Design and Analysis of 28 GHz Millimeter Wave Antenna Array for 5G Communication Systems
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1 Journal of Science Technology Engineering and Management-Advanced Research & Innovation ISSN Vol. 1, Issue 3, August 2018 Design and Analysis of 28 GHz Millimeter Wave Antenna Array for 5G Communication Systems Asia Pacific University, Technology Park Malaysia, Bukit Jalil 5700, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Abstract: Microstrip patch antennas with significant attributes such as low cost, light weight, low profile and compatible with Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit are used widely in mobile communication. This paper presents the design of 28 GHz microstrip patch array antenna. The patch is designed using the substrate Rogers RT Duroid 5880 with a dielectric constant ɛr = 2.2 and a thickness of mm. The overall dimension of single patch is mm x 7.9 mm x mm. A quarter-wave transformer is incorporated and a lumped port is used to excite the antenna having an input characteristic impedance of 50 Ω. And further the design performance of a 2 x 1 and 4 x 1 array is evaluated on Roger Duroid 5880 without and with reflective materials for gain enhancement. The gain of the 2 x 1 array is of db and the 4 x 1 is db. Furthermore, the proposed design performance is evaluated on different types of substrate and with varied substrate thickness. The comparative analysis clearly indicates the influence of the substrate parameters in the antenna performance and gives an appropriate insight into the choice of substrate for the antenna design. Keywords: Microstrip Patch Antenna, Patch Array, 28GHz, Millimeter Wave, Array Antenna, 5G. 1. Introduction Microstrip patch antenna was created in the early 1950s and 20 years later, the research and development of microstrip antenna grew along with the development of printed circuit board [1]. Due to its low profile and small size, it found various application in different fields. It is widely used for civilian and military application. For example, radio frequency identification (RFID), mobile system, surveillance system, vehicle collision avoidance system, broadcast radio, satellite communications, missile guidance, radar systems and remote sensing [1][2]. On the other hand, microstrip patch antenna suffers losses such as conductor, dielectric and radiation which result in narrowing the bandwidth and lowering the gain. Many research were made and it was seen that when changing the shape of the antenna patch, it improves its bandwidth [3]. Microstrip patch antenna is a printed antenna consisting of a radiating patch usually on the upper side of the substrate and a ground plane on the opposite side. The patch is generally made from copper, silver or gold and it can take different shapes also. This type of antenna has several advantages such as being light weight, low cost, low volume, low profile, compatible with MMIC designs and fabrication is easy [4][5]. Microstrip patch antennas contribute to a high antenna quality factor, Q which represents the losses related to the antenna and a large Q lowers its efficiency and narrows the bandwidth [6]. Microstrip patch antennas contribute to a high antenna quality factor, Q which represents the losses related to the antenna and a large Q lowers its efficiency and narrows the bandwidth. Nevertheless, the use of photonic gap can minimize surface waves [7]. Other problems such as lower power handling capacity and low gain can be overcome by using an array configuration for the elements. Several microstrip patch array antennas are designed to mitigate the limitations [8]-[14]. 1
2 Design and Analysis of 28 GHz Millimeter Wave Antenna Array for 5G Communication Systems 2. Design Methodology The fundamental single patch design is adopted from the research on microstrip patch antenna at 28 GHz. [15]. The modification that has been done is the transmission line of the patch. It is changed from inset feed to rectangular feed. This modification was done so that proper impedance matching could be done more easily with the combination of quarter-wave transformer. The quarter wave transformer will be placed in between the antenna load and the feed line. This will provide impedance matching thus minimizing the reflection of the incident power. The characteristic impedance of the quarter-wave transformer is Ω. The length of the transmission line is set to λ/4 also and width to 50 Ω. Figure 1 below shows the antenna combined with the quarter-wave transformer and also the calculation for the modification done. Secondly Figure 1: Patch Antenna with Quarter Wave Transformer The dimensions of the patch remained the same i.e. the length (along x axis) is set to 4.24 mm and the width (along y axis) is set to 3.47 mm. The microstrip patch antenna has a characteristic impedance of Ω (RL) and it has to be connected to the 50 Ω (Z0) transmission line. 3. Construction Details 3.1 Single Patch The substrate used to make the single microstrip patch antenna is Rogers RT Duroid 5880 having a dielectric constant of 2.2 and a thickness of mm. The copper cladding used is of thickness 17.5 µm. Figure 2 below shows the dimensions of the modified antenna and Table 1 shows the dimensions of the patch antenna [15]. Table 1: Dimensions for Single Patch Parameter Value (mm) W L W L W L
3 Journal of Science Technology Engineering and Management-Advanced Research & Innovation ISSN Vol. 1, Issue 3, August 2018 Figure 2: Modified Microstrip Patch Antenna x 1 Array The proposed array is designed using 2 rectangular patches arranged in 2 x 1 formation. It is linked with a serial 50 Ω transmission line feed of width mm that splits into two 100 Ω line having width of mm. The electrical length of the transmission line is λ/4 = mm. The separation distance set initially between the patch is set to λ/2 = mm. The 2 x 1 array was optimized for increased bandwidth with the achieved gain of 10 db. This was done by modifying the electrical length of the transmission line to mm and the separation distance has been increased to mm. Figure 3 shows the construction details of the 2 x 1 rectangular array. Figure 3: Construction Details of 2 x 1 Array x 1 Array The proposed 4 x 1 rectangular array is designed and incorporated with a serial feed. The transmission feed line is normalized to 50 Ω having a width of mm which is then splits to two 100 Ω line of width mm. Quarter-wave transformers are used for proper impedance matching to connect the patch to the transmission line. The separation distance of the patches are set initially to λ/2 = mm and the transmission line to mm. The bandwidth of the antenna was optimized further more by adjusting the electrical length of the transmission line to mm and the separation distance to mm. The construction details of the antenna is shown in Figure 4. Figure 4: Constructional Details of 4 x 1 Array 3
4 Design and Analysis of 28 GHz Millimeter Wave Antenna Array for 5G Communication Systems 3.4 Enhancement By using the concept of reflective materials to enhance the gain, the enhancement of the antenna was done in a similar way except that the material was coated to its 3 faces of the substrate. There is no separation plate as the proposed antenna is very small in size. In fabrication method, it can be either electroplated or getting the material to be rolled onto the substrate. Different material can be used to perform this enhancement. Below is a Table of comparison that was simulated to see the effect of the bandwidth of different materials with a thickness of 0.01 mm. Table 2 shows the bandwidth of the antenna. With the enhancement of the gain the gain increases, the bandwidth will decrease so the tradeoff between these two parameters should be done carefully. Five different materials such as Aluminum, Copper, Isola Gigaver, Polyfon Cu and Chromium were tested to see the behavior of the enhancement. The top two materials that can be used are aluminum and copper. Here, copper will be chosen as it has a wider bandwidth allowing more connectivity. The results of the enhanced antennas are tabulated and explained in the next section of simulation results. The proposed design achieves a gain of db and a bandwidth more than 500 MHz, which still can be enhanced. Table 2: Materials for Gain Enhancement Material Aluminium Copper Isola Gigaver Polyfon Cu Chromium Bandwidth(MHz) Simulation Results The simulation results are tabulated in Table 3 and the main four parameters namely, reflection coefficient, gain, radiation efficiency and directivity are explained and analyzed. Table 3: Simulation of Single 2x1 and 4x1 patch array
5 Journal of Science Technology Engineering and Management-Advanced Research & Innovation ISSN Vol. 1, Issue 3, August 2018 As seen in Table 3, the return loss of the single patches i.e normal and optimized; both of them resonating at a frequency of GHz. Respectively they achieved a reflection coefficient of db and db. The enhanced version of the single patch has a resonating frequency of GHz at db. For the 2 x 1 array, the normal and the optimized have the same resonant frequency at GHz and the enhanced is at GHz having reflection coefficient of db, db and db. Lastly, the 4 x 1 array has resonating frequencies at GHz, GHz and GHz for the normal patch, optimized patch and enhanced patch respectively. Subsequently, the bandwidth of all antennas reached more than 500 MHz except the optimized single patch which has the low bandwidth of MHz as it was optimized gainwise. The highest bandwidth of 582 MHz was achieved by the single enhanced and the second highest is the 4 x 1 optimized array having value of MHz as shown in Figure 5. Figure 5: Bandwidth of Patch Array As seen in Table 3 and graphically in Figure 6, the single patches, all having a gain above 6.59 and maximum is reaching 6.7 db. For the 2 x 1 array, there has been an improvement of gain of 3.59 db; these arrays have a minimum gain of db and the highest gain was achieved by the normal 2 x 1 array which is db. When the number of patch has been increased to four, the gain increased by 3.27 db. The proposed 4 x 1 enhanced array achieved a high gain of db. It is clear that as the number of patch increases, the gain increases as shown in Figure 6. Subsequently making the beam narrow and more directional with increased radiation efficiency as shown in Figure 7 and 8 respectively. Figure 6: Gain of the Patch Array 5
6 Design and Analysis of 28 GHz Millimeter Wave Antenna Array for 5G Communication Systems Figure 7: Directivity of Patch Array Figure 8: Radiation Effeciency of Patch Array 5. Design Analysis 5.1 Type of Substrate The desing is analysed on two different type of substrates namely Taconic TLC and FR4. The properties of the two different substrate are tabulated as below in Table 4 along with the Roger Duroid 5880 to get a clear comparison. The thickness of all the substrate are kept constant in this test. The dimension of the antenna were re-calculated. Table 4: Substrate Properties Substrate Properties RT Duroid 5880 Taconic TLC FR4 Dielectric Constant Loss Tangent Surface Resistivity 2 x Ω 1 x 10 7 Ω 3 x 10 7 Ω
7 Journal of Science Technology Engineering and Management-Advanced Research & Innovation ISSN Vol. 1, Issue 3, August 2018 As seen in Table 5, when using RT Duroid 5880, the center frequency of the antennas are very near to 28 GHz (maximum shift of 0.75% by 4 x 1 array). When using Taconic TLC, the center frequency shifted on the left hand side making it go further away from the center frequency. The resonant frequency of the single patch is shifted by 910 MHz, the 2 x 1 array by 490 MHz and the 4 x 1 array by 1070 MHz (maximum shift of 3.82% by 4 x 1 array). The FR4 substrate caused some shifting also; for the single patch, it decreased by 630 MHz from the frequency which was set to 28 GHz. For the 2 x 1 array, a decrement of 990 MHz is seen however for the 4 x 1 array, it is very close to the center frequency compared to the other. It shifted from 28 GHz to GHz. All these antennas were successfully simulated with expected results and each of them resonated under the -10 db line and the values are tabulated below. Table 5: Comparison of Array on Different Substrates The plots of bandwidth on different substrates is shown in Figure 9. For RT Duroid 5880the bandwidths of the all antennas are above 500 MHz with the highest bandwidth of 582 MHz achieved by the single patch. It was expected to see the bandwidth when Taconic TLC to be more than the FR4 but it is vice-versa for the single and 4 x 1 array. The 2 x 1 of Taconic TLC is greater than FR4. The highest bandwidth achieved by all these antennas is the FR4 single patch with a bandwidth of MHz following by the FR4 4 x 1 array with a bandwidth of MHz. Figure 9: Bandwidth of the Patch Array on Different Substrate The radiation will have a direct impact on the gain of the antenna. Figure 10 shows the radiation efficiency of the patch arrays on different substrates. The radiation efficiency of RT Duroid 5880 is above 97% and 7
8 Design and Analysis of 28 GHz Millimeter Wave Antenna Array for 5G Communication Systems the gain are 6.55 db, 10.2 db and for the single patch, 2 x 1 and 4 x 1 arrays respectively. The radiation efficiency of Taconic TLC varies from 91.67% to 88.19%. As the number of patch increases the radiation efficiency decreases. Lastly for FR4 the radiation efficiency is very less compared to the other materials. For the first patch it is of 66.91%, the 2 x 1 array has an efficiency of 53.34% and the 4 x 1 array %. Subsequently these changes will have an impact on the gain of the antennas. Figure 10: Radiation Effeciency of the Patch Array on Different Substrate Figure 11 shows the gain of the array on different substrates. The gain of the antenna increases with the increasing number of patch. The gain of Taconic and FR4 have the same pattern of Duroid It can be seen that the magnitude of Taconic is less than Duroid 5880 and the one for FR4 is lesser than Taconic making the RT Duroid 5880 the most suitable material to be used. It can be concluded that RT Duroid is the best candidate from these 3 substrates. Figure 11: Bandwidth of the Patch Array on Different Substrate 5.2 Thickness of Substrate The minimum thickness of the substrate RT Duroid 5880 that can be used corresponding to the actual commercial are one is taken into consideration. The thickness of the substrate should be less than mm. RT Rogers Duroid 5880 is available as mm, mm and mm. In this case, the test
9 Journal of Science Technology Engineering and Management-Advanced Research & Innovation ISSN Vol. 1, Issue 3, August 2018 subject will be only mm due to this limitation. By changing the thickness of the substrate, some antenna parameters will change also and the results for the single. 2 x 1 and 4 x 1 array are tabulated as below in Table 6. Table 6: Patch Array on 0.254mm and 0.127mm Roger Duriod 5880 Substrate It can be seen that the bandwidth of the antenna decreased tremendously. The highest bandwidth achieved at thickness of mm is MHz by the single patch and the lowest by the 4 x 1 array which is 16.5 MHz. The radiation efficiency of the single patch having length mm is the highest among the simulated ones. The radiation efficiency of the substrate at mm decreased to a value of %. The 4 x 1 array has a decreased efficiency of % and leaving the least one achieving an efficiency of %. Only the gain of the first patch at mm has increased to 6.92 db but the gain of both arrays have decreased. This test shows that the substrate thickness of mm is the best candidate for the proposed antenna. 6. Conclusion The single patch antenna, 2 x 1 array and the 4 x 1 array were designed and simulated. Their resonant frequencies are GHz, GHz, and GHz respectively which lies in the LMDS band. The bandwidth of the antennas are above 500 MHz, starting with the single patch having a bandwidth of 582 MHz, 2 x 1 array of MHz and the 4 x 1 array achieved a bandwidth of 519 MHz. A gain of db by the 2 x 1 array and db by the 4 x 1 array is achieved. The comparative analysis on different substrate showed a decrease in gain of 14.83% for Taconic TLC and % for FR4 compared to RT Duroid. The results clearly indicate that the proposed design can be used for designing mm-wave antennas in 28GHz band for several wireless and mobile applications. References [1]. Singh, K. K. and Gupta, S. C. (2013) Review and Analysis of Microstrip Patch Array Antenna with different configurations, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 4(2), pp [2]. Srivastava, S., Khandelwal, A. and Sharma, S. (2014) Microstrip Patch Antenna : A Survey, IOSR Journal of Electrical 9
10 Design and Analysis of 28 GHz Millimeter Wave Antenna Array for 5G Communication Systems and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE), 9(4), pp [3]. Verma, S. et al. (2016) A small microstrip patch antenna for future 5G applications, th International Conference on Reliability, Infocom Technologies and Optimization, ICRITO 2016: Trends and Future Directions, pp [4]. Wong, K.-L. (2002) Compact Dual-Frequency and Dual-Polarized Microstrip Antennas, Compact and Broadband Microstrip Antennas. [5]. Sidhu, S. K. and Singh Sivia, J. (2015) Comparison of Different Types of Microstrip Patch Antennas, International Journal of Computer Applications, (Icaet), pp [6]. Kumar, K. P. et al. (2013) Effect of Feeding Techniques on the Radiation Characteristics of Patch Antenna : Design and Analysis, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and COmmunication Engineering, 2(2), pp [7]. Ahmad, W. and Budimir, D. (2016) Inkjet-Printed Antennas for 28 GHz 5G Applications, pp [8]. Ali, M. M. M. and Sebak, A. R. (2016) Dual band (28/38 GHz) CPW slot directive antenna for future 5G cellular applications, 2016 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, APSURSI Proceedings, pp doi: /APS [9]. Arrebola, M., Encinar, J. A. and Barba, M. (2008) Multifed printed reflectarray with three simultaneous shaped beams for LMDS central station antenna, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 56(6), pp doi: /TAP [10]. Bugaj, M. et al. (2012) Analysis Different Methods of Microstrip Antennas Feeding for Their Electrical Parameters, Jpier.Org, pp [11]. Chin, K. S., Chang, H. T. and Liu, J. A. (2010) Design of LTCC wideband patch antenna for LMDS band applications, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 9, pp [12]. Dahri, M. H. et al. (2017) Broadband Resonant Elements for 5G Reflectarray Antenna Design, 15(2), pp [13]. Du, J. et al. (2017) Dual-polarized Patch Array Antenna Package for 5G Communication Systems, pp [14]. Felita, C. and Suryanegara, M. (2013) 5G key technologies: Identifying innovation opportunity, 2013 International Conference on Quality in Research, QiR In Conjunction with ICCS 2013: The 2nd International Conference on Civic Space, pp [15]. (2018), Microstrip Patch Antenna at 28 GHz for 5G Applications, Journal of Science Technology Engineering and Management Advanced Research and Innovation, Volume 1, Issue 1, pp
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