REET Energy Conversion. 1 Electric Power System. Electric Power Systems
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1 REET 2020 Energy Conversion 1 Eletri Power System Eletri Power Systems An Eletri Power System is a omplex network of eletrial omponents used to reliably generate, transmit and distribute eletri energy on a real-time, as-needed basis. Within the United States, the primary method of distributing eletri power is by means of a three-phase transmission and distribution system. 1
2 Eletri Power Systems In terms of its operation, an eletri power system an be divided into three primary subsystems, eah of whih performs a key funtion: Generation Transmission Distribution Eletri Power Generation In terms of its operation, an eletri power system an be divided into three primary subsystems, eah of whih performs a key funtion: Generation Transmission Distribution 2
3 Eletri Power Generation Most of the eletri energy that is transmitted/distributed by the eletri power system is produed at generating stations, or power plants as they are ommonly alled. Gas-fired Combustion Turbine Generator Sewell Creek Energy Faility Oglethorpe Power Steam Turbine Generating Plants The majority of power plants are steam turbine generating plants, in whih the heat derived from fossil fuels (or other soures) is used to boil water and reate high-pressure steam. The steam is passed through a set of turbines that extrat and onvert energy from the stream into kineti (rotational) energy. The kineti energy is then used to rotate an eletri generator whih, in-turn, onverts the kineti energy into eletri energy. 3
4 Eletri Generators Three-Phase Synhronous Generators are almost exlusively utilized in turbine-based generating stations. Three-Phase Synhronous Generators The 3Φ Synhronous Mahine onsists of a stator (stationary portion) and a rotor that are separated by a small air-gap. a V ~ b b' ' V ~ a V f b a' V ~ 4
5 Three-Phase Synhronous Generators The stator of the mahine has is onstruted suh that three sets of windings are wrapped around symmetrially-plaed pole faes, with eah having a total of N s turns (loops). a V ~ b b' ' V ~ a b a' V ~ Three-Phase Synhronous Generators The rotor is onstruted with a DC-supplied oil that reates a magneti flux, Φ R, the strength of whih is proportional to the DC urrent that flows through the oil. I f + V f _ The DC-supplied oil ats like an eletro-magnet. 5
6 Three-Phase Synhronous Generators The field lines of the rotor flux pass through the enter of the rotor and then bak around through the stator (stationary) portion of the mahine to form losed loops. a b' ' I f + V f _ b a' Three-Phase Synhronous Generators The shaft of the stream turbine is oupled to the generator s rotor, providing the torque neessary to rotate the rotor, in-turn rotating the rotor flux that passes through the stator at a speed of n s (rpm). a b' V f _ + If ' n s b a' 6
7 Three-Phase Synhronous Generators As the rotor flux rotates through the stator windings, it will indue a voltage aross eah of the windings proportional to the rate of hange of the flux through the windings. a V ~ b b' _ V f + I f ' V ~ a v( t) N s d R ( t) dt n s b a' V ~ Three-Phase Synhronous Generators The resultant stator voltages will all have the same magnitude but will differ in phase angle by 120 due to the plaement of the windings. a V ~ b ~ Va V ~ Vb V 120 ~ V V 240 V ~ a b' n s _ V f + If ' b a' V ~ 7
8 Three-Phase Synhronous Generators It is important to note that the frequeny of the voltages will be proportional to the rotational speed of the rotor, n s. a V ~ b n s 120 ele f # of poles The # of poles is a onstrutional feature relating to the design of both the stator and the rotor. The mahine shown in the figure has a two (2) pole design. V ~ a b' n s _ I f V f + ' b a' V ~ Three-Phase Synhronous Generators In the ase of a grid-onneted generator, it is imperative that the frequeny of the generated voltages remain at 60Hz beause this is a highly-regulated value. a V ~ b 120 ele f ns # of poles ~ Va V ~ Vb V 120 ~ V V 240 V ~ a b' n s I f V f _ + ' b a' V ~ 8
9 Review of Basi Eletri Quantities In eletri iruits, urrent is defined as a measure of the rate at whih harge flows through a devie, and is assigned the base unit of amperes (amps), where: 1 ampere 1 Coulomb of harge flow per seond Voltage, or eletromotive fore (emf), an be thought of as a measure of a overall potential fore that a devie develops to either reate or prevent the flow of harge (urrent). Voltage is defined in terms of the amount of energy per unit of harge, and is assigned the base unit of volts, where: 1 volt 1 joule per oulomb of harge Eletri Energy Eletri energy is defined in terms of volt amp seonds where: 1 V A s 1 Joule Thus, when an eletri generator onverts kineti energy into eletri energy, it does so by reating a urrent at some voltage magnitude over a duration of time. Examples: A generator produes 50,000 J of eletri energy eah seond: by reating 100A of urrent at a voltage of 500V *, or by reating 1A of urrent at a voltage of 50,000V *, or by reating 2.5A of urrent at a voltage of 20,000V * * this assumes RMS magnitudes of a single-phase AC generator that is supplying a purely resistive load 9
10 Eletri Generator Ratings Large modern generators typially produe eletri energy at voltage levels ranging from 13.8kV to 24kV. Note that, although the generating stations are atually produing eletri energy, they are rated in terms of eletri power, whih defines the rate at whih they an produe eletri energy. Nameplate from 165MVA, 13.8kV, 3Φ Generator Additionally, despite the fat that power is the rate at whih they are produing eletri energy, generating stations are often asually stated to be produing eletri power. Although this may seem large, higher voltages are required in order to effiiently transport the energy over large distanes. Eletri Power Generation A step-up transformer is loated at eah power plant in order to inrease the magnitude of the generator s output voltage up to a muh higher level in order to onnet the plant to the eletri power system s transmission network. In its ideal form, a transformer reeives eletri energy at one set of voltage and urrent magnitudes, and transforms that energy to a different set of voltage and urrents magnitudes suh that: V A in = V A out Thus, if a speifi transformer inreases the voltage magnitude by a fator of a, then the transformer must derease the assoiated urrent magnitude by a fator of 1/a. 13.8kV 230kV Step-Up Transformer 10
11 Eletri Power Generation In terms of its operation, an eletri power system an be divided into three primary subsystems, eah of whih performs a key funtion: Generation Transmission Distribution Generating Station Step-Up Transformer Eletri Power Transmission In terms of its operation, an eletri power system an be divided into three primary subsystems, eah of whih performs a key funtion: Generation Transmission Distribution 11
12 Eletri Power Transmission Eletri Power Transmission is the bulk transfer of eletri energy within an eletri power system from the various generating stations to the substations that onnet the transmission system to the distribution networks. An eletri power substation is an assembly of equipment through whih eletri energy is passed for transmission, transformation, distribution, or swithing purposes. Eletri Power Generation The generating stations are often loated at great distanes both from eah other and from the end users of the eletri energy that they produe. All of the power plants and the eletri loads are onneted together by a omplex, wired, transmission & distribution network, aross whih the eletri energy is transported from the various soures to the individual loads. 12
13 Eletri Power Generation The losses assoiated with the transportation of eletri energy aross a pratial (lossy) transmission line are proportional to the square of the urrent magnitude, making it more effiient to transport the energy at a higher-voltage/lowerurrent levels. Furthermore, there is a limit to the amount of urrent that an be allowed to ontinuously flow in a transmission line of given size. This also makes it more pratial to transfer large amounts of eletri energy at a higher voltage levels (and lower urrent levels). Eletri Power Transmission The Transmission Network or Power Grid onsists of an interonnetion of high-voltage transmission lines that allow large amounts of eletri energy to flow from point to point aross long distanes. Sine the transmission network forms the bakbone of the eletri power system, interonneting the generating stations to the various regional load enters, it must be able to deliver very large amounts of eletri energy to the load enters and it must be able to aommodate any operational hanges in the system. 13
14 Eletri Power Transmission The standard operating voltages for a transmission network are: High Voltage (HV): 115, 138 & 230kV Extra High Voltage (EHV): 345, 500 & 765kV Eletri Power Transmission The help ensure that the eletri energy is able to reah the end-users, even during times of equipment failure or other disruption, the transmission system is setup suh that it provides multiple (redundant) paths for the energy to flow. 14
15 Eletri Power Transmission In terms of system design, it is uneonomial to onnet all of the required distribution substations to the high-voltage transmission lines that are used to transport large amounts of energy aross long distanes due the size and ost of the high-voltage equipment. For this reason, the networks utilized for eletri power transmission are divided into two ategories based on their operating voltages: Transmission: typially 115kV 765kV Sub-transmission: typially 34.5kV 115kV Eletri Power Transmission Unlike the transmission network that moves large amounts of power between regions, the Sub-Transmission Network provides power to a speifi region. For this reason, sub-transmission iruits are usually arranged in loops so that a single line failure does not utoff power to a large amount of ustomers for more than a short time. Sub-transmission networks operate at lower voltages than transmission networks, allowing for more eonomial onnetion to all of the distribution system substations. 15
16 Eletri Power Transmission Note that there is no fixed utoff between transmission and sub-transmission networks. As systems have evolved, the operating voltages of the subtransmission networks have inreased suh that they overlap with those of the transmission networks, sometimes reahing up to 138kV. Eletri Power Distribution In terms of its operation, an eletri power system an be divided into three primary subsystems, eah of whih performs a key funtion: Generation Transmission Distribution 16
17 Eletri Power Distribution Eletri Power Distribution is the final stage in the transfer of eletri energy within an eletri power system, during whih the energy that was transferred from the transmission system to the distribution system is delivered to the ustomers. The distribution system operates at medium-level voltages ranging from 4kV to 34.5kV, most ommonly in the 11kV to 15kV range. Eletri Power Distribution Distribution networks are typially onfigured as one of either two types: Radial Interonneted Radial networks serve their network area from a single substation, with no onnetion to any other supply. 17
18 Eletri Power Distribution Distribution networks are typially onfigured as one of either two types: Radial Interonneted Interonneted networks are radial networks that have onnetions to other radial networks. The onnetions that are normally open, but an be losed as needed during faults or times of maintenane. Eletri Power Distribution Although some large ustomers are fed diretly from the distribution lines, most ustomers are supplied through a transformer that steps down the distribution voltage to a relatively low level for use by the equipment in the ustomer faility. 18
19 Eletri Power Plants An eletri power plant is an industrial faility that is used for the generation of eletri power. Traditional power plants ontain one or more generators, rotating mahines that onvert mehanial power into eletrial power. The energy soure harnessed to turn the generator varies widely. Most power stations burn fossil fuels suh as oal, oil, and natural gas to generate eletriity, while others use nulear power or a variety of leaner renewable energy soures suh as solar, wind, wave and hydroeletri. Three-Phase AC Power The majority of the eletri power systems utilize three-phase AC power as the standard for large-sale power generation, transmission, and distribution aross the modern world. 19
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