Space Communications Supporting NASA s Missions
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1 Space Communications Supporting NASA s Missions Phil Liebrecht Assistant Deputy Associate Administrator for NASA s Space Communications and Navigation Ka and Broadband Communications Conference Cleveland, Ohio October 17, 2016
2 NASA Network History Deep Space Network (DSN) 64 m antenna Minitrack Satellite Tracking and Data Acquisition Network (STADAN) Manned Space Flight Network (MSFN) 70 m antenna upgrade Transfer of DSN located 26m antennas 34 meter antenna Near Earth Network (NEN) Spaceflight Tracking and Data Network (STDN) Space Network (SN) TDRS 1st gen TDRS 2nd gen Mercury 1965 Gemini Apollo TDRS 3rd gen Satellite Tracking and Dataand Acquisition By The the early 2000 s, new national The Space Network (SN) was established Network (STADAN) and the Manned First Deep Space Network antenna (located international science missions required ItThe all started with Minitrack New 34 meter Beam Waveguide (BWG) Space Shuttle Mercury (Manned) Spacenetwork Flight Network to replace NASA s worldwide of Space Flight Network (MSFN) were in Goldstone, CA) named Pioneer, received high latitude stations. Commercial, The 26 Fourteen meter Deep Space Network stations spaced about 850 miles antennas are under construction in the Deep The 64 meter antennas added to DSN Internationalmore Spaceand Station was added because NASA needed ground tracking stations. consolidated into the Spaceflight Tracking its first signals from Pioneer 3 in December th government, and partner stations were antennas were replaced or70 converted to enable 34 apart on anetwork. north-south fence along Space Four arrayed 34the meter later upgraded to meters to coverage for human missions. MSFN had The SN dramatically increased tracking and Data Network (STDN) This antenna was built for NASA s early utilized. Additional TDRS also added meterviking antennas. meridian would provide awere 60% chance ofonly BWG antennas will provide the same, ifcuriosity not Mars Global Surveyor 1outer planetary missions such as Voyager tracking stations around the world that and data acquisition (T&DA) coverage from By the end of the 1970 s, the number of lunar missions. It was decommissioned in and the Zone ofmeasurements. Exclusion aboveoriginal the Indian orbital Vikingmaking 2 higher, sensitivity and received signal power Mariner 9 provided 15% 25% coverage. 15% to 85% per orbit of low earth orbiting tracking stations went from seventeen to 1981 and became a US National Landmark in Ocean was of closed. plan: eight stations. Mars Recon Orbiter as one the 70 meter antennas. spacecraft, fourteen as well as decreased Spirit operational costs. Skylab Mariner 4 Mariner 6 and 7 MAVEN Pathfinder Opportunity 2
3 Today s Network Spanning the Globe Supports the Missions Human Spaceflight Missions Sub-Orbital Missions Earth Science Missions Space Science Missions Lunar Missions Solar System Exploration 3
4 Maser Equivalent Data Rate from Jupiter 64-m Antenna Improved Coding Improved Spacecraft Antenna Antenna Arraying Ka-Band Ka-band Array History of Deep Space Downlink Performance st gravity assist to visit multiple planets: Mercury and Venus 1 st close-up study of outer planets Jupiter orbiter Discovery of 1,000 th planet st US Spacecraft to fly by the Moon 1 st flyby of Mars Saturn orbiter History to date: Performance has improved by so far 10-4 TV relayed by satellite 1st Mini Computer 1 st Cell Phone IBM PC Released Internet made Public 1 st Hand-Held GPS Receiver iphone Released
5 NASA s Networks Enable Today s Science Missions 5
6 And Today s Human Space Flight Missions Soyuz Orion 6
7 THE NEXT 25 YEARS 7
8 Journey to Mars and Beyond 8
9 Future Science Missions 9
10 NASA Needs More Bandwidth to Download More Science from Space Picture of a Mars Rover taken at one-foot resolution at Victoria Crater on Mars To transmit a 30 cm resolution Google map of the entire Martian surface (at 1 bit/pixel): Current RF (Ka-band) system would take 2 YEARS Optical communications can do it in 9 WEEKS! Optical comm s higher data rates can break through today s science data bottleneck 10
11 Strategy to Achieve the Future Shrink the solar system by connecting the principle investigator more closely to the instrument, the mission controller to the spacecraft, and the astronaut to the audience. Improve the mission s experience and reduce mission burden the effort and cost required to design and operate spacecraft to receive services from the SCaN Network. Reduce network burden the effort and cost required to design, operate, and sustain the SCaN Network as it provides services to missions with the collateral benefit of increasing funding for C&N technology. Apply new and enhanced capabilities of terrestrial telecommunications and navigation to space leveraging other organizations investments. Enable growth of the domestic commercial space market to provide and NASA to use commercial services currently dominated by government capabilities. Enable greater international collaboration and lower costs in space by establishing an open architecture with interoperable services that foster commercial competition and can be adopted by international agencies and as well as NASA. 11
12 Next Generation SCaN Architecture Higher data transmission Smart cognitive adaptability Space internetworked Reduced size, weight, and power for users Lower barrier for commercial entry Global, open, interoperable architecture working seamlessly together with: International partner agencies Commercial suppliers Academic entities Other US Government agencies 12
13 Paradigm Shifts RF to RF and Optical Point-to-point (Connection-oriented, single access) links to broadband (connectionless, multiple access) Scheduled access to unscheduled access Phase over mission service links (space-to-space) from Ku-band to Ka-band Link layer service provider to network service provider Different near Earth and deep space architectures to common architecture 13
14 Planetary Networks: Earth, Moon and Mars One Architecture HLO Distant Retrograde Orbit (DRO) Exploration Habitat Science Orbiter Lunar Network Lunar Relay Lander Proximity Links Science/ Relay Orbiter LLO GEO LEO Earth Network Proximity Links DTE/ DFE Earth Relay SCGS Trunk link HMO Phobos Exploration Vehicle Science/ Relay Orbiter Deep Space Habitat Mars Network Mars Relay Lander Benefits of Planetary Networks: Reduced mission burden with short links for in-system communications - enables in-system telerobotics Common architecture reduces technology and development costs Reuse of hardware and software: Family of products includes variants for different environments Reuse of spectrum Architect for Flexibility, Scalability, and Affordability Implement as required to meet specific mission needs Proximity Links Science Orbiter LMO 14
15 A New Mars Network for Human Exploration and Science (c. 2040) RF to RF and Optical Point-to-point (Connection-oriented, single access) links to broadband (connectionless, multiple access) Scheduled access to unscheduled access Phase over mission service links (space-to-space) from Ku-band (as near Earth backbone) to Ka-band (phase out Ku-band) Link layer service provider to network service provider Different near Earth and deep space architectures to common architecture 15
16 Equivalent Data Rate from Jupiter Baseline (First Deep Space mission) 3-W, 1.2-m S-Band Antenna (S/C) Reduced Transponder Noise (S/C) Maser (G) 10-W S-Band TWT (S/C) 64-m Antenna (G) Reduced Microwave Noise (G) Reduced Ant Surf Tolerances (G) Interplexed, Improved Coding (G & S/C) X-Band Maser (G) Concatenated Coding (7, 1/2) + R-S (G & S/C) 3.7-m X-/X-Band Antenna (S/C) Array: 64-m m (G) Improved Antenna (G) Reduced Microwave Noise (G) Video Data Compression (G & S/C) 70-m Antenna (G) Array: 70-m m (G) Improved Coding (15/1/6) (G & S/C) Ka-Band Systems (G & S/C) 100W Ka-Band Transmitter (S/C) 20-W S-Band TWT, Block Coding (G & S/C) 1.5-m S-/X-Band Antena (S/C) DSN Array - Phase 1 (G) DSN Array - Phase 2 (G) 1kW Ka-Band Transmitter (S/C) Advanced Coding and Compression (G & S/C) 10.5m Spacecraft Antenna (S/C) Optical Comm Historical and Future Deep Space Performance 1.E+12 Mariner 69 1.E+10 Mariner 10 Galileo 1.E+08 Mariner IV Voyager Kepler 1.E+06 Pioneer IV MRO 1.E+04 1.E+02 1.E+00 1.E-02 1.E-04 1.E
17 New Technologies for Optical Communications 17
18 New Technologies Deep Space Atomic Clock Precise navigation with radio communication is key in determining a spacecraft's location in deep space, but the clocks tend to drift over time. DSAC is 100X more stable than current space clocks Smaller and less range error than other space clocks Perform year-long demonstration in space around mid-2016 Cognitive Radios After technology is launched into space, it s difficult to make modifications or upgrades from the ground. Cognitive systems sense, detect, classify, and adapt to time-varying communication environment to optimize data throughput. On orbit testing around 2017 Disruption Tolerant Networking Communicating in the space environment is not as direct as here on Earth and involves a lot of outages and stops. Designed to work in environments where end-to-end paths may not be available Testing on various platforms since
19 Partnerships and Collaborations are Key to achieving a better Future Government Agencies Policies on mission support, spectrum and navigation DoD, NOAA, State Department, FCC, NTIA, DOT Academia/Industry Identify commercial friendly approaches Quantum Entanglement, Laser Communications Relay Demonstration, Cognitive radio, SCaN Testbed International Compatible interoperability architectures including standards and spectrum Interoperability Plenary, Interagency Operations Advisory Group, Space Frequency Coordination Group, International Committee on GNSS 19
20 National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA NASA Space Communications and Navigation Facebook: NASASCaN Eyes on the DSN: 20
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