features new graphics, learning tools, and games; adaptive
More informationBinary Continued! November 27, 2013
Binary Tree: 1 Binary Continued! November 27, 2013 1. Label the vertices of the bottom row of your Binary Tree with the numbers 0 through 7 (going from left to right). (You may put numbers inside of the
More information