Study of Advanced Intensity and Phase Modulation Formats for Is-OWC DWDM System

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1 Study of Advanced Intensity and Phase Modulation Formats for Is-OWC DWDM System Harjasleen Kaur 1, Harmandar Kaur 2 1 Student, GNDU R.C. Jalandhar 2 Assistant Professor, GNDU R.C. Jalandhar Abstract Use of advanced modulation formats in DWDM Is-OWC system can help to reduce linear and non-linear impairments. In this paper, use of line coding, advanced intensity and phase modulation formats like DPSK with DWDM in Is-OWC has been studied and compared on varying data rates of 10Gbps, 20Gbps and 40 Gbps with respect to varying input power levels to the system in order to realize a high capacity 64 channel DWDM Is-OWC system. Keywords: Is-OWC, DWDM, CSRZ, MDRZ, DPSK. 1. Introduction With the development of optical technology, a new technique to connect satellites with one another has become popular. This is called Inter-satellite Optical Wireless Communication (Is-OWC) system. In this technology the Optical Inter-Satellite links take place of RF Links. The major advantages of using Is-OWC systems include lighter system components, increased security and reliability, increased capacity and greater data rates, faster communication, etc. Beside this, it can provide high speed point-to-point or multipoint communication which is difficult to achieve using wired systems [1].Use of DWDM in Is-OWC can tremendously improve the system performance with respect to the capacity and transmission distance. With continuously changing world, a network is required which has to be robust against linear and non-linear effects like self phase modulation, cross phase modulation and polarization mode dispersion etc [2].OWC systems have set benchmark for low cost, less power consumption and long distance transmission applications where it is difficult to deploy long fiber optic cables. 2. Related Work A 32 channel DWDM Is-OWC system with link distance of 5000 km was studied after varying input power by employing NRZ and RZ modulations. It was observed that the system works better for NRZ than RZ due to higher Q and BER and it was also observed that at higher levels of input power RZ fails to work. Also, it was suggested that the effects of ASE noise instigated due to EDFA in long range systems can be reduced by selecting an optimum modulation format [2]. The comparison of advanced intensity modulation formats including CSRZ, DRZ and MDRZ was done at 10, 20 and 40 Gbps for a 64 channel DWDM Is-OWC system and it was found that at 10 and 20 Gbps, the system worked well for all modulations, but at higher data rate i.e. 40 Gbps MDRZ found to be better among all formats under consideration [3]. By assuming all LEO transponders in synchronization and having LOS, the effect of variable bit rate and distance between satellites on system performance has been studied as these factors affect the most. Distance was varied from 0 to 5000 km and bit rate was set 1Mbps, 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps and 10Gbps. It was noticed that when Q was below 5, received signal was poor and BER more than 10-5 also a distance of 5000 km was covered for 1Mbps [4]. 200 Harjasleen Kaur, Harmandar Kaur

2 Role of EDFA in DWDM system was analyzed in [5]. A 20 channel system was simulated for 100 Gbps data rate at a link length of 1000 km and it was concluded that EDFA helps to improve system performance in terms of quality factor (Q) and BER. A system with link length 5000 km was simulated with and without using the square root module in [6] and study of square root transfer function to improve system performance was done. 3. Study of Modulation Formats Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ): Non Return to Zero or On-Off keying is one of the simplest and oldest formats. It has been dominant in Intensity Modulated Direct-Detection system and most common reasons of using NRZ are its simplicity, low bandwidth requirements, less sensitivity to noises generated by optical sources etc. However it is not the preferred method in revolutionary high capacity systems which have higher data rates and less channel spacing like DWDM systems. But due to its significant contribution in traditional systems it is a good choice for comparison. It is less resistive to dispersion effects e.g. GVD-SPM as compared to RZ. NRZ has compact spectrum but it is not resistive towards chromatic dispersion due to its strong carrier components in optical spectrum [7]. Return-to-Zero (RZ): these signals are found to be more tolerant to nonlinearity than NRZ optical signal. The width of optical signal is smaller than its bit period and its amplitude return to zero before the bit period is over also pulse width remains same [8]. Advanced Modulation Formats Optical communication mainly has three traits which can be used to transmit information; these are intensity, phase and polarization. In optics, to subjugate the effects of linear and nonlinear impairments an optimal modulation format is required with a narrow optical spectrum, high tolerance and ability to improve spectral efficiency. Advanced modulation formats with constant optical power are less receptive to SPM and XPM effects. Thus the choice of selecting modulation format plays a pivotal role for any communication designer. It is not possible to cover all existing modulation formats here but some of the Intensity modulation formats and phase modulation are discussed in this section like CSRZ, MDRZ, DPSK. Carrier-Suppressed Return-to-Zero (CSRZ): It is a pseudo-multilevel format with reversed sign of the optical field at each bit transition. As the name indicates the carrier signal is suppressed in it, this is achieved by changing the sign of optical transfer function of the modulator at transmission minima. Due to this half of the bits 1s have positive sign and rest have negative sign give rise to a Zero-mean optical field envelope and optical center frequency is diminished in it [9]. The CSRZ signal is created by passing NRZ pulse from MZM and a sine generator whose frequency is half of the bit rate. In this way a phase shift of 180 is introduced between adjacent bits as shown in Figure 1 [10]. CSRZ has a narrow optical spectrum as shown in figure and also highly immune to SPM and XPM. The spectrum of CSRZ modulated signal is shown Figure 2. Figure1. Generation of CSRZ 201 Harjasleen Kaur, Harmandar Kaur Figure 2. Spectrum of CSRZ signal

3 Modified Duo-binary Return-to-Zero (MDRZ): It is inherently asymmetric and is indicated by phase inversion in the pulses triggered by presence of 1 in previous bit slot. MDRZ signals have opposite phase in adjacent 1 s thus leading to removal of SPM, XPM and FWM. Another name for MDRZ is AMI i.e. Alternate Mark Inversion [11]. It is generated as shown in Figure 3 and the optical spectrum for MDRZ signal is as shown in figure 4. Figure3. Generation of MDRZ Figure 4. Spectrum of MDRZ signal Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK): In differential phase modulations, as compared to intensity modulation formats where digital signals are represented by optical power levels, here digital signals are represented by the phase of an optical carrier and thus they are referred to as optical phase shift keying. Improvements in single frequency Lasers and presence of optical phase locking make this format realizable in optical communication. Similar to DRZ, DPSK also utilize pre-coding of sequence to circumvent error propagation. Here, data is encoded differentially at transmitter and also differentially decoded at the receiver end. DPSK encoder utilizes NRZ data and one bit delay version of it through an EX-OR gate. The output of first MZM and a sine generator whose frequency is half the bit rate are used to run second MZM to generate a DPSK signal as shown in figure 5. In this modulation format, bit 1 is depicted by a π phase change and bit 0 by no phase change. DPSK format has constant optical power thus less susceptible to SPM and XPM but not towards chromatic dispersion. Another reason behind using this modulation format is 3-dB improvement in receiver sensitivity as compared to NRZ. The spectrum for DPSK signal is as shown in Figure 6 below: Figure 5. Generation of DPSK Figure 6. Spectrum of DPSK signal 202 Harjasleen Kaur, Harmandar Kaur

4 4. System Description It includes 64 Channel DWDM Is-OWC system. At the transmitter side, a Laser source working on THz with a frequency spacing of 50 GHz. OWC channel working on 1550 nm with range 1250 Km by utilizing loop control method with two amplifiers is used. The system is considered to ideal, i.e. free from losses. At the receiver side, WDM de-multiplexer working at a frequency spacing of 50 GHz has been utilized as shown in figure 4. The system is simulated for advanced modulation formats which include CSRZ, MDRZ and DPSK. Also, for comparison purposes NRZ and RZ modulation formats are included. Each of these modulations has been studied for varying data rates along with different power levels. The data rate is varied for three different stages 10 Gbps, 20 Gbps and 40 Gbps. The Power level is varied from 0 dbm to 30 dbm and system performance is measured in terms of Q and BER. Figure 7. Proposed System 5. Result Discussion All of the above mentioned modulation formats has been studied and the results obtained are as follows. At 10 Gbps data rate all modulations behave differently and the effects of varying power levels from 0 to 30 dbm can be observed from the following table; Table 1. Effects of varying power levels on Q at 10 Gbps Power levels(dbm) NRZ RZ CSRZ MDRZ DPSK It can be seen that as the input power level increases, Q factor starts improving. However for conventional modulation formats i.e. NRZ and RZ the value of Q is very low and thus they are not suitable for ultra-high capacity DWDM Is-OWC systems, but due to their excessive use in optical networks make them a suitable choice for comparison purposes. Among intensity modulation formats CSRZ performs better than MDRZ with Q equals to at 30 dbm input power. However at lower power levels of 0 dbm and 5 dbm, MDRZ perform better than CSRZ. DPSK works very well at all power levels with 10 Gbps data rate with Q ranging from 5.43 to at 0 dbm and 30 dbm power respectively. Similarly, the effects of varying power level on BER can be considered for comparing the functioning of all modulation formats. Phase modulation DPSK 203 Harjasleen Kaur, Harmandar Kaur

5 gives higher BER value which was attained to be 5.26*10-8 and 4.94* at 0 dbm and 30 dbm respectively. As power level is increased; BER starts decreasing. However it remains same for DPSK. Comparative analysis of all modulation techniques can be seen from Figure 8 and Figure 9 given below: Figure 8. Quality factor vs. Power at 10 Gbps As clear from figure 8, DPSK give best results among all modulations for the proposed system in terms of Q. The comparison of BER for all modulations is done in figure 9 below: Figure9. BER vs. Power at 10 Gbps When the data rate up is increased up to 20 Gbps, the quality factor Q decreases as it is inversely proportional to data rate and system performance in terms of BER also changes. At 20 Gbps NRZ and RZ fails and CSRZ 204 Harjasleen Kaur, Harmandar Kaur

6 works well again as the case was on 10 Gbps as compared to MDRZ and DPSK. The results obtained after simulation of proposed system for 20 Gbps are shown in table 2. Table 2. Q for changing power levels at 20 Gbps Power levels(dbm) NRZ RZ CSRZ MDRZ DPSK CSRZ gives better results in terms of BER. A general approach to get unsurpassed BER results is to increase power levels and reduce bandwidth; both are adopted here to get best results in the proposed system. Comparative analysis of the system for all modulations under study at 20 Gbps is shown in figure 10 and figure Harjasleen Kaur, Harmandar Kaur Figure 10. Quality factor vs. Power level at 20 Gbps As mentioned above, it is also clear from the figure that at high data rates NRZ and RZ fails to work. Best results are obtained using CSRZ in terms of quality factor. Similarly for BER when the system is analyzed graphically; it has been observed that DPSK is giving constant value of BER and NRZ and RZ give impermissible BER as 1 at 20 Gbps. However CSRZ at highest power level of 30 dbm yields higher Q and lowest BER thus giving best performance among intensity modulation formats and DPSK give constant BER of 4.94*

7 Figure 11. BER vs. Power level at 20 Gbps With further increase the data rate up to 40 Gbps, performance of CSRZ among intensity modulation formats starts deteriorating and differential phase modulation format works well as compared to intensity modulation formats. The performance in terms of Q is shown below: Table 3: Q at different power levels on 40 Gbps Power levels(dbm) NRZ RZ CSRZ MDRZ DPSK It is clear from above results that for such high data rates and high capacity DWDM Is-OWC system, DPSK gives best performance in terms of Q factor as shown in table 5. Also, DPSK gives better results in terms of BER with value 4.94* and CSRZ which was better than DPSK at 20 Gbps is able to yield only 1.34*10-7 BER at 40 Gbps. Previously mentioned results can be analyzed graphically form figure 12 and figure Harjasleen Kaur, Harmandar Kaur

8 Figure 12. Q vs. Power level at 40 Gbps Figure 13. BER vs. Power at 40 Gbps Above results show that DPSK works well for all power levels and thus it is considered as optimal modulation format for the proposed 64 channel DWDM Is-OWC system at 40 Gbps. 6. Conclusion From simulation, it has been observed that increasing input power levels, improves the system performance. At high data rate such as 40 Gbps, the 64 channel DWDM system works best with DPSK. It was observed from the results that DPSK is the most suitable modulation for our system with a Q factor of and Bit- Error-Rate of 4.94* at an input power of 30 dbm. It was observed that phase modulation formats give best results when incorporated with DWDM systems. However, some nonlinearities are also associated with phase modulation formats which have to be taken under consideration while designing such systems. 207 Harjasleen Kaur, Harmandar Kaur

9 References: [1] Heena goyal, jyoti saxena, sanjeev dewra, Performance Analysis of Optical Communication System using Different Channels, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 9 (2015). [2] PrabhdeepKaur, Amit Gupta, MandeepChaudhary, Comparative analysis of Inter satellite Optical Wireless Channel for NRZ and RZ modulation formats for different levels of input power Procedia Computer Science 58, pp , [3] A.alipour, A.Mir, A.sheikhi, Ultra high capacity inter-satellite optical wirelesscommunication system using different optimized modulation formats, Optik 127, pp , [4] Aida Hasfiza Hashim, Farah Diana Mahad, Sevia M. Idrus and Abu Sahmah M. Supa'at, Modeling and Performance Study of Inter Satellite Optical Wireless Communication System, ICP , [5] Sheikhar Saini and amit gupta, Modeling and performance analysis of DWDM based 100 Gbps Low power Intersatellite Optical wireless Communication (Lp-IsOWC) system SOP TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING, Vol. 2, No. 1, [6] Naresh Kumar, Enhanced performance analysis of inter-satellite optical-wireless communication (Is-OWC) system, Optik 125, pp , [7] Chris Xu, Xiang Liu, Linn F. Mollenauer, and Xing Wei, Comparison of return-to-zero differential phase-shift keying and on-off keying in ling-haul dispersion managed transmission, IEEE photonics technology letters, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp , [8] Weblink: [9] Peter.J.Winzer et.al, Advanced Optical Modulation Formats, proceedings of IEEE (2006), Vol. 94, No. 5, [10] Bijayananda Patnaik, P.k.Sahu Ultra high capacity 1.28 Tbps DWDM system design and simulation using optimized modulation format, Optik 124, pp , [11] Abdallah Ahmad Shatnawi, Mohd Nazri Bin Mohd Warip and Anuar Mat Safar, Influence of Transmitting Pointing Errors on High Speed WDM-AMI-Is-OWC Transmission System, J. Opt. Commun. (2016). [12] Li Li, Jijun Zhang, Degong Duan, Aihan Yin Analysis modulation formats of DQPSK in WDM-PON system, Optik 123, pp , Harjasleen Kaur, Harmandar Kaur

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