Digital Optical. Communications. Le Nguyen Binh. CRC Press Taylor &. Francis Group. Boca Raton London New York
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1 Digital Optical Communications Le Nguyen Binh CRC Press Taylor &. Francis Group Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
2 Contents Preface Acknowledgments Author Abbreviations xix xxi xxiii xxv Chapter 1 Introduction Digital Optical Communications and Transmission Systems: Challenging Issues Enabling Technologies Modulation Formats and Generation of Optical Signals Binary Level Binary and Multi-level In-phase and Quadrature Phase Channels External Optical Modulation Advanced Modulation Formats Incoherent Optical Receivers Coherent Optical Receivers Transmission of Ultra-short Pulse Sequence Electronic Equalization Feed Forward Equalizer Decision Feedback Equalization Minimum Mean Square Error Equalization Placement of Equalizers MLSE Electronic Equalizers Ultra-short Pulse Transmission Organization of Book Chapters 12 References 14 Chapter 2 Photonic Transmitters Optical Modulators Phase Modulators Intensity Modulators Phasor Representation and Transfer Characteristics Bias Control Chirp-free Optical Modulators Structures of Photonic Modulators Typical Operational Parameters Return-to-Zero Optical Pulses Generation Phasor Representation Phasor Representation of CSRZ Pulses Phasor Representation of RZ33 Pulses 28 vii
3 viii Contents 2.3 Differential Phase Shift Keying Background Optical DPSK Transmitter Generation of Modulation Formats Amplitude-modulation OOK-RZ Formats Amplitude-modulation Carrier-Suppressed RZ (CSRZ) Formats Discrete Phase-modulation NRZ Formats Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (DQPSK) NRZ-DPSK RZ-DPSK Generation of M-ary Amplitude Differential Phase Shift Keying (M-ary ADPSK) Using One MZIM Continuous Phase-modulation PM-NRZ Formats Linear and Non-linear MSK MSK as a Special Case of Continuous Phase FSK (CPFSK) MSK as Offset Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (ODQPSK) Configuration of Photonic MSK Transmitter Using Two Cascaded Electro-optic Phase Modulators Configuration of Optical MSK Transmitter Using Mach-Zehnder Intensity Modulators: I-Q Approach Single Side Band (SSB) Optical Modulators Operating Principles Optical RZ-MSK Multi-carrier Multiplexing (MCM) Optical Modulators Spectra of Modulation Formats Spectral Characteristics of Digital Modulation Formats Remarks 54 References 62 Chapter 3 Optical Receivers and Transmission Performances Inroduction Digital Optical Receivers Photonic and Electronic Noise Electronic Noise of Receiver Shot Noises Biasing Current Shot Noises Quantum Shot Noise Thermal Noise ASE Noise of Optical Amplifier Optical Amplifier Noise Figure Electronic Beating Noise Accumulated ASE Noise in Cascaded Optical Amplifiers Performance Evaluation of Binary Amplitude Modulation Format Received Signals Case 1: OFF or a Transmitted "0" is Received Case 2: ON Transmitted "1" Received Probability Distribution Functions 72
4 Contents ix Receiver Sensitivity Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Noise Impact OSNR Determination of the Impact of Noise Quantum Limit of Optical Receivers under Different Modulation Formats Direct Detection Coherent Detection Coherent Detection with Matched Filter Coherent ASK Systems Coherent Phase and Frequency Shift Keying Systems Binary Coherent Optical Receiver Non-coherent Detection for Optical DPSK and MSK Photonic Balanced Receiver Optical Frequency Discrimination Receiver (OFDR) Transmission Impairments Chromatic Dispersion (CD) Chromatic Linear Dispersion Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) Fiber Non-linearity MATLAB Simulink Simulator for Optical Communications Systems Fiber Propagation Model Non-linear Schroedinger Equation (NLSE) Symmetrical Split-Step Fourier Method Modeling of Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) Optimizing the Symmetrical SSFM Fiber Propagation in Linear Domain Non-linear Effects via Fiber Propagation Model SPM Effects XPM Effects FWM Effects SRS Effects SBS Effects Performance Evaluation BER from Monte Carlo Method BER and Q-factor from Probability Distribution Functions Histogram Approximation Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio (OSNR) Eye Opening Penalty (EOP) Statistical Evaluation Techniques Multi-Gaussian Distributions (MGD) via Expectation Maximization (EM) Theorem Selection of Number of Gaussian Distributions for MGD Fitting Selection of Threshold for GPD Fitting Validation of Novel Statistical Methods Novel BER Statistical Techniques Multi-Gaussian Distributions (MGD) and Expectation Maximization (EM) Theorem Effects of Source Linewidth Remarks 117
5 x Contents 3.12 Appendices Sellmeir's Coefficients for Different Core Materials Total Equivalent Electronic Noises Problems Chapter References 128 Chapter 4 Coherent Photonic Transmission Coherent Detection Optical Heterodyne Detection ASK Coherent System Envelop Detection Synchronous Detection PSK Coherent System Differential Detection Optical Homodyne Detection FSK Coherent System Coherent and Non-coherent Photonic Transmission Technologies Integrated Optics Optical Source and Modulation Demands on Laser Linewidth Differential Detection CPFSK Differential Detection Balanced Receiver Phase Diversity Receiver Channel-Selective Receiver Photonic Filters and Phase Comparators Transmission Characteristics Coherent Phase and Differential Phase Shift Keying Fiber Propagation and Non-linearities Linear Dispersion: Analytical Approach Signal Propagation and the Governing NLSE Equation Fiber Transfer Function Pulse Shapes Non-linear Impairments Non-linear Phase Noise Optical Multi-level Modulation: General Theory Optical Multilevel Modulation: General Theory Multi-phase and Amplitude Format Optical Transmitters Coherent OFDM Principles Experimental Implementation of Coherent Detection Remarks 167 References 168 Chapter 5 Differential Phase Shift Keying Photonic Systems Introduction Optical DPSK Modulation and Formats 172
6 Contents xi Generation of Return-to-Zero Pulses Phasor Representation Phasor Representation of CS-RZ Pulses Phasor Representation of RZ33 Pulses Discrete Phase Modulation (DPSK) Principles of DPSK and Theoretical Treatment of DPSK and DQPSK Transmission Optical DPSK Transmitter DPSK Balanced Receiver DPSK Transmission Experiment Components and Operational Characteristics Spectra of Modulation Formats Dispersion Tolerance of Optical DPSK Formats Optical Filtering Effects Performance of CSRZ-DPSK over a Dispersion Managed Optical Transmission Link Mutual Impact of Adjacent 10 G and 40 G DWDM Channels DQPSK Modulation Format DQPSK Offset DQPSK Modulation Format Influence of the Minimum Symbol Distance on the Receiver Sensitivity Influence of Self Homodyne Detection on the Receiver Sensitivity MATLAB Simulink Model The Simulink Model Eye Diagrams Comparisons of Different Formats and ASK and DPSK BER and Receiver Sensitivity RZ ASK and NRZ ASK RZ DPSK and NRZ DQPSK RZ ASK and NRZ DQPSK Dispersion Tolerance Polarization Mode Dispersion Tolerance Robustness Towards Non-linear Effects Robustness Towards SPM Robustness Towards XPM Robustness Towards FWM Robustness Towards SRS Robustness Towards SBS Remarks 209 References 209 Appendix: MATLAB Simulink Model for DQPSK Optical System 211 Chapter 6 Continuous Phase Modulation Format Optical Systems Introduction Generation of Optical MSK Modulated Signals Optical MSK Transmitter Using Two Cascaded Electro-Optic Phase Modulators Detection of M-ary CPFSK Modulated Optical Signal 219
7 xii Contents Optical MSK Transmitter Using Parallel I-Q Mach-Zehnder Intensity Modulators Linear MSK Weakly Non-linear MSK Strongly Non-linear MSK Optical MSK Receivers Optical Binary-Amplitude MSK Format Generation Optical Minimum Shift Keying Numerical Results and Discussions Transmission Performance of Linear and Non-linear Optical MSK Systems Transmission Performance of Binary Amplitude Optical MSK Systems Remarks 234 References 235 Chapter 7 Multi-level Amplitude and Phase Shift Keying Optical Transmission Introduction Amplitude and Differential Phase Modulation ASK Modulation NRZ-ASK Modulation RZ-ASK Modulation CSRZ-ASK Modulation Differential Phase Modulation Comparison of Different Optical Modulation Formats Multilevel Optical Transmitter Single Dual-Drive MZIM Transmitter for MADPSK MADPSK Optical Transmission Performance Evaluation Implementation of MADPSK Transmission Models System Modeling Transmitter Model Receiver Model Transmission Fiber and Dispersion Compensation Fiber Model Transmission Performance Signal Spectrum, Signal Constellation and Eye Diagram BER Evaluation ASK Sub-System Error Probability DQPSK Sub-System Error Probability Evaluation MADPSK System BER Evaluation Chromatic Dispersion Tolerance Critical Issues Noise Mechanism and Noise Effect on MADPSK Transmission Fiber Impairments Non-linear Effects on MADPSK Offset Detection Star 16-QAM Optical Transmission Introduction Design of 16-QAM Signal Constellation 277
8 Contents xiii Signal Constellation Optimum RR for Star Constellation Detection Methods Direct Detection Coherent Detection Homodyne Receiver Heterodyne Receiver Intradyne Receiver Star 16-QAM Format Transmitter Design Receiver for 16-star QAM Coherent Detection Receiver without Phase Estimation Coherent Detection Receiver with Phase Estimation Direct Detection Receiver Coherent Receiver without Phase Estimation Linear Channel Non-linear Effects Remarks Other Multilevel and Multi-subcarrier Modulation Formats for 100Gb/s Ethernet Transmission Remarks on Multilevel Modulation Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (oofdm) [27] Gb/s 8-DPSK_2-ASK 16-Star QAM Introduction Configuration of 8-DPSK _ 2-ASK Optical Transmitter Configuration of 8-DPSK _ 2-ASK Detection Scheme Transmission Performance of 100Gb/s 8-DPSK_2-ASK Scheme Concluding Remarks Offset MADPSK Modulation Multi-level Amplitude-minimum Shift Keying (MAMSK) Modulation Star QAM Coherent Detection 303 References 304 Chapter 8 Frequency Discrimination Receiver for Optical MSK Operational Principles of ONFDR Receiver Modeling Receiver Design Bandwidth of the Optical Filter Center Frequency of the Optical Filter Selection of Optimal Values of Optical Delay Line Selection of Optimum Bandwidth and Center Frequency of Optical Frequency Discrimination Filters Receiver Performance Numerical Results Validating Receiver Design Robustness to Chromatic Dispersion of ONFDR Gb/s Transmission Dispersion Tolerance Gb/s Transmission 321
9 XIV Contents Robustness to Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) of ONFDR Resilience to Non-linearity (SPM) of ONFDR Transmission Limits of OFDR-based Optical MSK Systems Dual-level Optical Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) Generation Scheme Incoherent Detection Technique Optical Power Spectrum Receiver Sensitivity Remarks Remarks 329 References 329 Chapter 9 Partial Responses and Single-sideband Modulation Formats Partial Responses: Duo-Binary Modulation Formats Introduction The DBM Formatter Gb/s DB Optical Fiber Transmission Systems Electro-Optic Duo-Binary Transmitter The DuoB Encoder The External Modulator DuoB Transmitters and Pre-Coder Alternative Phase DB Transmitter Fiber Propagation Duo-Binary Direct Detection Receiver System Transmission and Performance The DB Encoder The Transmitter Transmission Performance Alternating Phase and Variable Pulse Width DuoB: Experimental Setup and Transmission Performance Transmission Setup Test-bed for Variable Pulse Width Alternating Phase Duo-Binary Modulation Optical Transmission Remarks DWDM VSB Modulation-format Optical Transmission Transmission System VSB Filtering and DWDM Channels Transmission Dispersion and Compensation Fibers Transmission Performance Effects of Channel Spacing on ß-Factor Effects of GVD on ß-factor Effects of Filter Pass-band on the ß-Factor Single Side Band Modulation Hubert Transform SSB MZ Modulator Simulation SSB Demodulator Simulation Concluding Remarks 379 References 379
10 Contents xv Chapter 10 Temporal Lens and Adaptive Electronic/Photonic Equalization Introduction Space-Time Duality and Equalization Space-Time Duality Paraxial Diffraction The Governing Non-linear Schrödinger (NLS) Equation Diffractive and Dispersive Phases Spatial Lens Time Lens Temporal Imaging Electro-optic Phase Modulator as a Time Lens Equalization in Transmission System Equalization with Sinusoidal Driven-Voltage Phase Modulator Equalization with Parabolic Driven-Voltage Phase Modulator Simulation of Transmission and Equalization Single Pulse Transmission Equalization of Second Order Dispersion Equalization of Third-Order Dispersion Pulse Train Transmission Second-Order Dispersion Equalization of Third-Order Dispersion Equalization of Timing Jitter and Polarization-Mode Dispersion Equalization in 160-Gb/s Transmission Systems System Overview System Configurations Experimental Setup Simulation Model Overview System Overview Transmitter Block Transmission Link De-multiplexer Equalizer System Errors Calculation Simulation Results Single Pulse Transmission Gb/s Transmission and Equalization Conclusions 420 References 421 Chapter 11 Electronic Signal Processing in Optical Transmission Systems Introduction Electronic Digital Processing Equalization System Representation of Equalized Transfer Function Generic Equalization Formulation Signal Representation and Channel Pure Phase Distortion 431
11 xvi Contents Equalizers at Receiver Equalizers at the Transmitter Equalization Shared Between Receiver and Transmitter Performance of FFE and DFE Impulse and Step Responses of the Single Mode Optical Fiber Electrical Linear Double Sampling Equalizers for Duobinary Modulation Formats for Optical Transmission Non-linear MLSE Equalizers for MSK Optical Transmission Systems Non-linear MLSE Trellis Structure and Viterbi Algorithm Trellis Structure Viterbi Algorithm Optical Fiber as a Finite State Machine Construction of State Trellis Structure MLSE Equalizer for Optical MSK Systems Configuration of MLSE Equalizer in OFDR MLSE Equalizer with Vitertic Algorithm MLSE Equalizer with Reduced-State Template Matching MLSE Scheme Performance Performance of MLSE Schemes in 40 Gb/s Transmission Transmission of 10Gb/s Optical MSK Signals Over 1472 km SSMF Uncompensated Optical Link Performance Limits of Viterbi-MLSE Equalizers Viterbi-MLSE Equalizers for PMD Mitigation On the Uncertainty and Transmission Limitation of Equalization Process Uncertainty in Optical Signal Transmission Uncertainty in ASK Modulation Optical Receiver without Equalization Uncertainty in MSK Optical Receiver with Equalization Electronic Dispersion Compensation of Modulation Formats Conclusions 477 References 478 Chapter 12 Optical Soliton Transmission Introduction Fundamentals of Non-linear Propagation Theory Numerical Approach Beam Propagation Method Analytical Approach Inverse Scattering Method Soliton N= 1 by Inverse Scattering Soliton N= 2 by Inverse Scattering Fundamental and Higher Order Solitons Soliton Evolution for N= 1, 2, 3, 4 and Soliton Breakdown Interaction of Fundamental Solitons Two Solitons Interaction with Different Pulse Separation Two Solitons Interaction with Different Relative Amplitude Two Solitons Interaction under Different Relative Phase Three Soliton Interaction with Different Relative Phase Three Solitons Interaction with Different Relative Phase and r=
12 Contents xvii 12.6 Soliton Pulse Transmission Systems and Inverse Scattering Method Inverse Scattering Method Revisited N-Solitons Solution (Explicit Formula) Special Case A =N N-Soliton Solutions (Asymptotic Form as x -> ± ) Bound States and Multiple Eigenvalues Interaction between Two Solitons in an Optical Fiber Soliton Pair with Initial Identical Phases Soliton Pair with Initial Equal Amplitudes Soliton Pair with Initial Unequal Amplitudes Design Strategy Generations of Solitons Generation of Bound-Solitons in Actively Phase Modulation Mode-Locked Fiber Ring Resonators Introduction Formation of Bound States in a FM Mode-Locked Fiber Laser Experimental Setup and Results Simulation of Dynamics of Bound States in a FM Mode-locked Fiber Laser Active Harmonic Mode-Locked Fiber Laser for Soliton Generation Experiment Setup Tunable Wavelength Harmonic Mode-locked Pulses Measurement of the Fundamental Frequency Effect of the Modulation Frequency Effect of the Modulation Depth/Index Effect of Fiber Ring Length Effect of Pump Power Remarks 530 References 531 Chapter 13 OFDM Optical Transmission Systems Introduction Principles of oofdm OFDM as a Multi-carrier Modulation Format FFT and IFFT Based OFDM Principles Optical OFDM Transmission Systems Impacts on Non-linear Modulation Effects on Optical OFDM Dispersion Tolerance Resilience to PMD Effects OFDM and DQPSK Formats for 100 Gb/s Ethernet Concluding Remarks 544 References 544 Chapter 14 Comparison of Modulations Formats for Long-Haul Optically Amplified Transmission Systems and Networks Identification of Modulation Features for Combating Impairment Effects Binary Digital Optical Signals 547
13 XVIII Contents M-ary Digital Optical Signals Multi Sub-carrier Digital Optical Signals Modulation Formats and Electronic Equalization Amplitude, Phase and Frequency Modulation Formats ASK and DPSK & DPSK and DQPSK Dispersion Sensitivity of Different Modulation Formats of ASK and DPSK NRZ-ASK and NRZ DPSK RZ-ASK and RZ-DPSK CSRZ ASK and CSRZ-DPSK ASK and DPSK Spectra ASK and DPSK in Long-Haul Transmission Non-linear Effects in ASK and DPSK in Long-Haul Transmission Performance of DWDM RZ-DPSK and CSRZ-DPSK Non-linear Effects on CSRZ-DPSK and RZ-DPSK Non-linear Effects on CSRZ-ASK and RZ-ASK Continuous Phase Versus Discrete Phase Shift Keying Multi Sub-carrier Versus Single/Dual Carrier Modulation Multi-level Versus Binary or IQ Modulation Single Sideband and Partial Response Modulation Modulation Formats and All-optical Networking Advanced Modulation Formats in Long-Haul Transmission Systems Advanced Modulation Formats in All-optical Networks Hybrid 40 Gb/s over 10 Gb/s Optical Networks: 328 km SSMF+DCF for 320 km Tx: Impact of Adjacent 10 G/40 G channels Ultra-fast Optical Networks OTDM Networking 563 References 564 Chapter 15 Index 567
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