Integrated circuits: linear voltage regulator

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1 Integrated circuits: linear voltage regulator

2 Linear voltage regulator Circuits and electronic systems to work properly must be fed with a determined power in dc. The power supply has to provide to the load required dc voltage. This task can be accomplished using the ac electrical power distribution system and converting the ac Voltage (230V - 50Hz) into the requested dc voltage. AC-DC Voltage conversion: the necessary current to guarantee the 1. reducing the voltage level using a transformer, 2. removing the negative half-wave (or the positive one) via a rectifier and 3. smoothing the rectified signal through a capacitive filter. With power systems, made by 3 steps above, there are some problems: 1. Ripple on the obtained voltage. 2. The power line is irregular (there are quick changes of voltage levels), for which at the power supply system output, some voltage and current spike can be present. These spikes can destroy the integrated circuit. 3. The output voltage should be kept constant despite the load resistance variations.

3 Linear voltage regulator Power transformer + - ac Linea Line ac 220 V (rms) 50 Hz Diode Rectifier Filter Voltage Load Regulator

4 Linear voltage regulator There is an integrated circuit family that can solve the problems described above, the circuits of this family are called voltage regulators. The voltage regulator is designed to automatically adjust the amount of current supplied to the load to maintain a constant output voltage. Controlled voltage current generator Control circuit The control circuit detects the V out and varies the current of the generator in order to maintain the desired V out. This is realizeded by comparing the output voltage with a reference voltage and via a feedback loop. Therefore this circuit must have a compensation to ensure stability (realized internally).

5 Linear voltage regulator 3 types of IC can be considered : 1) Standard regulator 2) low-dropout regulator 3) quasi low-dropout rgulator R 2 R 1

6 Linear voltage regulator The standard regulator works correctly if the following condition is verified: V in -V out >=2V BE + V CE. The minimum voltage difference between input and output (V DMIN ) is equal to 2.5V- 3V Some integrated STD provide current maximum working (I LMAX ) equal to10a The quasi-ldo regulator works correctly if the following condition is verified: V in -V out >=V BE + V CE. V DMIN is 1.5 V. Sume regulator quasi-ldo provide I LMAX =7.5A LDO regulator works if : V in -V out >= V CE. V DMIN is 0.7V-0.8V. Some LDO regulator provide I LMAX =1A

7 Linear voltage regulator: Three terminals fixed output regulators The choice of a particular integrated circuit depends on various characteristics: The maximum load current. Type of source. Permitted tolerance for Vout. Possibility to vary the output voltage. Positive or negative value of the output voltage. In the case of battery-powered applications the LDOs are usually the best choice. In case use of the AC-power applications the voltage drop V D is not a critical element for which it is preferable to the standard solution. The voltage regulators can be divided into: 1) FIXED OUTPUT REGULATORS 2) ADJUSTABLE OUTPUT REGULATORS

8 Linear voltage regulator: Three terminals fixed output regulators The advantages of these controllers are: a) Ease of use. b) Internal protection for overcurrent. c) No need for an adjustment circuit. d) Low cost. The disadvantages are: a) The output voltage cannot be adjusted precisely. b) Available only for certain values of voltage and output current. There are 2 types of 3-terminal regulators fixed: positive and negative.. A) Positive output with positive regulator B) Negative output with a negative regulator C) Positive output with a negative regulator D) negative output with positive regulator

9 Linear voltage regulator: Three terminals fixed output regulators LM78xx: This type of device provides positive voltage and a maximum current of 1.5 A. The two digits xx (05,06,08,10,12,..., 24) indicate the provided voltage. LM79xx: This type of device provides negative voltage and a maximum current of 1.5 A. The two digits xx (05,06,08,10,12,..., 24) indicate the provided voltage. LM78Lxx: This type of device provides positive voltage and a maximum current equal to 0.1 A. The two digits xx (05,06,08,10,12,..., 24) indicate the provided voltage. LM79Lxx: This type of device provides at its output negative voltage and maximum current equal to 0.1 A. The two digits xx (05,06,08,10,12,..., 24) indicate the provided voltage. LM stands for linear monolithic

10 Linear voltage regulator: Three terminals fixed output regulators The capacitor C in (0.1-1mF) should be connected if the chip is placed away from the rectifier (>25 cm), it filters the noise. The capacitor C out ( mf) allows to further reduce the ripple present at the output of the integrated. The capacitors C in and C out if electrolytic must be connected taking into account their polarity, working with integrated 78L or 78 the negative terminal is connected to ground, while in the case of integrated 79 or 79L the positive terminal is connected to ground. D1 The diode D1 protects the integrated circuit when the power supply is turned off. Without this diode the energy, stored on C out, would flow on the output terminal of the IC damaging it, the diode allows the capacitor to discharge to the input terminal. V in C in grd C out V out

11 LM317: it gives positive voltages and currents with a value up to 1.5 A. LM337: it gives negative voltages and currents with a value up to 1.5 A. In the case of variable regulators the middle terminal must be connected to a resistive divider as shown in figure. ADJ OUT IN V REF =1.25 V A typical value of R 1 is 150W-330W R Vout LM LM R / 337 V in C in in adj R 1 R 2 out + VREF - V out C out So: V out R2 R 1-1 LM 317 / LM

12 V REF R 1 R 2

13 Set R 1 (typical values are 150W-330W) you can find the value of R2. To improve the reduction of ripple performed from integrate a capacitor C R2 is connected 10mF in parallel to R 2. The used electrolytic capacitors must be connected considering their polarity. The diode D 1 allows to protect the integrated circuit when the power supply is turned off. The diode D 2 allows to discharge the capacitor C R2 in case the output is accidentally short-circuited To protect the integrated some diodes are introduced as shown in the figure. in D 1 out Also for the diodes D1 and D2 the direction of connection must be considered, in the example which is shown in figure, the integrated 317 is used. For the integrated 337 the two diodes must be reversed. C in adj C R2 D 2 R 1 R 2 C out

14 In case you want to provide a current greater than the maximum current of the IC you can use the configuration shown in figure. The inserted power transistor, if properly biased, provides the additional current required. R 3 bias the BJT. For example, if you want a maximum current of 2A> I max (1.5A for the LM317) a pnp BJT should be introduced. For the integrated the work current is chosen equal to 0.2A (1/10 of the maximum desired value). Therefore, the current I R3 is calculated then the R 3 value, necessary to ensure a BJT V BE of 0.65V, is deduced : C in R 3 BJT in adj D 1 out D 2 R 1 C out 2 10 A I I R3 B C R2 R 2 2A I I - I - 0.2A R C R3 B 3 10 hfe V I BE R3 In case of negative voltages the LM337 and npn BJT are used.

15 5-V Logic Regulator With Electronic Shutdown Figure shows a 5-V output regulator with an NPN transistor to provide shutdown control. The NPN will either block or sink the current from the ADJ pin by responding to the TTL pin logic. When TTL is high, the NPN is on and pulls the ADJ pin to GND, and the LM317 outputs about 1.25 V. When TTL is low, the NPN is off and the regulator outputs according to the programmed adjustable voltage. The NPN transistor works as a switch from interdiction to saturation. Therefore, in order to select base resistor, saturation graph is considered.

16 Synthesis steps of bias network: 1. Saturation - Select collector current and R1 so that: voltage across R 1 is 1.25 V (the voltage between Out and Adj terminals) and R1 value is 150W 330W 2. Saturation - Take for the selected collector current the related V BEsat value 3. Saturation - Knowing I B =I C /10, V BEsat and V TTL compute the base resistor R B R B V TTL -V I B BEsat 4. Interdiction The current flows through R 2, and the R2 value is obtained V 2 out 1-1 R R 1.25 f C R 2 f Wmin 10 1 f C 2 C

17 Digitally Selectabe Outputs Figure shows a digitally selectable output voltage. In its default state, all transistors are off and the output voltage is set based on R1 and R2. By driving certain transistors, the associated resistor is connected in parallel to R2, modifying the output voltage of the regulator. R3 R4 R5 R6

18 Peak clipping AC voltage regulator The LM317 can be used as a peak clipping AC voltage regulator. Two regulators are used, 1 for each polarity of the input as shown in figure. Since each regulator works independently, the positive and negative peaks must be set separately for a symmetrical output.

19 Current Regulator A simple, fixed current regulator can be made by placing a resistor between the Out and ADJ pins of the LM317 (see Figure). By a constant voltage (1.25 V) between these two terminals, a constant current is delivered to the load. in out Cin adj IL R1 IL Load I L 1.25V R 1

20 CCC and CEC Amplifier The LM317 can be used as a constant current source in the CCC and CEC

21 CEC Amplifier V CC R3 C1 R1 C2 + Rs Vs + Vin R2 RL V L - -

22 Synthesis steps of bias network: 1) Choose the transistor working point: I C, V CE.The supply voltage V CC depends on V CE, so V CC =2 V CE +(V I -V ADJ ). 2) From the graph I C (V CE,V BEon ) V BEon can be estimated. For V CE > 2V and I C < 300 ma the characteristics are assumed horizontal. 3) From the graph I C (V CE,I B ) I B can be estimated. 4) I R2 is fixed equal to 10 I B. 5) R 2 is obtained by: R 2 V I BE R2 VCC -VBEQ 6) R 1 is obtained by: R1 R2 V 7) R 3 is obtained by: R3 BEQ 1. 25V I C

23 Input-Output voltage differential : maximum voltage difference between input and output where the circuit can operate without being damaged.

24 Reference voltage : reference voltage and minimum value of the output voltage. Line regulation : variation of the output voltage per unit change of input voltage. Vout line regulation Vin mv/v (variation of the output voltage in mv per 1 volt of variation of the input voltage), ppm/v (parts per million for 1 volt), %/V (percentage change in output per 1 Volt of variation of the input voltage), % (percentage change in output corresponding to the maximum possible variation of Vin). In the case of LM317, under the conditions specified 3V <Vin-Vout <40V, the maximum value of line regulation is 0.04% / V. For example if Vout = 10V and Vin = 20V (the input is between 13V and 50V), the maximum percentage change in the output voltage is 0.8% and the maximum variation of the output voltage is 0.8% of 10V equal to 80mV.

25 Load regulation : Variation of the output voltage per unit change of the current. V load regulation NL -V I FL FL V NL = the no-load output voltage V FL = the full-load output voltage mv/ma (variation of the output voltage in mv per 1 ma of variation of load current), %/ma (percentage change in output per 1 ma of variation of load current), % (percentual variation of V out corresponding to the maximum possible variation of the load current), mv (variation in mv of V out corresponding to the maximum possible variation of the load current) In the case of LM317 (minimum and maximum values of the current are 10mA and 1.5A) there are two situations: For V out <5V output will not vary more than 15mV. For V out 5V output will not vary more than 0.3% of the output voltage.

26 Minimum load current : it indicates the minimum current necessary to run the integrated, in the case of LM317, it is equal to 10mA. For currents < 10mA the output voltage is lost. Current limit : maximum current. Ripple rejection ratio : it represents the ability to reduce the ripple of the input voltage. ripple rejection ratio 20log10 In the case of the integrated LM317 the ripple rejection ratio is equal to 65dB corresponding to a reduction ripple equal to V V in out

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