Digital Image Processing

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1 Digital Image Processing 3. Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain - Filters Computer Engineering, Sejong Universit Spatial Filtering 마스크 mask) w-,-) w-,) w-,) w,-) w,) w,) w,-) w,) w,) -,-) -, -,),-),,),-),,) /46

2 Spatial Filtering 마스크 Mask) 정방형의 차원행렬 m n 크기를가지며 m, n 은홀수값을가짐 Filter, mask, kernel, template, window 라고도함 계수 coeicient) 마스크내의값은화소라하지않고계수 coeicient) 라고함 Spatial iltering 마스크의각위치에서해당계수값과대응하는영상값을각각곱한후그결과를모두더함 마스크의중앙에위치가출력화소의해당위치가됨 3/46 Spatial Filtering 차원 iltering 의예 : mask 크기가 3 w g g, w, t), t) t g,) w, ),) w,),) w,),) g,) w, ),) w,),) w,),3) 4/46

3 Spatial Filtering 차원 iltering 의다른예 : mask 크기가 3 w g g, w, t), t) t g,) w, ),) w,),) w,),) - - g,) w, ),) w,),) w,),3) - - 5/46 Spatial Filtering 차원 iltering 의예 : mask 크기가 33 g, w s, t) s, t) s t g,) w, ),) w,),) w,),) w, ),) w,),) w,),) w, ),) w,),) w,),) g3,8) w, ),7) w,),8) w,),9) w, ) 3,7) w,) 3,8) w,) 3,9) w, ) 4,7) w,) 4,8) w,) 4,9) 6/46

4 차원 iltering: mask 크기가 mn a Spatial Filtering b g, w s, t) s, t) s a t b 여기서 a m-)/, b n-)/ 이다. 그리고영상의크기를 MN 이라고하면,,,, M-,,,,, N- 값을갖는다. 7/46 Spatial Filtering 영상의경계 border) 부분에서의필터링 영상이존재하지않는부분의화소를 으로가정 zero padding) 회선마스크위치를,) 대신,) 로시작, 회선마스크마지막위치를 M-,N-) 대신 M-, N-) 로마무리. 즉첫번째와마지막 row, column에대해서는회선을수행하지않음 영상이존재하지않는화소를옆에있는화소값으로사용 같은영상이반복적을둘러쌓여있음을가정한후이경우의화소값사용 wrap around) 8/46

5 Spatial Filtering 마스크의계수특성 마스크의계수의합은출력영상의밝기에영향을미침 필터링결과영상의밝기를변경시키지않기위해서는마스크계수값의 이되어야한다. 마스크계수값의합이 보다클경우회선결과영상은원영상보다밝아진다. 마스크계수값의합이 보다작을경우회선결과영상은원영상보다어두워진다. 대부분의계수값의합은. 9/46 완만화 Smoothing) 완만화 Smoothing) 영상의자세한부분을제거하거나줄임 필터링을이용하여구현 마스크의크기가클수록효과는좋아짐 영상내에존재하는잡음성분을줄이는데효과적 완만화필터 Smoothing ilter) 의종류 - 평균필터 average ilter) - 가중평균필터 weighted average ilter) - 저역통과필터 low-pass ilter) /46

6 완만화 Smoothing) 평균필터 Average ilter) 마스크내의화소값의평균을출력으로제공 33 마스크의경우모든계수가 /9 55 마스크의경우모든계수가 /5 영상내의잡음성분을제거 마스크의크기가클수록영상이흐려짐 blurring) /5 /5 /5 /5 /5 /9 /9 /9 /5 /5 /5 /5 /5 /9 /9 /9 /5 /5 /5 /5 /5 /9 /9 /9 /5 /5 /5 /5 /5 /5 /5 /5 /5 /5 /46 평균필터적용예 /46

7 완만화 Smoothing) 가중평균필터 Weighted average ilter) 마스크내의중간값에대하여가중치를부여 중앙에서먼계수일수록낮은가중치부여 대표적인가중평균필터 : 가우스완만화필터 Gaussian smoothing ilter) σ 값으로완만한정도조절 ) e σ w, πσ /6 /8 /6 /8 /4 /8 /6 /8 /6 3/46 가중평균필터적용예 4/46

8 선명화 Sharpening) 선명화 Sharpening) 완만화 smoothing) 의반대개념 영상의자세한부분 detail) 을강조 영상의부분적인콘트라스트를증가시킴 영상의경계부분에대한대비효과증가시킴 선명화필터 Sharpening ilter) 의종류 /46 선명화 Sharpening) 6/46

9 선명화 Sharpening) 고역통과필터 High-pass ilter) 영상의자세한부분 detail) 만을강조 영상의저주파부분을제거 추후원신호와합성하여선명화영상생성 고역통과필터 High-pass ilter) 의종류 - 고역통과필터 high-pass ilter) - 언샤프마스킹 unsharp masking) - 고역증대필터 high-boost ilter) 7/46 선명화 Sharpening) 고역통과필터 high-pass ilter) 영상의저주파영역을없앰 영상에서천천히변화하는성분을없앰 영상의고주파영역을보존 영상에서빠르게변화하는성분을보존 영상의경계부분등세밀한부분을강조 -/9 -/9 -/9 -/9 8/9 -/9 -/9 -/9 -/9 8/46

10 선명화 Sharpening) 언샤프마스킹 unsharp masking) 영상의원영상에서저역통과된영상을뺌, org,, sharp low pass 고역통과필터와같은결과 -/5 -/9 -/9 -/9 -/5 4/5 -/5 -/9 8/9 -/9 -/5 -/9 -/9 -/9 9/46 선명화 Sharpening) 언샤프마스킹 unsharp masking) Lum. In 33 Mean Filter - Saturator Lum. Out α Edge Signal Dierence signal Mean Filtering Result Resulting Signal /46

11 선명화 Sharpening) 고역증대필터 high-boost ilter) 영상의저주파수영역을통과시키면서영상의고주파수영역을증대시킴, high_ boost A org,, low pass A 인경우 : unsharp masking A > 인경우 : 저주파수영역을보존 -/5 -/9 -/9 -/9 -/5 w/5 -/5 -/9 w/9 -/9 -/5 -/9 -/9 -/9 w 5A- w 9A- /46 선명화 Sharpening) /46

12 Sharpening vs. Smoothing 3/46 영상의 차미분 irst-order derivative) 이나 차미분 secondorder derivative) 을이용하여영상내에존재하는에지성분을검출 차, 차미분연산을다양한값의디지털값으로근사화 차편미분연산자 irst-order partial derivative) ) ) ) 차편미분연산자 second-order partial derivative) ) ) ) 4/46

13 5/46 6/46 차미분연산자 First-order derivative operators), 위치에서의영상, 의기울기 gradient) 는 기울기의크기값은, 위치에서의영상의기울기를 α, 라고하면 G G ) tan ), G G α ) G G or G G mag

14 차미분연산자의특성 행검출기 G 와열검출기 G 로구성 마스크의계수의합은 차미분연산자의종류 Roberts Prewitt Sobel Frei-chen operator operator operator operator G G /46 차미분연산자의특성 Roberts operator - 마스크의크기가작음 - 잡음에민감 Prewitt operator - 널리사용됨 - 수평, 수직방향의에지를찾는데사용 Sobel operator - 널리사용됨 - 수평, 수직방향의에지를찾는데사용 - Prewitt operator에비해서대각선방향 diagonal) 에지를좀더잘찾음 - Prewitt operator에비해서잡음제거특성이조금우수 8/46

15 9/46 3/46

16 3/46 3/46 라플라시안 Laplacian) 정의 디지털근사화 : 방향 차편미분 디지털근사화 : 방향 차편미분 최종결과 ), ), ), ), ), ), ), 4 )], ), ), ), [

17 라플라시안 Laplacian) 연산자의특성 차미분연산자보다에지검출성능우수 영상의에지영역에서라플라시안값의부호변화가생김 잡음성분에매우민감 이중에지를생성 에지의방향은검출하지못함 라플라시안연산자의종류 /46 라플라시안 Laplacian) 을이용한화질개선 라플라시안결과를원영상에더하거나뺌,, g,,, 라플라시안마스크의중간계수가음수인경우라플라시안마스크의중간계수가양수인경우 복합라플라시안마스크 composite laplacian mask) /46

18 35/46 36/46

19 37/46 LoGLaplacian o Gaussian) 잡음에민감한라플라시안의특성으로인해서실제적용에는문제 라플라시안을적용하기이전에먼저가우스완만화필터 Gaussian smoothing ilter) 를적용하여잡음제거 완만화에사용하는가우스함수의예 h r) e r σ, where r and σ is standard deviation LoGLaplacian o Gaussian) r r σ σ h r) σ 4 e 38/46

20 39/46 LoGLaplacian o Gaussian) 모양으로인해서멕시칸모자함수 Meican hat unction) 으로불림 σ 값이커지면함수의최대값이작아지고넓어짐 σ 값이작아지면함수의최대값이커지고좁아짐 폭이넓어지면에지가넓게검출 폭이좁아지면급격한에지를검출 라플라시안연산자와달리잡음에강함 인간의시각특성과유사 r r σ σ h r) σ 4 e 4/46

21 original sobel gaussian smoothing laplacian LoG Zero crossing 4/46 미디언필터링 Median Filtering) 미디언필터링 Median Filtering) 마스크내에존재하는화소들을정렬 sorting) 한후중간에위치하는화소값을출력으로사용 비선형연산자 nonlinear operator) 임 영상의에지영역을보존하면서잡음제거가능 임펄스잡음 impulse noise) 를제거하는데에효과적 - impulse noise : salt-and-pepper noise라고도함 - 영상에희고검은점들이찍힌현상 참고 : 저역통과필터 low-pass ilter) 는가우시안잡음제거에적합 4/46

22 미디언필터링 Median Filtering) 미디언필터링 Median Filtering) A 연산 : median {3, 5, 5, 4, 6, 5, 5, 5, 45} median {3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 45} 5 B 연산 : median {6, 5, 6, 5, 45, 6, 9, 9, 7} median {5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 9, 9, 45} A B /46 미디언필터링 Median Filtering) Application 에따른미디언필터의종류 44/46

23 미디언필터링 Median Filtering) 45/46 CTI Color Transient Improvement) Start Horizontal 9 tap MAX/MIN Filtering: ma, min Horizontal Processing Filter input N/ MAX ilter output MIN ilter output T in > mamin)/ F out ma out min T in < mamin)/ F out in Original signal Crossing point Average o Min and Ma ilter outputs Vertical 9 tap MAX/MIN Filtering: ma, min Verticall Processing T in > mamin)/ F MAX ilter output out ma T in < mamin)/ F MIN ilter output out min out in End 46/46

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