FLYING CAPACITOR MULTILEVEL TOPOLOGY FOR GRID CONNECTED PV POWER SYSTEM

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1 Anis do XX Congresso Brsileiro de Automátic Belo Horizonte, MG, 2 24 de Setembro de 24 FYING CAPACITOR MUTIEVE TOPOOGY FOR GRID CONNECTED PV POWER SYSTEM ABINADABE S. ANDRADE, EDISON R. DA SIVA 2,3, MONTIÊ VITORINO 2 PostGrdute Progrm in Electricl Engineering PPgEE COPEE 2 EIAM, DEE, Federl University of Cmpin Grnde 3 Federl University of Prib Av. Aprígio Veloso 882, Bloco CH, Cmpin Grnde, PB CEP Emils: bindbe.ndrde@ee.ufcg.edu.br, ercdsilv@gmil.com, montiê.vitorino@gmil.com Abstrct This pper proposes configurtion tht llows connecting PV pnel to the power grid. It is composed of boost converter, flybck converter, nd fourlevel flying cpcitor (FC) inverter. Differently from other possibilities, the floting cpcitor voltge is regulted independently from the multilevel converter link voltge. This simplifies the tsks of the inverter control. Current control is used together with Mximum Power Point Trcking (MPPT) lgorithm in order to hve mximum power trnsfer from the PV string to the grid. The system lso controls the grid current for unity power fctor opertion. Simultion nd experimentl results confirm the fesibility of the proposed system. Keywords PV power system, flying cpcitor multilevel inverter, power electronics, renewble energy. Introduction Among the renewble energy sources, wind nd solr ones becme very populr ones. In specil, the sun furnishes more energy to the erth in one hour thn the globl consumption in n entire yer. In recent yers PV isolted or gridconnected systems hve been more nd more ttrctive since costs hve been reduced. Also, the photovoltic (PV) industry is hving n nnul growth of 4% per yer for the lst decde (Kroposki et l., 29). In generl, boost converter is connected between the PV rry nd the lod or the energy storge element for extrcting the mximum power point trcking (MPPT)] from the PV rry (Miytke et l., 2). It is lso ble to regulte the voltge nd lod current, nd the power flux when the system is connected to the grid. For AC ppliction, inverters re necessry nd different topologies hve been employed in PV conversion. Multilevel converters re proper lterntives for medium nd high power pplictions. Neutrl Point Clmped (NPC), cscded HBridges, Flying Cpcitor (FC) converters, multilevel boost converter, t dul inverter nd other, hve been used in PV systems (Kjer, 25),(i, Wolfs, 28),(Ozdemir et l., 29),(Kouro et l., 2),(Khrishnmoorthy et l., 23), (Mous et l., 29), (Trbelsi nd Brhim, 2), (Sfiyi et l., 22), (Brdni et l., 2). All topologies hve proper dvntges but lso disdvntges. For exmple, in NPC, the voltge clmping cpbility of the clmping diodes vries with the number of levels. The cscded Hbridge configurtion is sclble but hs the disdvntge of using multiple insulted dc sources. In FC converters the number of floting cpcitors increses with the number of levels. Although less studied for use in PV systems, the Flying Cpcitor (FC) converter hs been shown to be suitble for tht ppliction (Trbelsi nd Brhim, 2), (Sfiyi et l., 22), (Brdni et l., 2). One dvntge of this converter it is ble to hve fourlevel opertion but with the sme structure of the threelevel inverter. For this dclink nd the storge cpcitor voltges must hve different vlues (Kou et l., 22). In the conventionl FC inverter, the lod current nd cpcitor voltges must be jointly controlled. In (Sfiye et l., 22) boost converter is used s first stge to boost the PV voltge to the grid level; t second stge the FC inverter performs the MPPT function, nd lso controls the grid current for unity power fctor. In (Brdni et l., 2) the stges re the sme except tht the boost converter controls the PV voltge nd step it up to the requested constnt dc link voltge nd the FC converter only converts the proper dc voltge to grid synchronous AC voltge. In (Brdni et l., 2) the MPPT control is similr to tht in (Sfiyi et l., 22). A problem with these control pproches is the complicted control strtegy to regulte the floting cpcitor voltges. In this proposed pper, PV pnel fed multilevel dcdc boost converter regultes directly the floting cpcitor voltge of the multilevel FC converter, thus simplifying the tsks of the inverter control. Current control is used together with MPPT lgorithm in order to furnish the grid the energy generted from PV string. The system lso controls the grid current for unity power fctor opertion. Simultion nd experimentl results confirm the fesibility of the proposed system. 2 Proposed System The simplified configurtion of the proposed system for interconnecting the PV string nd the voltge grid is introduced in Figure. It consists of PV source in series with dcdc converter composed of nonisolted boost converter in series with flybck converter, here simply referred s boost nd flybck, respectively. The boost converter controls the extrction of the mximum possible power (MPPT) from the PV string. Its output cpcitor (C ) feeds both the flybck converter nd the floting cpcitor of the singlephse FC converter. The output cpcitor of 973

2 Anis do XX Congresso Brsileiro de Automátic Belo Horizonte, MG, 2 24 de Setembro de 24 the flybck converter corresponds to the cpcitors (C2C3) thus determining the dclink voltge, V. The dclink voltge is then converted to c voltge of which the number of levels is obtined with the help of the cpcitor C voltge nd n dequte modultion control (Kou et l., 22). The inverter lso controls the line current for unity power fctor opertion. The floting cpcitor voltge is trditionlly regulted t VC V 2resulting in 3level opertion, but this through the inverter PWM control technique. In this pper, tht voltge cn be independently regulted t VC V / 3 for 4level opertion using the sme threelevel structure nd simpler FC inverter PWM control. In the following, detils re given on both the boost nd the flybck converters control nd on the PWM technique used for the FC converter. the figure). For V / 6 Vo V / 6, the pole voltge vries between sttes 2 nd 3. In this cse S nd during the time intervl T, nd S nd S 2 2 during T. For the intervl b V / 2 Vo V / 6, the pole voltge vries between sttes 3 nd 4. In this cse S, during the time intervl T, nd S 2 during T. b B. PV pnel nd MPPT lgorithm The PV voltge (V ) is determined ccording to the switching dutycycle of the boost converter. When S, V nd when S, V V V C, where V V is the PV voltge, V is voltge cross the inductor, nd V is the voltge C over the floting cpcitor C. Then, for S, di dt V V, () Figure. The proposed topology for connecting the PVstring to the grid. Vdc/2 P Vdc/6 Vdc/6 Vo A. Modultion for Flying Cpcitor Inverter A hybrid PWM strtegy bsed in (Oliveir et l., 24) ws used to generte the switching pulses for the converter opertion. Tble shows the possible switching sttes for clssicl threelevel FC converter ( VC V 2 ) (ee et l., 23) nd for 4 level ( VC V / 3 ) opertion. Note tht in the 3 cse, in which VC V 2, both sttes 2 nd 3 result in V. o Tble. Switching Sttes. Stte S Vo (3) Vo (4) V /2 V /2 2 V /6 3 V /6 4 V /2 V /2 The principle of the 4 modultion PWM is presented in Figure 2, where T s is the switching intervl. When V / 6 Vo V / 2, the pole voltge will vry between sttes nd 2. Considering tht the ON stte of switch is represented by the digitl number nd the OFF stte by, then S nd during the intervl of time T nd S 2 during the intervl of time T. From similrity of b tringles, it cn be seen tht V P V, T (2 V ) s 2 o 3P T nd Tb TS T s shown in Vdc/2 S Tb T () V / 6 V V / 2 Vdc/2 Vdc/6 P Vdc/6 o Vo Vdc/2 Tb S T (b) V / 6 V V / 6 Vdc/2 Vdc/6 Vdc/6 P Vdc/2 o Vo S Tb T (c) V / 2 Vo V / 6 Figure 2. Principle of the 4level PWM strtegy. 974

3 Anis do XX Congresso Brsileiro de Automátic Belo Horizonte, MG, 2 24 de Setembro de 24 S V Ic { S I V V MPPT R V I Rb Ic I MPPT Control VVVV { { Vc Vc Rc d VC Sb VVVV Flying Cpcitor Control VC2 O o A V CA{ VC3 S V V S Vo io io Rd PImod P PWM IO cos(ɵ ) ink nd Fctor Power Control Figure 3. Proposed system including the constituent prts of the control system. di S V V VC for. (2) dt From (2) nd considering tht V is lwys positive, the stte S lwys results in n increment in the current, since di dt. Insted, from () nd when V V C, decrement of current does occur since di. The inductor current cn be dt used to control either the output voltge or the boost input voltge. Since the output voltge V is C controlled by the flybck through S b, the current is then used to control the input voltge V. The voltge reference comes from MPPT lgorithm tht defines the voltge reference tht produces the mximl power trnsfer (Kroposki et l., 29. Figure 3 shows the control scheme for the boost converter. For chieve the MPPT, the method used is tht of the incrementl conductnce resulting in the voltge reference V. The PV voltge error is controlled by PI controller. Note tht the cpcitor voltge of the cpcitor connected to the PV cn be controlled through the current i. The PI controller output is the current reference i. Since the C C control is chieved through the inductor current, nd not by the the cpcitor current, this reltionship cn be found through Kircchoff s lw, tht is, i i i (3) C Finlly, the PWM reference is the output of nother PI controller fed by the inductor current error. C. Proposed system control In the proposed system control the FC inverter cpcitor voltge V is controlled by the boost C converter through switch S b. It is the input voltge of the flybck converter, of which the output voltge is the inverter dclink voltge V. Since switch S controls the PV voltge, control of V is chieved through the FC inverter current control. The output voltge of the flybck converter is given by V N 2 d, in which d is the dutyrtio defined by the switch S b, In this work VC N d N 2 N. Also, voltge V is compred to the C cpcitor voltge reference vlue nd the error genertes the dutycycle required through the controller R to force the ctul cpcitor voltge to its reference vlue. The dclink voltge V is compred to its ref nd tht voltge error origintes the erence V required current reference through the controller R d, tht genertes the mplitude of the grid current error I. The error of lod current reference is synchronized with the grid voltge in order to impose the power fctor close to unity. This is chieved with the help of P (phselockedloop) tht furnishes the cosine of the power ngle requested to generte the requested synchronized current error. This error is processed by the controller PI mod. in order to generte the reference voltge tht defines the PWM switching of the FC converter to regulte the dclink voltge. 3 Simultion Results nd Performnce nlysis Simulted results hve been obtined through Mtlb nd PSIM. Tble 2 shows the system dt used for simultion. Note tht the flying cpcitor voltge is regulted t 6V (hlf of tht the link) in cse of 3 opertion nd t 4V (/2 of tht the link) in cse of 4 opertion. The PV module considered hs 36 PV cells nd vrint irrdition in the rnge from 9 to W/m 2 t temperture or 25º C, s shown in Figure 4(). The 975

4 Anis do XX Congresso Brsileiro de Automátic Belo Horizonte, MG, 2 24 de Setembro de 24 Tble 2. System prmeters used in simultion Prmeter Symbol Vlue Boost Indutor 7mH ine Indutor S 7mH N/N2 FlyBck BoostFlyBck PWM crrier fcc khz freq FC HPWM crrier freq. fs khz Boost input cpcitor C 22uF FC inc cpcitor C2,C3 44uF FC Flying cpcitor C 22uF link voltge V = V C2 V C3 2V Flying cp. voltge for 3 level Vc 6V Flying cp. voltge for 4 level Vc 4V Grid voltge Vc 5V () Solr pnel: Pmx nd Po. rdition conditions produce n verge power of 67 W. The power fctor obtined is ner unity, s shown in Figure 4(b), for preliminry vlues of grid voltge (5 V) nd current (2.5 A pektopek). Figures 4(c) nd 4(d) depict the threelevel nd fourlevel FC inverter pole voltges (phse voltge), respectively. The THD reduces from 3.24%, in cse of the 3 opertion, to 2.88%, in cse of 4 opertion, both t khz. As expected, the system dclink voltge is regulted nd the floting cpcitor ripple re mintined t low levels. Figure 4(e) shows tht the pektopek ripple is 3.2 V in the dclink voltge (top) nd.9 V in the floting cpcitor voltge (bottom) in cse of 3 opertion. As shown in Figure 4(f), in cse of 4 opertion the pektopek ripple is.66 V in the dclink voltge (top) nd.8 V in the floting cpcitor voltge (bottom). (b) Voltge nd current in the grid (c) Pole voltge of the FC inverter to 3 evel 4 Experimentl Results Preliminry experimentl results hve been obtined with the help of DSP with switching frequency of khz. Sme prmeters used for simultion hve been dopted to verify the fesibility of the proposed system. The wveforms in Figure 5() confirms the good power fctor obtined t the grid, while Figure 5(b) verify the pole voltge for 3 opertion. Also Figure 5(c) confirms the results obtined with simultion in terms of link voltge (top) nd flying cpcitor voltge (bottom) ripples re confirmed. More rel results re being obtined. (e) Vdc nd Vc for 3 evel 5 Conclusion This pper proposed new gridconnected photovoltic power system bsed on threelevel flying cpcitor (FC) inverter tht cn lso operte with four levels nd with grid power fctor control. The system is composed by boost converter nd (d) Pole voltge of the FC inverter for 4 evel 976

5 Anis do XX Congresso Brsileiro de Automátic Belo Horizonte, MG, 2 24 de Setembro de 24 (f) Vdc nd Vc for 4 evel () Solr pnel: Pmx nd Po. (g) Vc2 nd Vc3 for 4 evel Fig. 4. Proposed system: simultion results flybck converter besides the FC inverter. The system control llows to extrct the mximum power from the PV pnel under irrdition conditions. Insted of being regulted by the inverter control, s in other PV systems, the floting cpcitor is independently regulted by the boost converter. This elimintes the floting cpcitor voltge control through the inverter PWM strtegy, which is simplifies. Results hve shown tht the THD nd cpcitor voltges ripple vlues re s expected. Experimentl results to vlidte the thereticl nd simultion results. (b) Voltge nd current in the grid (c) Pole voltge of the FC inverter to 3 evel Acknowledgment Authors re grteful to the Coordenção de Aperfeiçomento de Pessol de Nível Superior (CAPES), the Conselho Ncionl de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) nd the Fundção de Apoio à Pesquis d Príb (FAPESQ) for funding this reserch. (e) Vdc nd Vc for 3 evel References Brdrni, F., Hosseini, S.H. nd Frzm Nejbtkhh, F. (2). A SinglePhse Grid Connected Photovoltic Power System using DFCM Converter. In Proc. of the 7th Intern (d) Pole voltge of the FC inverter for 4 evel 977

6 Anis do XX Congresso Brsileiro de Automátic Belo Horizonte, MG, 2 24 de Setembro de 24 (f) Vdc nd Vc for 4 evel () Grid voltge (lrger) nd current (smller). (g) Vc2 nd Vc3 for 4 evel (b) Pole voltge of the FC inverter to 3 evel (5 V/div.). Fig. 4. Proposed system: simultion results tionl Conference on Electricl nd Electronics Engineering, EECO, pp. 26. Kou, X., Corzine, K.A. nd Fmilint Y. (22). Full binry combintion schem for floting voltge source multilevel inverters. IEEE Trnsctions on Power Electronics., vol. 7, pp Kjer, S. B., Pedersen, J. K. nd Blbjerg, F. (25). A Review of SinglePhse Grid Connected Inverters for Photovoltic Modules. IEEE Trnsctions on Industry Applictions, Vol. 4, No. 5, pp Kouro, S., Asfw, K., Goldmn, Snow, R., Wu, B. nd Rodríguez, J. (2). NPC Multilevel Multistring Topology for rgescle Grid Connected Photovoltic Systems. In Proc. of the IEEE Interntionl Conference on Power Electronics for Distributed Genertion Systems, pp Krishnmoorthy, H.S., Esskippn, S., Enjeti, P.N., Blog, R.S. nd Ahmed, S. (22). A New Multilevel Converter for Megwtt Scle Solr Photovoltic Utility Integrtion. In Proc. of IEEE APEC, pp Kroposki, B., Mrgolis, R. nd Ton D. (29). Hrnesing the sun: An Overview of Solr Technologies. IEEE Power & Energy Mgzine, pp ee, W.K., Kim, T.J., Kng, D.W. nd Hyun, D.S (23). A crrierrottion strtegy for voltge blncing of flying cpcitors in flying cpcitor multilevel inverter. In Proc. of IEEE IECON, pp i, Q. nd Wolfs, P., (28). A Review of the Single Phse Photovoltic Module Integrted (c) Vdc (top) nd Vc (bottom) for 3 evel (2 V/div.). Fig. 5. Proposed system: experimentl results for 3 level. Converter Topologies With Three Different ink Configurtions. IEEE Trnsctions o Power Electronics, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp Miytke, M., Veerchry, M., Toriumi, F., Fujii, N. nd Ko, H. (2). Mximum Power Point Trcking of Multiple Photovoltic Arrys: APSO Approch. IEEE Trnsctions on Aerospce nd Electronic Systems, Vol. 47, Issue, pp Mous, M., Ahmed, M. E. nd Orbi, M. (29). New Converter Circuitry for PV Applictions Using Multilevel Converters. In Proc. of IEEE INTEEC, pp. 6. Oliveir Jr., A.S., d Silv, E.R.C. nd Jcobin, C.B (24). A hybrid PWM strtegy for multilevel voltge source inverters. In Proc. of IEEE Power Electron. Specilists Conf., pp Ozdemir, E., Ozdemir, S. nd Tolbert.M (29). FundmentlFrequencyModulted Sixevel DiodeClmped Multilevel Inverter for Three Phse StndAlone Photovoltic System. 978

7 Anis do XX Congresso Brsileiro de Automátic Belo Horizonte, MG, 2 24 de Setembro de 24 IEEE Trnsctions on Industril Electronics, Vol. 56, No., pp Shfiyi, M.A., Khederzdeh, M., Sdeghi, M. nd Khni, S. (22). A Gridconnected PV Power Supply bsed on Flying Cpcitor multicell converter with modified MPPT bsed Control for Active Power Filtering. Second Irnin Conference on Renewble Energy nd Distributed Genertion, pp Trbelsi, M. nd BenBrhim,. (2). Development of Grid Connected Photovoltic Power Conditioning System bsed on Flying Cpcitors Inverter. In Proc. of the 8th Interntionl MultiConference on Systems, Signls & Devices, pp

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