INVESTIGATION OF THE GPS SIGNALS IONOSPHERIC CORRECTION
|
|
- Patience Agnes Powers
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 INVESTIGATION OF THE GPS SIGNALS IONOSPHERIC CORRECTION An Pul Mrins Chirdi Hélio Koiti Kug Antônio Fernndo Bertchini de Almeid Prdo INPE Av. dos Astronuts, Jrdim d Grnj São José dos Cmpos - SP - Brzil CEP: FAX: emil: chir@dem.inpe.br ABSTRACT The purpose o this work is to investigte proper model to correct the ionospheric eect using single requency GPS mesurements, which it will be used in the rtiicil stellite orbit determintion tking in ccount tht stellite will be bove 1000 km o erth's surce. When the GPS signls re trnsmitted rom GPS stellite to receiver, they propgte through the ionosphere cusing errors on the mesurements which re the highest one on signl propgtion. To chieve the highest possible positioning ccurcies orm GPS, the ionospheric errors shll be neutrlized using some kind o model nd/or mesurement, nd they hve to be considered within the djustment process. Using dul requency GPS receivers, the ionospheric errors cn be lmost totlly ccounted or tking dvntge o the ionosphere's dispersive nture. However, this work dels with rel-time determintion o n rtiicil stellite orbit with single requency GPS receiver. So, some model o single requency ionospheric correction must be used. Such investigtion will deine to which extent the ionospheric error cn ect the inl ccurcy o the rel-time determintion when using the GPS constelltion. 1
2 Keywords: GPS signls, ionosphere, single requency INTRODUCTION The GPS System llows users to mesure rnge nd rnge rte inormtion simultneously rom our stellites to determine user's position nd velocity. Ech stellite trnsmits dt strem clled Nvigtion Messge on L1 nd L t rte o 50 bps. This dt strem contins: the stellite clock correction term; the clock reerence time; the dierentil group dely nd IODC (Issue o Dte, Clock) term; the Ephemeris prmeters or the trnsmitting stellite; the single requency ionospheric correction terms; the coeicients to convert GPS time to UTC; the Almnc o ll stellites (Leick, 1994). Moreover, the GPS stellite signls trnsmit other dt types which re code nd crrier phse pseudornges. They re cquired rom the trnsmitted signl t two L- bnd requencies, 1 = MHz nd = MHz. Except or corruption by clock errors, tmosphere delys, nd instrumentl delys, pseudornge is n bsolute mesurement o rdio-metric rnge between GPS stellite nd receiver. Among the error sources, the lrgest one comes rom the dely when signl trvels through the tmosphere. Crrier requencies below 30 MHz re relected by the ionosphere nd only higher requencies penetrte the ionosphere.
3 There re two dierences between the crrier phse nd code pseudornges which re: the crrier phse pseudornge is bised by n unknown integer number o cycles nd it hs dt noise much lower thn code pseudornge, which mkes it more precise. To llow users to utomticlly correct the eects o both the rnge nd rnge rte errors induced by the ionosphere, the secondry requency ws incorported into the system. The dul requency GPS receivers tke dvntge o the dispersive nture o the ionosphere nd cn eliminte the ionospheric errors, t lest mthemticlly. For single requency users, it ws incorported into the system numeric model o ionospheric rnge error clled Klobuchr s model. IONOSPHERIC EFFECTS IN THE GPS MEASUREMENTS The tmosphere is usully subdivided into regions. These regions re bsed on common physicl properties nd ppernces such s tempertures, composition, stte o mixing, nd ioniztion. With respect to signl propgtion, it cn be divided in troposphere nd ionosphere. This division is mde ccording to the dierent conditions o propgtion. The ionosphere covers the region between pproximtely 50 km nd 1000 km bove the erth nd is chrcterized by the presence o ree electrons. In ct the upper boundry o the ionosphere is not well deined since it cn be interpreted s the electron densities thinning into the plsmsphere nd subsequently the inter plnetry plsm (Komjthy, 1997). 3
4 The ionosphere is dispersive medium or rdio wves implying tht the rerctive index is unction o the rdio wve's requency, the electron density, nd to minor degree, the intensity o the erth's mgnetic ield. The rerctive index is given by: c n = 1 ± (1) where the positive signl is or crrier phse pseudornge nd negtive one is or code pseudornge, is the requency, c = N e, N e is the electron density which is lwys positive. Ater integrting the phse nd group rerctive indices long the pth o the GPS signl, the rnge obtined between the stellite nd the receiver which is dierent rom the true geometric rnge by the mount clled ionospheric error. The error is negtive or the crrier phse pseudornges (phses is dvnce; tht is, the mesured rnge is shorter thn the geometric rnge) nd positive or the code pseudornges ( group dely; tht is, the mesured rnge is longer thn the geometric) (Komjthy, 1997). The ionospheric dely is proportionl to the number o electron content (integrted density long the signl pth) nd inversely proportionl to requency squred used: 40.3 ION = TEC () where TEC is Totl Electron Content nd is given by: 4
5 TEC = N e ds (3) nd s is the pth rom stellite to the receiver. The density o ree electrons vries strongly with the time o the dy nd the ltitude. Thereore, the chnge o pseudornge mesurement cused by the ionospheric rerction my be restricted to the determintion o the TEC. However, the TEC itsel is irly complicted quntity becuse it depends on sunspot ctivities, sesonl, nd diurnl vritions the line o sight which includes elevtion nd zimuth o the stellite, nd the position o the observtion site. Tking ll eects into ccount, GPS pseudornge my be wrong rom bout 15 m to 50 m (Homnn-Wellenho, 1994). THE DUAL FREQUENCY IONOSPHERIC MODEL The expressions or the code nd crrier phse ionospheric corrections on L1 nd L derived rom the dul requency observtions re given by (Strng, 1997): P IF = (4) 1 P1 P 1 1 Φ IF = (5) 1 1 Φ 1 1 Φ 1 5
6 where P IF nd ΦIF re the ree ionospheric eect, P is the code, ϕ is the crrier phse, 1 nd re the requency on L1 nd L, respectively. The igures 1 nd show the ionospheric errors o crrier phse nd code pseudornges, respectively. These errors hve been obtined without the mbiguity solution nd dt pre-processing. According to Strng (1997), these errors should be round 0.5 to 1 m to crrier phse nd round 4 m to code Ionospheric Error (m) E+0.0 0E E E E E+5 Time (sec) Figure 1: The crrier phse ionospheric error 6
7 0.00 on L on L Ionospheric Error (m) E+0.00E E E E E+5 Time (sec) Figure : The code Ionospheric error KLOBUCHAR S MODEL The Klobuchr s model is used to correct the ionospheric eect or single requency mesurements. It uses the cosine model or the dily vrition o the ionosphere, with the mximum being t 14:00 locl time nd is described by 8 coeicients α nd β which re trnsmitted s prt o the GPS stellite nvigtion messge. This model removes bout 50% o the totl ionospheric dely t mid-ltitudes nd is represented through one set o vribles tht re vlid or ew dys (Klobuchr, 1987). The ionospheric dely correction eqution is given by (Seeber, 1993): T ion ( t φ ) π = DC + Acos (dy) (6) P 7
8 T ion = DC (night) (7) where T ion is the verticl dely (ns), DC is the constnt midnight term (5 ns or sec), A is the mplitude, φ is the constnt phse term (14 h locl time), t is the locl time, P is the period. The mplitude nd period re unctions o geomgnetic ltitude nd re represented by third-degree polynomils: A = 4 n= 0 α φ n n m (seconds) (8) P β φ = 4 n= 0 n n m (seconds) (9) EMPIRICAL MODEL OF THE EARTH S PLASMASPHERE This empiricl model consists o n nlyticl expression tht cn be used to reproduce hydrogen density t rbitrry loctions in the plmsphere or given conditions. The principl sptil dependence o plsmspheric electron density is governed by L-shell. The L-shell is the surce trced out by prticle moving round the erth's geomgnetic iled lines. For the electron densities, the Gllgher model uses the ollowing empiricl ormul (Gllher et l., 1988): ( N ) F ( L) G( L) H ( L) Log 10 e = 1 (10) 8
9 where N e is de electron densities; F h ( L, λ ) / ( ) ( e L e ) = (11) is modiied Chpmn lyer; ( L) 6L 7 G = + (1) is liner L-shell model which hs been ound to be the best representtion o the inner plsmspheric electron density proiles; ( ) ( ) L H L = 1+ (13) 8 represents the shpe nd the loction o the plmspuse; nd = 1.4 = 1.53 = = = = e = 6.7 / 3 MLT 1 = 0.7cos π MLT = 15.3cos π x (14) 9
10 The constnts i re ree prmeters used to it eqution to the logrithm o ion density. The prmeter 6 controls the density grdient in the inner plsmsphere, while 8 nd 9 determine the loction nd slope o the plsmpuse, respectively. L is the McIlwin L-shell prmeter, λ is geomgnetic ltitude, MLT is the geomgnetic locl time deined by the geomgnetic longitude o the men sun, nd, h(l,λ) is the height bove the erth s surce given by: ( L, λ) = R Lcos λ 6371 h e (15) with strting ltitude o 1000 km bove the surce o the erth; R e is the erth rdius. This model provides vritions in the plsmspheric electron density s unction o geomgnetic ltitude, L-shell vlues, nd geomgnetic locl time. The lgorithm does not model diurnl, sesonl or solr cycle vritions o the plmspehric electron content. The ionospheric eect is clculted t ech point. Ater this, it is necessry to clculte the eect long the pth between the user nd GPS stellites, tht gives the TEC. Knowing the TEC, it is necessry to clculte the ionospheric eect tht is given by: 40.3 I = TEC (16) 10
11 CONCLUSIONS The min gol o this study is to nlyze nd to choose proper model to correct the ionospheric error on single requency rnge mesurements or n rtiicil stellite bove 1000 Km. Despite being model tht providing good results, the dul requency model cn not be used in this work, but it will be used s reerence model. The Klobuchr s model must be used or n user on erth s surce nd it only corrects until 50% o the ionospheric error being necessry to use n estimtion model to correct the unmodeled errors. The empiricl model is good model or n user bove 1000 Km. However, through severl nlyzes, the ionospheric errors is very smll bove 1000 Km o erth's surce (round 1m) nd it should be better to estimte them s prmeters using Klmn iltering. REFERENCES Gllgher, D. L.; Crven, P. D.; Comort, R. H. An empiricl model o the erth s plsmsphere. Adv. Spce Reserch. Vol. 8, n. 8, pp. (8)15-(8)4, Homnn-Wellenho, B.; Lichtenegger, H.; Collins, J. Globl Positioning System Theory nd Prctice. Springer-Verlg Wien, New York, p. Klobuchr, J.A. Ionospheric time-dely lgorithm or single-requency GPS users. IEEE Trnsctions on Aerospce nd Electronic Systems, Vol. AES-3, n. 3, p35-331, Komjthy, A. Globl Ionospheric Totl Electron Content Mpping Using the Globl Positioning System. Ph.D. disserttion, Deprtment o Geodesy nd Geomtics 11
12 Engineering Technicl Report No. 188, University o New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Cnd, p 560p. Leick, A. GPS Stellite Surveying. nd edition. John Wiley & Sons, INC., Seeber, G. Stellite Geodesy: Foundtions, Methods, nd Applictions. Wlter de Gruyter, Berlim - New York, p. Strng, G.; Borre, K. Liner Algebr, Geodesy, nd GPS. Wellesle -Cmbridge Press, Wellesley, EUA, p. 1
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GPS SIGNAL SCINTILLATIONS DURING IONOSPHERIC IRREGULARITIES AND THEIR EFFECTS OVER THE GPS SYSTEM
CHRCTERISTICS OF THE GPS SIGNL SCINTILLTIONS DURING IONOSPHERIC IRREGULRITIES ND THEIR EFFECTS OVER THE GPS SYSTEM Eurico R. de Paula, I.J.Kantor, L.F.C. de Rezende ERONOMY DIVISION NTIONL INSTITUTE FOR
More informationMETHOD OF LOCATION USING SIGNALS OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN. Inventor: Brian L. Baskin
METHOD OF LOCATION USING SIGNALS OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN Inventor: Brin L. Bskin 1 ABSTRACT The present invention encompsses method of loction comprising: using plurlity of signl trnsceivers to receive one or
More informationChanges of the rst Schumann resonance frequency during relativistic solar proton precipitation in the 6 November 1997 event
Ann. Geophysice 17, 1293±1297 (1999) Ó EGS ± Springer-Verlg 1999 Chnges of the rst Schumnn resonnce frequency during reltivistic solr proton precipittion in the 6 November 1997 event V. C. Roldugin, Ye.
More informationLecture 20. Intro to line integrals. Dan Nichols MATH 233, Spring 2018 University of Massachusetts.
Lecture 2 Intro to line integrls Dn Nichols nichols@mth.umss.edu MATH 233, Spring 218 University of Msschusetts April 12, 218 (2) onservtive vector fields We wnt to determine if F P (x, y), Q(x, y) is
More informationUniversity of North Carolina-Charlotte Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering ECGR 4143/5195 Electrical Machinery Fall 2009
Problem 1: Using DC Mchine University o North Crolin-Chrlotte Deprtment o Electricl nd Computer Engineering ECGR 4143/5195 Electricl Mchinery Fll 2009 Problem Set 4 Due: Thursdy October 8 Suggested Reding:
More informationExercise 1-1. The Sine Wave EXERCISE OBJECTIVE DISCUSSION OUTLINE. Relationship between a rotating phasor and a sine wave DISCUSSION
Exercise 1-1 The Sine Wve EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you hve completed this exercise, you will be fmilir with the notion of sine wve nd how it cn be expressed s phsor rotting round the center of circle. You
More informationCHAPTER 2 LITERATURE STUDY
CHAPTER LITERATURE STUDY. Introduction Multipliction involves two bsic opertions: the genertion of the prtil products nd their ccumultion. Therefore, there re two possible wys to speed up the multipliction:
More informationA technical description of atmospheric sounding by GPS occultation
Journl of Atmospheric nd Solr-Terrestril Physics 64 (2002) 451 469 www.elsevier.com/locte/jstp A technicl description of tmospheric sounding by GPS occulttion G.A. Hjj, E.R. Kursinsi, L.J. Romns, W.I.
More informationSynchronous Machine Parameter Measurement
Synchronous Mchine Prmeter Mesurement 1 Synchronous Mchine Prmeter Mesurement Introduction Wound field synchronous mchines re mostly used for power genertion but lso re well suited for motor pplictions
More informationExperiment 3: Non-Ideal Operational Amplifiers
Experiment 3: Non-Idel Opertionl Amplifiers Fll 2009 Equivlent Circuits The bsic ssumptions for n idel opertionl mplifier re n infinite differentil gin ( d ), n infinite input resistnce (R i ), zero output
More informationA Development of Earthing-Resistance-Estimation Instrument
A Development of Erthing-Resistnce-Estimtion Instrument HITOSHI KIJIMA Abstrct: - Whenever erth construction work is done, the implnted number nd depth of electrodes hve to be estimted in order to obtin
More informationSynchronous Machine Parameter Measurement
Synchronous Mchine Prmeter Mesurement 1 Synchronous Mchine Prmeter Mesurement Introduction Wound field synchronous mchines re mostly used for power genertion but lso re well suited for motor pplictions
More informationExperiment 3: Non-Ideal Operational Amplifiers
Experiment 3: Non-Idel Opertionl Amplifiers 9/11/06 Equivlent Circuits The bsic ssumptions for n idel opertionl mplifier re n infinite differentil gin ( d ), n infinite input resistnce (R i ), zero output
More informationMAXIMUM FLOWS IN FUZZY NETWORKS WITH FUNNEL-SHAPED NODES
MAXIMUM FLOWS IN FUZZY NETWORKS WITH FUNNEL-SHAPED NODES Romn V. Tyshchuk Informtion Systems Deprtment, AMI corportion, Donetsk, Ukrine E-mil: rt_science@hotmil.com 1 INTRODUCTION During the considertion
More informationLATEST CALIBRATION OF GLONASS P-CODE TIME RECEIVERS
LATEST CALIBRATION OF GLONASS P-CODE TIME RECEIVERS A. Fos 1, J. Nwroci 2, nd W. Lewndowsi 3 1 Spce Reserch Centre of Polish Acdemy of Sciences, ul. Brtyc 18A, 00-716 Wrsw, Polnd; E-mil: fos@c.ww.pl; Tel.:
More informationPROD. TYPE: COM ARTICLE IN PRESS. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics ( )
pp: - (col.fig.: Nil) PROD. TYPE: COM ED: Chnshi PAGN: RDM -- SCAN: Oliver Journl of Atmospheric nd Solr-Terrestril Physics ( ) A technicl description of tmospheric sounding by GPS occulttion www.elsevier.com/locte/jstp
More informationInterference Cancellation Method without Feedback Amount for Three Users Interference Channel
Open Access Librry Journl 07, Volume, e57 ISSN Online: -97 ISSN Print: -9705 Interference Cncelltion Method without Feedbc Amount for Three Users Interference Chnnel Xini Tin, otin Zhng, Wenie Ji School
More informationA Novel Back EMF Zero Crossing Detection of Brushless DC Motor Based on PWM
A ovel Bck EMF Zero Crossing Detection of Brushless DC Motor Bsed on PWM Zhu Bo-peng Wei Hi-feng School of Electricl nd Informtion, Jingsu niversity of Science nd Technology, Zhenjing 1003 Chin) Abstrct:
More informationSection 16.3 Double Integrals over General Regions
Section 6.3 Double Integrls over Generl egions Not ever region is rectngle In the lst two sections we considered the problem of integrting function of two vribles over rectngle. This sitution however is
More informationThis thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author.
A University of Susse PhD thesis Avilble online vi Susse Reserch Online: http://sro.susse.c.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the uthor. This thesis cnnot be reproduced or quoted
More informationExample. Check that the Jacobian of the transformation to spherical coordinates is
lss, given on Feb 3, 2, for Mth 3, Winter 2 Recll tht the fctor which ppers in chnge of vrible formul when integrting is the Jcobin, which is the determinnt of mtrix of first order prtil derivtives. Exmple.
More informationCHAPTER 3 EDGE DETECTION USING CLASICAL EDGE DETECTORS
CHAPTER 3 EDE DETECTION USIN CLASICAL EDE DETECTORS Edge detection is one o te most importnt opertions in imge nlsis. An edge is set o connected piels tt lie on te boundr between two regions. Te clssiiction
More informationMultipath Mitigation for Bridge Deformation Monitoring
Journl of Globl Positioning Systems (22) Vol. 1, No. 1: 25-33 Multipth Mitigtion for Bridge Deformtion Monitoring G. W. Roberts, X. Meng, A. H. Dodson, E. Cosser Institute of Engineering Surveying nd Spce
More informationMath 116 Calculus II
Mth 6 Clculus II Contents 7 Additionl topics in Integrtion 7. Integrtion by prts..................................... 7.4 Numericl Integrtion.................................... 7 7.5 Improper Integrl......................................
More informationIce Depolarization on Low-Angle 11 GHz Satellite
D T!m(7 SEP 1 o 1984 COMPONENT PART NOTICE THIS PAPER IS A COfPONENT PART OF THE FOLLOWING COMPILATION REPORT: A (TITLE): Chrcteristics of the Lower Atmosphere lfluencing Rdio Wve Propgtion- Conference
More informationModule 9. DC Machines. Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur
Module 9 DC Mchines Version EE IIT, Khrgpur esson 40 osses, Efficiency nd Testing of D.C. Mchines Version EE IIT, Khrgpur Contents 40 osses, efficiency nd testing of D.C. mchines (esson-40) 4 40.1 Gols
More informationPRACTICE NO. PT-TE-1414 RELIABILITY PAGE 1 OF 6 PRACTICES ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE (ESD) TEST PRACTICES
PREFERRED PRACTICE NO. PT-TE-1414 RELIABILITY PAGE 1 OF 6 ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE (ESD) TEST Prctice: Test stellites for the ility to survive the effects of electrosttic dischrges (ESDs) cused y spce chrging
More informationThe Discussion of this exercise covers the following points:
Exercise 4 Bttery Chrging Methods EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you hve completed this exercise, you will be fmilir with the different chrging methods nd chrge-control techniques commonly used when chrging Ni-MI
More informationInvestigation of Ground Frequency Characteristics
Journl of Electromgnetic Anlysis nd Applictions, 03, 5, 3-37 http://dx.doi.org/0.436/jem.03.58050 Published Online August 03 (http://www.scirp.org/journl/jem) Mohmed Nyel Electricl Engineering Deprtment,
More information6ev O'Nly. i *Af. -0-St 4 THE REFLECTION OF RADIO WAVES FROM AN IRREGULAR IONOSPHERE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY M. L. V.
i DOCU.EIT R~)6 R0 - RESEARCH LAB(Ai'RY CF EILCTROICS tkassachusetts 1It'S'IJE OF TCVlDDLOGY - -0-St 4 THE REFLECTION OF RADIO WAVES FROM AN IRREGULAR IONOSPHERE M. L. V. PITTEWAY TECHNICAL REPORT 382
More informationJoanna Towler, Roading Engineer, Professional Services, NZTA National Office Dave Bates, Operations Manager, NZTA National Office
. TECHNICA MEMOANDM To Cc repred By Endorsed By NZTA Network Mngement Consultnts nd Contrctors NZTA egionl Opertions Mngers nd Are Mngers Dve Btes, Opertions Mnger, NZTA Ntionl Office Jonn Towler, oding
More informationDiffraction and Interference. 6.1 Diffraction. Diffraction grating. Diffraction grating. Question. Use of a diffraction grating in a spectrometer
irction nd Intererence 6.1 irction irction grting Circulr dirction irction nd intererence re similr phenomen. Intererence is the eect o superposition o 2 coherent wves. irction is the superposition o mny
More informationA Comparative Analysis of Algorithms for Determining the Peak Position of a Stripe to Sub-pixel Accuracy
A Comprtive Anlysis of Algorithms for Determining the Pek Position of Stripe to Sub-pixel Accurcy D.K.Nidu R.B.Fisher Deprtment of Artificil Intelligence, University of Edinburgh 5 Forrest Hill, Edinburgh
More informationMEASURE THE CHARACTERISTIC CURVES RELEVANT TO AN NPN TRANSISTOR
Electricity Electronics Bipolr Trnsistors MEASURE THE HARATERISTI URVES RELEVANT TO AN NPN TRANSISTOR Mesure the input chrcteristic, i.e. the bse current IB s function of the bse emitter voltge UBE. Mesure
More information(CATALYST GROUP) B"sic Electric"l Engineering
(CATALYST GROUP) B"sic Electric"l Engineering 1. Kirchhoff s current l"w st"tes th"t (") net current flow "t the junction is positive (b) Hebr"ic sum of the currents meeting "t the junction is zero (c)
More informationApplication of Wavelet Transform in MCG-signal Denoising
Appliction o Wvelet Trnsorm in MCG-signl Denoising Yuci Dong, Hongto Shi, Junzhi Luo, Gehu Fn & Ciping Zhng Institute o Nonliner Science, Acdemy o Armored Force Engineering, Beijing 17, Chin Abstrct In
More informationExperiment 3: The research of Thevenin theorem
Experiment 3: The reserch of Thevenin theorem 1. Purpose ) Vlidte Thevenin theorem; ) Mster the methods to mesure the equivlent prmeters of liner twoterminl ctive. c) Study the conditions of the mximum
More information9.4. ; 65. A family of curves has polar equations. ; 66. The astronomer Giovanni Cassini ( ) studied the family of curves with polar equations
54 CHAPTER 9 PARAMETRIC EQUATINS AND PLAR CRDINATES 49. r, 5. r sin 3, 5 54 Find the points on the given curve where the tngent line is horizontl or verticl. 5. r 3 cos 5. r e 53. r cos 54. r sin 55. Show
More informationCompared to generators DC MOTORS. Back e.m.f. Back e.m.f. Example. Example. The construction of a d.c. motor is the same as a d.c. generator.
Compred to genertors DC MOTORS Prepred by Engr. JP Timol Reference: Electricl nd Electronic Principles nd Technology The construction of d.c. motor is the sme s d.c. genertor. the generted e.m.f. is less
More informationIR Athermal Achromat Design
08 July 09 IR Atherml Achromt Design Presented to: Optics Wesite Presented y: Willim H. Plin Rod South Deerield, MA 0373 Tel: 4366538 Fx: 438803 Emil: wtylor.tt@comcst.net Ojectives Provide the theoreticl
More informationSequential Logic (2) Synchronous vs Asynchronous Sequential Circuit. Clock Signal. Synchronous Sequential Circuits. FSM Overview 9/10/12
9//2 Sequentil (2) ENGG5 st Semester, 22 Dr. Hden So Deprtment of Electricl nd Electronic Engineering http://www.eee.hku.hk/~engg5 Snchronous vs Asnchronous Sequentil Circuit This Course snchronous Sequentil
More informationEET 438a Automatic Control Systems Technology Laboratory 5 Control of a Separately Excited DC Machine
EE 438 Automtic Control Systems echnology bortory 5 Control of Seprtely Excited DC Mchine Objective: Apply proportionl controller to n electromechnicl system nd observe the effects tht feedbck control
More informationMultipath Fading Measurements for Multi-Antenna Backscatter RFID at 5.8 GHz
Multipth Fding Mesurements for Multi-Antenn Bcksctter RFID t 5.8 GHz Joshu D. Griffin 1 nd Gregory D. Durgin 2 School of Electricl nd Computer Engineering, Georgi Institute of Technology 777 Atlntic Dr.,
More informationAccuracy Assessment for Processing GPS Short Baselines using Ionosphere-Free Linear Combination
Australian Journal o Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(9): 793-800, 0 ISSN 99-878 Accuracy Assessment or Processing GPS Short Baselines using Ionosphere-Free Linear Combination Khaled Mohamed Abdel Mageed
More information2-5-2 Calibration of Dipole Antennas
2 Reserch nd Development of Clibrtion Technology 2-5-2 Clibrtion of Dipole Antenns Iwo NISHIYAMA, Kojiro SAKAI, Tsutomu SUGIYAMA, Kouichi SBATA, nd Ktsumi FUJII This pper describes clibrtion method of
More informationPostprint. This is the accepted version of a paper presented at IEEE PES General Meeting.
http://www.div-portl.org Postprint This is the ccepted version of pper presented t IEEE PES Generl Meeting. Cittion for the originl published pper: Mhmood, F., Hooshyr, H., Vnfretti, L. (217) Sensitivity
More informationSection 17.2: Line Integrals. 1 Objectives. 2 Assignments. 3 Maple Commands. 1. Compute line integrals in IR 2 and IR Read Section 17.
Section 7.: Line Integrls Objectives. ompute line integrls in IR nd IR 3. Assignments. Red Section 7.. Problems:,5,9,,3,7,,4 3. hllenge: 6,3,37 4. Red Section 7.3 3 Mple ommnds Mple cn ctully evlute line
More information(1) Non-linear system
Liner vs. non-liner systems in impednce mesurements I INTRODUCTION Electrochemicl Impednce Spectroscopy (EIS) is n interesting tool devoted to the study of liner systems. However, electrochemicl systems
More informationDESIGN OF CONTINUOUS LAG COMPENSATORS
DESIGN OF CONTINUOUS LAG COMPENSATORS J. Pulusová, L. Körösi, M. Dúbrvská Institute of Robotics nd Cybernetics, Slovk University of Technology, Fculty of Electricl Engineering nd Informtion Technology
More informationTIME: 1 hour 30 minutes
UNIVERSITY OF AKRON DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING 4400: 34 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS - Spring 07 SAMPLE FINAL EXAM TIME: hour 30 minutes INSTRUCTIONS: () Write your nme
More informationA study of VLF wave propagation characteristics in the earth-ionosphere waveguide
Erth Plnets Spe, 60, 737 74, 008 A study of VLF wve propgtion hrteristis in the erth-ionosphere wveguide M. Indir Devi, I. Khn, nd D. N. Mdhusudhn Ro Deprtment of Physis, Andhr University, Viskhptnm 530
More informationMechanics & Industry. Experimental investigations on the effectiveness of electromagnetic actuator as sensor
Mechnics & Industry 14, 247 252 (213) c AFM, EDP Sciences 213 DOI: 1.151/mec/21367 www.mechnics-industry.org Mechnics & Industry Experimentl investigtions on the effectiveness of electromgnetic ctutor
More informationDesign of Coupled Resonators Bandpass Filter with Defected Ground Structure
5 Gi-Re Kim : DESIG OF COUPLED RESOATORS BADPASS FILTER WITH DEFECTED GROUD STRUCTURE Design o Coupled Resontors Bndpss Filter with Deected Ground Structure Gi-Re Kim, ember, KIICS Abstrct In this pper
More informationChapter 12 Vectors and the Geometry of Space 12.1 Three-dimensional Coordinate systems
hpter 12 Vectors nd the Geometry of Spce 12.1 Three-dimensionl oordinte systems A. Three dimensionl Rectngulr oordinte Sydstem: The rtesin product where (x, y, z) isclled ordered triple. B. istnce: R 3
More informationNP10 DIGITAL MULTIMETER Functions and features of the multimeter:
NP10 DIGITL MULTIMETER. unctions nd fetures of the multimeter: 1000 V CT III tri requencies from 10.00...10 M. Diode mesurement nd continuity testing. HOLD mesurement. Reltive mesurement. Duty cycle (%)
More informationCHAPTER 3 AMPLIFIER DESIGN TECHNIQUES
CHAPTER 3 AMPLIFIER DEIGN TECHNIQUE 3.0 Introduction olid-stte microwve mplifiers ply n importnt role in communiction where it hs different pplictions, including low noise, high gin, nd high power mplifiers.
More informationPolar Coordinates. July 30, 2014
Polr Coordintes July 3, 4 Sometimes it is more helpful to look t point in the xy-plne not in terms of how fr it is horizontlly nd verticlly (this would men looking t the Crtesin, or rectngulr, coordintes
More informationStudy on SLT calibration method of 2-port waveguide DUT
Interntionl Conference on Advnced Electronic cience nd Technology (AET 206) tudy on LT clibrtion method of 2-port wveguide DUT Wenqing Luo, Anyong Hu, Ki Liu nd Xi Chen chool of Electronics nd Informtion
More informationThis is a repository copy of Effect of power state on absorption cross section of personal computer components.
This is repository copy of Effect of power stte on bsorption cross section of personl computer components. White Rose Reserch Online URL for this pper: http://eprints.whiterose.c.uk/10547/ Version: Accepted
More informationStudy Guide # Vectors in R 2 and R 3. (a) v = a, b, c = a i + b j + c k; vector addition and subtraction geometrically using parallelograms
Study Guide # 1 MA 26100 - Fll 2018 1. Vectors in R 2 nd R 3 () v =, b, c = i + b j + c k; vector ddition nd subtrction geometriclly using prllelogrms spnned by u nd v; length or mgnitude of v =, b, c,
More informationINSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING (Autonomous) Dundigal, Hyderabad
Hll Ticket No Question Pper Code: AEC009 INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING (Autonomous) Dundigl, Hyderd - 500 043 MODEL QUESTION PAPER Four Yer B.Tech V Semester End Exmintions, Novemer - 2018 Regultions:
More informationNevery electronic device, since all the semiconductor
Proceedings of Interntionl Joint Conference on Neurl Networks, Orlndo, Florid, USA, August 12-17, 2007 A Self-tuning for Rel-time Voltge Regultion Weiming Li, Xio-Hu Yu Abstrct In this reserch, self-tuning
More informationFAST AND ACCURATE MEASUREMENT OF THE RMS VALUE OF A NONCOHERENT SAMPLED SINE-WAVE
I IEO World Congress Fundmentl nd pplied etrology September 611, 29, Lisbon, Portugl FST ND CCURTE ESUREENT OF THE RS VLUE OF NONCOHERENT SPLED SINE-WVE Dniel Beleg 1, Dominique Dllet 2 1 Fculty o Electronics
More informationLab 8. Speed Control of a D.C. motor. The Motor Drive
Lb 8. Speed Control of D.C. motor The Motor Drive Motor Speed Control Project 1. Generte PWM wveform 2. Amplify the wveform to drive the motor 3. Mesure motor speed 4. Mesure motor prmeters 5. Control
More informationUnderstanding Basic Analog Ideal Op Amps
Appliction Report SLAA068A - April 2000 Understnding Bsic Anlog Idel Op Amps Ron Mncini Mixed Signl Products ABSTRACT This ppliction report develops the equtions for the idel opertionl mplifier (op mp).
More informationMulti-beam antennas in a broadband wireless access system
Multi-em ntenns in rodnd wireless ccess system Ulrik Engström, Mrtin Johnsson, nders Derneryd nd jörn Johnnisson ntenn Reserch Center Ericsson Reserch Ericsson SE-4 84 Mölndl Sweden E-mil: ulrik.engstrom@ericsson.com,
More informationHigh Speed On-Chip Interconnects: Trade offs in Passive Termination
High Speed On-Chip Interconnects: Trde offs in Pssive Termintion Rj Prihr University of Rochester, NY, USA prihr@ece.rochester.edu Abstrct In this pper, severl pssive termintion schemes for high speed
More informationLOCAL IONOSPHERIC MODELLING OF GPS CODE AND CARRIER PHASE OBSERVATIONS
Survey Review, 40, 309 pp.71-84 (July 008) LOCAL IONOSPHERIC MODELLING OF GPS CODE AND CARRIER PHASE OBSERVATIONS H. Nahavandchi and A. Soltanpour Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Division
More informationGeometric quantities for polar curves
Roerto s Notes on Integrl Clculus Chpter 5: Bsic pplictions of integrtion Section 10 Geometric quntities for polr curves Wht you need to know lredy: How to use integrls to compute res nd lengths of regions
More informationLocalization of Latent Image in Heterophase AgBr(I) Tabular Microcrystals
Interntionl ymposium on ilver Hlide Technology Locliztion of Ltent Imge in Heterophse AgBr(I) Tulr Microcrystls Elen V. Prosvirkin, Aigul B. Aishev, Timothy A. Lrichev, Boris A. echkrev Kemerovo tte University,
More informationApplication of Wavelet De-noising in Vibration Torque Measurement
IJCSI Interntionl Journl of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 9, Issue 5, No 3, September 01 www.ijcsi.org 9 Appliction of Wvelet De-noising in Vibrtion orque Mesurement Ho Zho 1 1 Jixing University, Jixing,
More informationProceedings of Meetings on Acoustics
Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics Volume 19, 2013 http://cousticlsociety.org/ ICA 2013 Montrel Montrel, Cnd 2-7 June 2013 Signl Processing in Acoustics Session 4SP: Sensor Arry Bemforming nd Its Applictions
More informationArc Furnace Modeling in ATP-EMTP
Arc Furnce Modeling in ATP-EMTP E. A. Cno Plt, Member, IEEE, nd H. E. Tcc, Member, IEEE Abstrct The use of the rc furnce nd its influence on the power system is being studied. A set of models tht llows
More informationRadar Altimeter TRANS / REC ( RADAR) APN-117? Made by STC (UK) in 1966
dr ltimeter / ( ) 5826 99 954 2879 117? de by () in 1966 everse engineered 1 july 2014 ht is it his rdr trnsmitter/receiver is distnce meter or ltimeter, bsed on the principle. I don't hve n instrument
More informationVector Calculus. 1 Line Integrals
Vector lculus 1 Line Integrls Mss problem. Find the mss M of very thin wire whose liner density function (the mss per unit length) is known. We model the wire by smooth curve between two points P nd Q
More informationAlternating-Current Circuits
chpter 33 Alternting-Current Circuits 33.1 AC Sources 33.2 esistors in n AC Circuit 33.3 Inductors in n AC Circuit 33.4 Cpcitors in n AC Circuit 33.5 The LC Series Circuit 33.6 Power in n AC Circuit 33.7
More informationFault Diagnosis Based on ANN for Turn-to-Turn Short Circuit of Synchronous Generator Rotor Windings
J. Electromgnetic Anlysis & Applictions, 2009, 3: 187-191 doi:10.4236/jem.2009.13028 Published Online September 2009 (www.scirp.org/journl/jem) 187 Fult Dignosis Bsed on ANN or Turn-to-Turn Short Circuit
More informationApplication Note. Differential Amplifier
Appliction Note AN367 Differentil Amplifier Author: Dve n Ess Associted Project: Yes Associted Prt Fmily: CY8C9x66, CY8C7x43, CY8C4x3A PSoC Designer ersion: 4. SP3 Abstrct For mny sensing pplictions, desirble
More informationSoftware for the automatic scaling of critical frequency f 0 F2 and MUF(3000)F2 from ionograms applied at the Ionospheric Observatory of Gibilmanna
ANNALS OF GEOPHYSICS, VOL. 47, N. 6, Decemer 2004 Softwre for the utomtic scling of criticl frequency f 0 F2 nd MUF(3000)F2 from ionogrms pplied t the Ionospheric Oservtory of Giilmnn Michel Pezzopne nd
More informationThe Math Learning Center PO Box 12929, Salem, Oregon Math Learning Center
Resource Overview Quntile Mesure: Skill or Concept: 300Q Model the concept of ddition for sums to 10. (QT N 36) Model the concept of sutrction using numers less thn or equl to 10. (QT N 37) Write ddition
More informationEngineer-to-Engineer Note
Engineer-to-Engineer Note EE-297 Technicl notes on using Anlog Devices DSPs, processors nd development tools Visit our Web resources http://www.nlog.com/ee-notes nd http://www.nlog.com/processors or e-mil
More informationSoft-decision Viterbi Decoding with Diversity Combining. T.Sakai, K.Kobayashi, S.Kubota, M.Morikura, S.Kato
Softdecision Viterbi Decoding with Diversity Combining T.Ski, K.Kobyshi, S.Kubot, M.Morikur, S.Kto NTT Rdio Communiction Systems Lbortories 2356 Tke, Yokosukshi, Kngw, 2383 Jpn ABSTRACT Diversity combining
More informationABB STOTZ-KONTAKT. ABB i-bus EIB Current Module SM/S Intelligent Installation Systems. User Manual SM/S In = 16 A AC Un = 230 V AC
User Mnul ntelligent nstlltion Systems A B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 30 ma 30 ma n = AC Un = 230 V AC 30 ma 9 10 11 12 C ABB STOTZ-KONTAKT Appliction Softwre Current Vlue Threshold/1 Contents Pge 1 Device Chrcteristics...
More informationElectronic Circuits I - Tutorial 03 Diode Applications I
Electronic Circuits I - Tutoril 03 Diode Applictions I -1 / 9 - T & F # Question 1 A diode cn conduct current in two directions with equl ese. F 2 When reverse-bised, diode idelly ppers s short. F 3 A
More informationA Stochastic Geometry Approach to the Modeling of DSRC for Vehicular Safety Communication
A Stochstic Geometry Approch to the Modeling of DSRC for Vehiculr Sfety Communiction Zhen Tong, Student Member, IEEE, Hongsheng Lu 2, Mrtin Henggi, Fellow, IEEE, nd Christin Poellbuer 2, Senior Member,
More information10.4 AREAS AND LENGTHS IN POLAR COORDINATES
65 CHAPTER PARAMETRIC EQUATINS AND PLAR CRDINATES.4 AREAS AND LENGTHS IN PLAR CRDINATES In this section we develop the formul for the re of region whose oundry is given y polr eqution. We need to use the
More informationKirchhoff s Rules. Kirchhoff s Laws. Kirchhoff s Rules. Kirchhoff s Laws. Practice. Understanding SPH4UW. Kirchhoff s Voltage Rule (KVR):
SPH4UW Kirchhoff s ules Kirchhoff s oltge ule (K): Sum of voltge drops round loop is zero. Kirchhoff s Lws Kirchhoff s Current ule (KC): Current going in equls current coming out. Kirchhoff s ules etween
More informationConvolutional Networks. Lecture slides for Chapter 9 of Deep Learning Ian Goodfellow
Convolutionl Networks Lecture slides for Chpter 9 of Deep Lerning In Goodfellow 2016-09-12 Convolutionl Networks Scle up neurl networks to process very lrge imges / video sequences Sprse connections Prmeter
More informationDirect AC Generation from Solar Cell Arrays
Missouri University of Science nd Technology Scholrs' Mine UMR-MEC Conference 1975 Direct AC Genertion from Solr Cell Arrys Fernndo L. Alvrdo Follow this nd dditionl works t: http://scholrsmine.mst.edu/umr-mec
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
In the formt provided y the uthors nd unedited. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION ARMOUR (7) :: SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Energy udget constrints on climte sensitivity in light of inconstnt climte feedcks DOI:.3/NCLIMATE37
More informationThree-Phase NPC Inverter Using Three-Phase Coupled Inductor
ThreePhse NPC Inverter Using ThreePhse Coupled Inductor Romeu Husmnn 1, Rodrigo d Silv 2 nd Ivo Brbi 2 1 Deprtment of Electricl nd Telecommuniction Engineering, University of Blumenu FURB Blumenu SC Brzil,
More informationDomination and Independence on Square Chessboard
Engineering nd Technology Journl Vol. 5, Prt, No. 1, 017 A.A. Omrn Deprtment of Mthemtics, College of Eduction for Pure Science, University of bylon, bylon, Irq pure.hmed.omrn@uobby lon.edu.iq Domintion
More informationResearch on Local Mean Decomposition Algorithms in Harmonic and Voltage Flicker Detection of Microgrid
Sensors & Trnsducers 23 by IFSA http://www.sensorsportl.com Reserch on Locl Men Decomposition Algorithms in Hrmonic nd Voltge Flicer Detection of Microgrid Wensi CAO, Linfei LIU School of Electric Power,
More informationEngineering: Elec 3509 Electronics II Instructor: Prof. Calvin Plett,
Engineering: Elec 3509 Electronics II Instructor: Prof. Clvin Plett, emil cp@doe.crleton.c Objective: To study the principles, design nd nlysis of nlog electronic circuits. Description: In this course,
More informationEXIT CHARTS FOR TURBO RECEIVERS IN MIMO SYSTEMS
EXIT CHATS FO TUBO ECEIVES IN MIMO SYSTEMS Césr Hermosill Universidd Técnic Federico Snt Mrí Vlpríso, Chile hermosil@inrs-telecomuquebecc Leszek Szczeciński Institut Ntionl de l echerche Scientifique-EMT
More informationStage m. Stage 1. a a. a a
Low Power Optimiztion Technique or BDD Mpped Finite tte Mchines Mikel Kerttu Per Lindgren Rol Drechsler Mitch Thornton Λ EILAB/Computer Engineering Computer cience Electricl nd Computer Engineering Luleν
More informationSolutions to exercise 1 in ETS052 Computer Communication
Solutions to exercise in TS52 Computer Communiction 23 Septemer, 23 If it occupies millisecond = 3 seconds, then second is occupied y 3 = 3 its = kps. kps If it occupies 2 microseconds = 2 6 seconds, then
More informationLow noise SQUID simulator with large dynamic range of up to eight flux quanta
Low noise SQUID simultor with lrge dynmic rnge of up to eight flux qunt A. Mrtinez*, J. Flokstr, C. Rillo**, L.A. Angurel**, L.M. Grci** nd H.J.M. ter Brke Twente University of Technology, Deprtment of
More informationMicro Manipulator Array for Nano-bioelectronics Era
Micro Mnipultor Arry for Nno-bioelectronics Er K. Suzuki, Y. Nruse, H. Funki, K. Ity nd S. Uchikog Advnced Electron Devices Lbortory Corporte Reserch nd Development Center TOSHIBA Corportion Copyright
More informationSection 10.2 Graphing Polar Equations
Section 10.2 Grphing Polr Equtions OBJECTIVE 1: Sketching Equtions of the Form rcos, rsin, r cos r sin c nd Grphs of Polr Equtions of the Form rcos, rsin, r cos r sin c, nd where,, nd c re constnts. The
More information