Chemistry and Technology of Printing and Imaging Systems
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1 'ч. Chemistry and Technology of Printing and Imaging Systems Edited by Zeneca Specialties Manchester BLACKIE ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL An Imprint of Chapman & Hall London Glasgow Weinheim New York Tokyo Melbourne Madras
2 vi. Contents 1 Setting the scene 1.1 From maturity to mayhem The ubiquitous silicon chip The environment Themes and focii 3 3 Traditional impact printing 4 T.S. JEWITT 2.1 Introduction A brief history of printing Printing technologies Relief printing Letterpress Flexography Intaglio printing Pianographic printing The offset printing press Image quality The image on the plate The offset blanket Fount solution Lithographic inks Cold-set web-offset inks Heat-set web-offset inks Sheet-fed lithographic inks The printing industry Applications of the printing processes Letterpress Flexography Gravüre Screenprinting Lithography Web offset Commercial aspects of the British printing industry Electronic imaging Scanning Output Proofing Digital platemaking Digital printing Printing and the environment 33 and further reading 34
3 CONTENTS Silver halide photography P. BERGTHALLER 3.1 History and evolution of photographic imaging systems Photography in black-and-white Concepts of photography in colour: the steps of the pioneers Silver halide photography today: the market 3.2 The physical basis of silver halide photography A brief look at the elementary processes in the silver halide crystal The photographic emulsion Photographic development Detail rendition Development and colour: subtractive colour photography additive colour photography 3.3 Photographic materials Film Printing media 3.4 The chemical constituents of photographic media Emulsion ingredients and additives Developers and processing chemistry Colour couplers and special-purpose couplers The chemistry of the silver-dye-bleach process The chemistry of dye diffusion systems 3.5 Photographic quality 3.6 Future of photographic media Frontiers of the technically feasible Remote sensing and recording Digital storage of photographic images: a powerful tool for information management and archiving The merging of technologies: hybrid media and digital imaging The merging of uses (communication and entertainment) Ecological challenges of photographic processing The advanced photo system Electrophotography R.S. GAIRNS 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The technology of xerography Charging Exposure Image enhancement Development Fixing and cleaning 4.3 Consumables Photoconductors Charge-generation materials (CGMs) Charge-transport materials (CTMs) Developer 4.4 Advantages of electrophotography 4.5 Limitations of electrophotography 4.6 Competition
4 г CONTENTS XI 4.7 Synergy Photoactive pigment electrophoresis (PAPE) Electrography and ionography Lithography TonerJet ' Uses of electrophotography Toxicology and the environment Future Inkjet printing 113 R.W. KENYON 5.1 Introduction Ink jet technology Continuous ink jet Drop-on-demand ink jet Inkjetinks General features Aqueous inks Solvent inks Hot-melt inks Ink jet colorants Black dyes (first generation) Colour dyes (first generation) Second-generation colorants Phase-change colorants Colorants for industrial ink jet printers Ink jet ink/colorant research Advantages/limitations of ink jet Uses of ink jet printers Office segment Industrial segment Colour filters for LCDs (Liquid crystal displays) Ink jet printing of textiles Toxicology and the environment Future of ink jet Thermal printing 139 R. BRADBURY 6.1 Introduction Direct thermal printing Colour formers Developers Sensitisers Multicolour thermal paper Direct thermal markets Mead Cycolor process Photoinitiators Dye-diffusion thermal transfer (D2T2) Dye sheet (dye donor sheet) Receiver sheet Dye-diffusion thermal-transfer dyes D2T2 market 162
5 Xll CONTENTS 6.5 Thermal-melt transfer Dyesheet Melt-transfer colorants Receiver sheets Printing Thermal melt-transfer market 7 Optical data-storage systems P.A. HUNT 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Principles of operational functionality Read-only memory (ROM) Erasable versus write-once Physical and chemical requirements 7.3 System options Metallic ablative (WORM) Metallic phase-change (WORM and erasable) Dye-polymer ablative (WORM) Photochrome dye (erasable) Liquid crystals (WORM and erasable) Metallic interference (WORM) 7.4 Technical performance features of ODS systems Performance advantages of ODS systems Performance limitations in ODS systems 7.5 Commercial performance features 7.6 Comparison with alternative technologies Magnetic media Magneto-optical (MO) media 7.7 Related technologies 7.8 Applications of ODS 7.9 Toxicology and environmental considerations 7.10 The future 8 Electrostatic, ionographic, magnetographic and embry printing technologies 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Electrographic printing 8.3 Ionographic printing 8.4 Magnetographic printing 8.5 Embryonic printing technologies High-resolution dry-processing film (VerdeFilm) Toner fusion xeroprinting TonerJet 8.6 Future prospects
6 CONTENTS ХШ 9 The future Introduction Short-term predictions Traditional printing and imaging Non-impact printing and imaging Longer-term predictions Evolutionary developments Revolutionary developments Conclusion Index 214
Chemistry and Technology of Printing and Imaging Systems
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