ACIMAC E D I T I O N 2011 HANDBOOKS

Transcription

1 ACIMAC E D I T I O N HANDBOOKS 2011

2 ACIMAC E D I T I O N HANDBOOKS 2011 Copyright ACIMAC, Associazione Costruttori Italiani Macchine Attrezzature per Ceramica Via Fossa Buracchione Baggiovara (MO) Italy Tel Edito da S.A.L.A. srl Via Fossa Buracchione Baggiovara (MO) Italy Tel In cooperation with: Date of going to press: September 2011 Euro 10 - IVA assolta dall'editore

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4 ACIMAC HANBOOKS Introduction Pietro Cassani Pietro Cassani The Acimac handbooks, a series of technical publications launched in 2009 with the release of the first manual on digital decoration technologies, is being further expanded this year with two new titles: this one devoted to Digital decoration: how to optimise ceramic production and Green technologies, energy saving and cost cutting in the ceramic industry. Both publications, produced in cooperation with the magazine Ceramic World Review and presented to the public at Cersaie 2011, are already available on the website along with the entire collection of technical manuals produced by Acimac over the past decade. The aim of the Acimac handbooks is to promote knowledge of technological and process aspects of the ceramic industry through publications that are straightforward and easy to read but at the same time offer exhaustive and detailed coverage of key issues. The ceramic technology supplier companies have supported us in these efforts by making their expertise available and providing the texts. Given the enormous interest in the theme of Digital Decoration, right from the very first edition of the handbook in 2009 it was clear that we would have to provide an update at least every two years. There are two main reasons for this: firstly, ceramic digital technology is evolving at a rapid pace and has seen the emergence of new market players (machinery manufacturers, ink and service suppliers); secondly the already massive use of ceramic digital printing systems in much of the world is forcing many tile producers to improve their knowledge of the potential of the available technologies and of the scope for further optimisation of digital ceramic production. The enormous interest in these issues was plain to see at the second Technical Conference on Digital Decoration organised by Acimac in Modena on 24 and 25 February, which was attended by some 450 technicians and professionals from the Italian ceramic industry. This new Acimac Handbook contains several of the contributions presented during the conference in February as well as fresh material provided directly by sector companies operating in the fields of colour management, digital ink supply and inkjet printing machine construction. We are certain that it will make an important contribution to the knowledge of industry professionals in Italy and abroad. We are equally certain that research in this field will continue constantly and will bring further advances in the near future. Pietro Cassani Acimac Chairman 2. Acimac handbooks Edition Pictures from the Technical Conference on Digital Decoration organised by Acimac

5 Digital Decoration: how to optimise ceramic production Contents Colour management Inks Quality control in ceramic digital printing process: a possible utopia Alessandro Beltrami, In.Te.Sa...pag. 4 ColourService, support for digital and conventional printing Colour Service...pag. 10 Visualisation, control, profiling and colour management tools Marco Sichi, Euromeccanica...pag. 14 Digital decoration: product innovation or process innovation? Renewing the business model Davide Corradini, Colorobbia...pag. 18 Pigmented ceramic inks Daniele Verucchi, Maurizio Cavedoni, Inco...pag. 24 Digital glazes for an entirely digital glazing and decoration process Esmalglass-Itaca Grupo...pag. 30 The new range of Smaltink inks Mirko Marastoni, Smalticeram...pag. 34 Machinery Making sense of inkjet technology for ceramic tile decoration Terry O Keeffe, Bailey Smith, Henrik Lauridsen, Fujifilm Dimatix...pag. 36 Inkjet technology in ceramic tile decoration Davide Sorrentino, Mauro Bedini, In.Te.sa...pag. 48 Advantages of digital printing in the ceramic decoration process Alberto Ghisellini, Kerajet Italia...pag. 56 Innovative solutions for inkjet printing machines Francesco Casoni, Siti B&T - Projecta...pag. 66 Process innovation, the key to digital technology Paolo Monari, System... pag. 72 The development of inkjet technology: flexibility and productivity Pedro Benito Alcantara, Cretaprint... pag. 76 Acimac handbooks Edition. 3

6 Alessandro Beltrami Author: Alessandro Beltrami is a consultant in the fi eld of printing and preprinting process standardisation. For more than 10 years he has been working on colour-related issues in industry, in offset and digital printing, in restoration, in the printing of securities and highsecurity products. He works in the ceramic sector through Sacmi Group member company In.Te.Sa. He is a Ugra Certifi ed Expert, a board member of TAGA Italia, a contributor to Associazione Arti Grafi che di Bologna and Associazione Poligrafi ci Modenesi, and founder of the cmyq certifi cation project. Fig. 1 - Altona Test Suite, used by many digital printing fi rms for visual assessments Quality control in ceramic digital printing process: a possible utopia Digital decoration on ceramic surfaces has experienced exponential growth in recent years. As a result, new technical expertise is needed for effective management of a process characterised by a large number of complex variables. The experimental approach adopted by many operators results in a high degree of inefficiency in the digital design preparation stage and above all leads to the use of imprecise methods that are incompatible with an industrial process that should be describable and repeatable. When reproducing a design on a ceramic surface, it is important that the people responsible for creating the digital files, for separating them, for performing the test run, production and quality control come to an agreement on a minimum set of parameters that uniquely define the visual and technical characteristics of the digitally decorated ceramic surface. These parameters should be defined independently of the digital printing procedure adopted and above all should focus on the finished product. Colour measurements on paper media are extensively documented and treated in the field of graphic arts. Even more widely documented are the techniques for industrial colour measurement on ceramic substrates with various surface characteristics. However, to date there has been very little research into characterisation techniques for such varied substrates as ceramic surfaces, which can range from glossy white wall tiles to textured and coloured porcelain tile surfaces. The measurement of colour as part of a generic set of quality parameters is a non-trivial issue because it is closely related to other parameters involving visual appearance, such as the various types of surface texture (waviness, orange peel, etc.), gloss level and haze. Variations in these parameters have an enormous influence on colour perception, which depends on light conditions. Unfortunately, colour measuring instruments (spectrophotometers) behave more selectively and objectively than the human eye, which interprets visual perception according to the context and the appearance parameters of the observed material. For this reason the search for the perfect spectrophotometer is doomed to failure as some of these surface parameters will have to be included or excluded according to the application. The most effective and efficient method of quality control for digital printing is to use a testchart that allows multiple parameters to be controlled objectively and subjectively at the same time. The testchart is a zero-point reference that serves as a benchmark for evaluations that are as objective and operatorindependent as possible. As there is no standard for the ceramic sector, each company will have to create its own testchart based on the necessary control parameters. If we look at the Altona Test Suite (Figure 1), one of the most widely used testcharts in the graphic arts world, we see that it contains various elements that allow for rapid instrumental and above all visual checks. The following are the parameters that may be useful for quality control of digital printing on ceramic: Homogeneity The testchart background is reproduced with a grey obtained as C 25%, M 19%, Y 19%, K 20%. However, this combination creates a neutral grey only for an ink colour balance based on offset printing colours, which is very difficult to achieve in digital printing of ceramic surfaces. Nonetheless, even though it is not reproduced as a neutral tone, it allows non-uniformities in the printing process to be evaluated at a glance. 4. Acimac handbooks Edition Grey shades The top left image can be used to determine the capacity

7 to reproduce greys as a combination of C, M, Y. The human eye is very sensitive to colour variations and losses of grey tone neutrality, so it is a simple and important way of detecting undesirable colour variations. Details in dark tones Second image from left in the top row and third image from left in the bottom row. The ability to reproduce details within areas of dark tones is a very important quality indicator as it is linked to correct calibration of the system. Details in light and pastel tones Third image from left in top row and first image on left in bottom row. If light tones are not correctly reproduced, this may be due to an application problem which may sometimes be difficult to observe in summary charts or using spectrophotometers. Color management The testchart has various features for checking that the colour management of the upstream programs is set up correctly Effective resolving power of the system By reproducing patterns that are subject to the moiré effect or are particularly fine, it is possible to judge the effective resolving power of the details. These tests are able to analyse application issues. Linearisation The coloured spheres, one for each channel and one made up of the sum of the colour channels, are used to evaluate linearisation problems in a highly intuitive way. If a colour is produced nonlinearly, the spheres will no longer be round but will display clear steps or gaps. Control scale The instrument control scale (MediaWedge) allows the main colour references to be measured rapidly using a spectrophotometer. To understand how to set up a quality control system in a ceramic digital decoration process, it is necessary first of all to separate the checks and tests that are performed during testing or calibration from those that must be performed during production. Quality control often fails due to attempts to perform calibration during production, an even more serious error than operating with an uncontrolled system as it risks introducing further variables into the system. CALIBRATION PRODUCTION Controller settings Checking printing conditions Calibration and linearization of printer/substrate First copy or test run Characterisation and profi ling Checking results Print run Defi ning instructions Checking printing conditions CALIBRATION Calibration refers to the series of periodic operations performed to enable a digital printing process to be aligned with a desired graphic and colour output. It is normally valid for a specific substrate or class of substrates that share the same glaze and the same applications. In order to be truly effective, calibration should always be performed after basic calibration of the machine s printheads in relation to the quantity of ink deposited. If printhead linearisation is not optimised in terms of uniformity of reproduction of each individual channel from the minimum to the maximum intensities, all the subsequent operations will be difficult to perform correctly. 1. Controller settings The resolution and print speed settings, type of screening, application variables (base, glaze, firing, etc.), colour management and input ICC profiles must all be defined uniquely. The calibration tests are normally conducted using a testchart that is Acimac handbooks Edition. 5

8 www. intesa.sacmi.it WHAT COLOUR PROFILE SHOULD BE USED FOR TRANSFERRING CERAMIC GRAPHIC DESIGNS? Even in the case of ceramic digital printing it is standard practice amongst graphic design fi rms to use a colour fl ow based on ISO colour separations for offset printing on coated paper (ISOCoated v2 or CoatedFOGRA39). This working method is certainly the simplest, although the fi nal result is sensitive to black channel generation. The temptation for some companies to transfer CMYK channels designed for offset printing directly to digital printing creates undesirable effects and uncontrolled colours. Many digital design fi rms are already advising their customers to supply RGB fi les and stress that the graphic designs they contain are unrelated to colour separation in the ceramic sector. The choice of RGB profi le is often a matter of chance. srgb and AdobeRGB 1998 are two very different profi les that share a major drawback for the ceramic sector, namely the fact that they establish the white point at D65 (6500K). In subsequent colour conversions, the software applications must use colour adaptation algorithms to transform the D65 data into D50 (5000K) colour data, the standard for four-colour or multicolour separation profi les. Colour adaptation is always approximate, so the use of either of these two profi les introduces an error in the initial stages of conversion. It is much better to create a workfl ow based on ecirgb v2, which has a D50 white point and allows for greater precision in colour conversion of pale colours. An approach that is being adopted internationally is that of using synthetic ICC colour profi les that represent some virtual colour gamut conditions to be used when creating graphic designs. This is an interesting approach that could be adopted at an industrial level to facilitate data exchange between graphic design fi rms and ceramic companies. It is being actively discussed by ISO TC 130 within the context of the creation of the new digital printing standards ISO and ISO but will need a commitment on the part of ceramic companies to standardise certain stages of the digital decoration process. 6. Acimac handbooks Edition already separated for the channels of the device to be checked. 2. Calibration and linearisation This is a procedure internal to the controller or the RIP that drives the printer and serves to standardise the tonal response by using a densitometer/ spectrophotometer to read a set of screens 0%-10%...90%- 100%. Many systems also use this procedure to decide on the maximum quantity of ink to be applied for each channel and to limit Total Area Coverage (TAC) in joint use of the channels. It is a fundamental procedure for compensating for response variations in the machine due to the type of substrate, its application weight or the temperature or humidity conditions. Theoretically, linearization should bring the machine s response closer to the input digital data in order to facilitate the subsequent profiling stage, but the lack of a ceramic data communication standard unfortunately invalidates this approach. Moreover, very few systems allow the possibility of modifying or choosing the reference linearization target and the strategy adopted is not clear (maximum contrast in E, Density or L*, linearization towards TVI ISO type A, towards the manufacturer s internal standard, towards a curve similar to gamut 1.8/2.2 of RGB, etc.). Furthermore, very few systems allow the results of linearization to be verified, and given that they depend on a single reading, they are liable to be distorted by a spectrophotometer error or a printing defect. The recommendation in this case is to use a suitable testchart to make a visual assessment before and after the linearization procedure. This check can also be performed using one of the many software programs available on the market. At this stage a visual check is essential. If print imperfections liable to jeopardise the system calibration process are observed, there is no point in continuing in the hope of a miraculous ICC profile. In particular, it is necessary to check: Registration between the print channels Print uniformity All the factors that contribute to resolution, backgrounds, shades, etc. Detail in shadows and highlights If for example, detail cannot be observed from 75% upwards subsequent to linearization, this indicates that something has gone wrong. Either the software is inadequate or an error has occurred in the procedure. In these cases, continuing with characterisation and subsequent ICC profiling allows the problem to be identified but not solved as the available tonal range is considerably reduced. The final print quality will certainly be limited. 3. Characterisation and profiling After verifying that the machine s linearization is suitable for the workflow, the next step is to print testcharts and read them using a spectrophotometer. The various software programs on the market have very similar functions, although there are several aspects that need to be checked. Always use testcharts with a random distribution of patches and with patches that are suited to the instrument available. IT8/7.4 (an extension of ECI2002), commonly used in 4-colour processes, is valid only in the case of correctly linearised devices that can support maximum inking of 400%, a condition that rarely applies in the ceramic industry. Advanced software tools are available for creating testcharts based on non-uniform linearisations and linearisations with sharp reductions in inking. New-generation software tools offer simpler testcharts with interactive refinements in which a second testchart is generated according to the reading of the first. Always read at least 2 testcharts printed in different directions. If the difference between the two testcharts is very small, a single reading will suffice, otherwise it will be necessary to take a more precise average over 3 or 5 tiles. Always read the testcharts with automatic scanning spectrophotometers as they are more precise and reliable than manual systems which depend on the precision of the operator. Carefully evaluate the type of spectrophotometer (45 /0 such as X-Rite EyeOne, Barbieri LFP or KonicaMinolta FD-7 or a sphere type such as X-Rite SP62 or KonicaMinolta CM-2600d) and its aperture (2, 4, 6, 8 mm). The configuration used for characterising the data may not coincide with the configuration that should be used for quality control. On most systems that operate with CMYK output ICC profiles, it is crucially important to choose the right black channel generation (GCR, UCR). This depends on numerous factors including black channel rendering, the presence of inks with specific colours, the need to limit inking and achieve more stable printing or obtain the brightest possible colours. The black generation strategies adopted (GCR = Gray Colour Removal, UCR = Under Colour Removal) and related parameters (thickness of black, maximum percentage of black, black curve, etc.) must be based on the practical experience of the operators. The believe that these parameters do not affect the final result is incorrect, because for the same colorimetric rendering (i.e. for the same L*a*b*) a moderate use of the black channel makes for a cleaner and more attractive print results. Furthermore, the use of black to substitute the colours CMY

9 allows for a degree of reduction in ink consumption, reducing application problems and allowing for a certain amount of raw materials savings. The chosen strategy must therefore offer a compromise between technical factors and energy saving on the one hand (high usage of black) and a high print quality on the other (light or medium use of black). Because the second parameter is subjective, there are no relevant standards or guidelines. Some software tools that generate ICC profiles allow the quality of the result to be verified. Note that the quality of an ICC profile depends on how accurately it describes the printing process it refers to. This means that it is important for table A2B to correspond as closely as possible to table B2A to ensure that the conversions to and from CMYK do not display colour differences. 4. Verifying the results The final result can be verified both visually and instrumentally using a testchart, both checks being important. It is worth remembering that at this stage the instrumental evaluation should not be based solely on simple colour scales such as Ugra/Fogra MediaWedge; it is preferable to perform a more detailed analysis using an ECI2002 or an IT8/7. 4. If characterisation data are available (e.g. a reference glaze, a previous production run, etc.) the analysis must be performed over the entire colour space and not limited to the gamut. A check performed only over colours with high chroma (primary and secondary) does not provide sufficient information on the colour differences inside the colour space. 5. Drafting instructions A good calibration procedure is not complete if it does not systematically include the software/hardware settings used, the testcharts used in the various steps, the materials used and subjective notes. It must be possible for the company to refer to a known situation at any time in order to check the state of its system. This is a basic principle of ISO 9001 quality management and is the only truly effective method successfully used by small, medium and large companies in the graphic design sector. Fig. 2 - ISO tonal curves for offset printing. Digital printers are normally calibrated with similar curves to the black (TVI 40%=14%) or the red curve (TVI 40%=17%). Fig. 3 -Example of testchart for evaluating digital printing on ceramic Fig. 4 - Comparison of the results from a digital printer in order to obtain a reference characterisation in a graphic form. For each of the 1617 CMYK combinations present in the IT8.7/4, ΔE ab is calculated with respect to the reference. Combinations with ΔE ab greater than 3 are marked in yellow, those with ΔE ab greater than 5 in red. In this example it can be seen that there are widespread problems with Cyan and critical areas with Magenta at 100% and in some dark areas. PRODUCTION Control procedures during production must be quick to perform and capable of detecting problems before they have an impact on production. Automation of the control process by means of software is crucial for making the entire procedure efficient. A quality control software application is also able to calculate the variability of the specific print process, which by making a comparison with other technologies helps entrepreneurs conduct technical and economic assessments on the basis of objective data rather than the subjective impressions of operators. 1. Checking printing conditions Printing conditions should be checked on a daily basis using a testchart capable of revealing Acimac handbooks Edition. 7

10 www. intesa.sacmi.it Fig. 5 - Advanced comparison with cumulative frequency distribution of values of ΔE ab. This statistical analysis divides the 1617 colour areas in table 7 into classes of ΔE ab (in this example with a width of 0.5 ΔE ab ), allowing the percentages of areas included in their respective classes (frequency distribution) to be viewed. Note that only 10% of the areas have ΔE ab <0.5 whereas most of the areas (peak of the green curve) have a ΔE ab between 1.5 and 2.0. The blue curve is the real cumulative relative frequency (CRF) and is calculated from the distribution represented by the green curve. In this example we would have preferred a large number of colour areas in the fi rst 2-3 areas and therefore a blue curve with a steeper slope, which would have resulted in more faithful colour matching. Fig. 6 -Ugra/Fogra Media Wedge v3 Fig. 7 -EFI Color Verifi er Fig. 8 - Example of conformity report for MediaWedge v3 for standard characterisation Fig. 9 - Example of testchart used for linearization control Fig Example of control on a simplifi ed scale of a solvent digital print (RH values - red) with respect to the post-calibration reference (LH values - blue) 8. Acimac handbooks Edition

11 the main defects. The operator s visual assessment must be backed by a simple instrumental evaluation, using for example the Ugra/Fogra MediaWedge or an ever simpler scale. The control stage must in any case be very rapid and automatic to ensure that it is performed with the necessary regularity. This way it is possible to make a visual comparison between the results obtained in a known condition (after linearization and before calibration) and decide whether to continue with production or to perform maintenance operations. Experience teaches us that the use of different jobs to verify the printing condition of a digital machine is not the best approach as it is only by systematically using the same testchart (based on the same correctly design file) that the operator can evaluate at a glance whether everything is functioning correctly. For example, if we perform a check with a photo from an unknown file of an onyx that tends excessively to light blue, we will be unable to determine whether it is the file that is incorrect or the machine s calibration that is no longer valid. As there are currently no ISO standards specifying control tolerances for digital printing, especially for digital decoration on ceramic, each company must establish its own tolerances based on a minimum analysis of the variability of the various processes and adapt them year after year. ISO standards for quality control in digital printing will not be available before 2013, while the first standards for industrial printing will not be published until Checking first copy and print run The comparison between the first digital print copy and the ready to print confirmation provided by the operator should be performed in controlled lighting conditions such as ISO 3664 P1 or at least with high-quality neon lighting with code 950 and sufficient light intensity. If differences are found, it is always preferable to correct the file rather than the machine s channels, unless the machine is being used temporarily for that specific print job. Many controllers memorise the channel variations (which in any case are always adopted as a last resort) permanently in the workflow, exposing the operator to the risk of applying them to subsequent print jobs. In digital printers for ceramic, any variation in intensity caused by the voltages of the printheads leads to a divergence from the manufacturer s ideal calibration conditions, often causing unpredictable results. 3.Final appraisal In the case of particularly long production runs or when analysing a printing machine that has recently been installed, it is good practice to repeat the check at the beginning of the day. This way it is possible to obtain an objective assessment of the machine s stability during production, again comparing the results both visually and instrumentally. Quality control in digital printing can therefore be reduced to a few TAGA TECHNICAL COMMITTEE FOR DIGITAL PRINTING specific operations. The bulk of the workflow involves setting up a quality management system capable of providing clear information to operators during production and to the technical director during printing system calibration. Based 255 on 0 experience 0 in the field, we can affirm that the lack of reference standards does not undermine quality control. Different targets can be established for each device in-company, then they can be introduced into a software tool and the stability of the response checked. The goal must be to monitor the daily variations in the workflow/machine/substrate system with respect to a known condition. The visual variations should be assessed using a yardstick such as the one proposed by TAGA in a number of documents: I= Inadequate S=adequate B=good. The instrumental colour variations must be expressed in the form of E, leaving the company free for the time being to decide the attention threshold and the maximum tolerance. TAGA ITALIA ( was set up in June 1983 by several members of TAGA U.S.A. and other people who wished to create a group of highly qualifi ed technicians in the various fi elds of graphic arts in Italy with the aim of working together to promote research, education and knowledge according to operating criteria and ethical principles analogous to those of the eponymous American association The technical committee for digital printing includes leading experts in the sector and is open to all members. The purpose of the committee is to create a document that serves as both a glossary and an overview of the state of digital printing, to defi ne a testchart and objective evaluation parameters, and to analyse and experiment with both emerging and established technologies. The digital printing technical committee was formed in recognition of the fact that unifi cations and specifi c parameters do not yet exist. TAGA has already addressed the issue of digital printing through the technical committee for high-speed electrophotographic digital printing (TAGA DOC 12), the Standardisation with ISO (TAGA DOC 15) experimentation performed by the ISSM, and the study presented to the TAGA Conference in 2009 by Carlo Balestrini. By carrying on these initiatives, it aims to cover a broad fi eld of production activities ranging from small format electrophotographic printing to wide format, inkjet and industrial level printing. To join the digital printing technical committee, simply register free of charge with LinkedIn ( and search for it amongst the groups, or contact moderators Alessandro Beltrami and Alessandro Mambretti. Joining TAGA as an ordinary member costs a year and in addition to participation in the various technical committees, membership allows all TAGA.DOC documents to be consulted free of charge. THE IMPORTANCE OF LIGHTING CONDITIONS In all graphic design fi rms, the lighting conditions of the graphic design and printing departments must be analysed and checked. Standard ISO 3664:2009 provides guidelines on two lighting areas within the company: P1 and P2. The zone P1 serves for critical appraisal of a print, typically reproduced in a viewing booth or on an inspection table. The light must not only have a temperature of 5000K (D50) and a luminous intensity of 2000 lux on the work surface, but must also meet specifi c quality characteristics (Colour Rendering Index - CRI>=90, Special Indices - SI all >=80, Quality Grade - QG>=C, UV<1.5) and display a uniformity at the edges equal to at least 75% of the value at the centre of the illuminated area. Zone P2 is the zone for non-critical visual appraisals and may coincide with ambient workplace lighting. The luminous intensity must be 500 lux and the light only has to satisfy the criteria of temperature 5000 K and CRI>=90. To satisfy condition P1, a specifi c inspection table must be adopted, whereas to recreate conditions for P2 it is often suffi cient to install dedicated neon lamps (special series for graphic design applications that guarantee a high CRI are available from leading manufacturers) with a fi nal code ending with the fi gures /950. The lighting conditions must be measured using a spectroradiometer and a specifi c analysis software tool. It is common practice to use X-Rite Eye-One (which in light transmission reading mode is effectively a spectroradiometer) with free software Eye-One Share, or KonicaMinolta FD-7. Other more specifi c instruments such as KonicaMinolta CS2000 are used solely by specialist laboratories. In practice, temperature and luminous intensity measurements can also be performed with a photographic colorimeter, which is more precise than the colorimeters used in the fi eld of graphic arts for monitor measurement. References: - TAGA.DOC.12 - Digital Printing - TAGA.DOC.13 - Colour Management - TAGA.DOC.15 - ISO alignment - workfl ow for aligning and verifying digital printing with standard ISO : ISO :2004, ISO :2004, ISO :2007, ISO 3664: Certifi cation Scheme CMYQ v TÜV Italia srl Acimac handbooks Edition. 9

12 ColourService, support for digital and conventional printing Representing, performing, updating and optimising processes are increasingly urgent needs for all companies. Digital technology is the most advanced method of decoration currently available. The new technology has numerous key strengths, from new decorative potential through to savings of consumables (screens, screen printing bases, etc.). But to perform a complete and detailed analysis, it is necessary to determine whether digital printing also suffers from weak points or hides threats of some kind. And indeed, more detailed investigation reveals that there are a number of problematic issues still to be resolved, including limited colour potential, the impossibility of depositing significant quantities of material on the tile s surface and difficulties relating to colour management. Colour management has now become an essential aspect. But what is it exactly? Colour management means processing digital images in such a way that they look the same on various devices, in other words they have the same perceived colour in given lighting conditions. It is a systematic approach that uses colorimetric information embedded in the images themselves (colour profiles) to perform the following functions: Viewing the original graphic design on the monitor Converting the original design for printing Previewing the final result on the monitor. Colour management is based on the transmission of colorimetric information in such a way that colour is defined independently of the device. COLOUR MANAGEMENT FROM SCANNING TO PRINTING Bright and durable colours are essential components of the age-old ceramic tradition. But outside the strictly artistic field, producers must consider colour as a technical and aesthetic parameter that needs to be kept within a narrow tolerance interval. The objective of maintaining each chromaticity point constant throughout the entire production process is a major priority for the people responsible for quality and productivity in ceramic companies. The chromaticity point is important right from the source and affects each of the following aspects or processes: 1. body raw materials 2. body preparation and colouring 3. research and development of new articles 4. glaze preparation and colouring 5. ink preparation and colouring 6. in-line glazing and decoration 7. sorting and packaging 8. showroom 9. installation on end customer s premises. CHROMATICITY POINT DEVELOPMENT Correct use of colour management allows the digital decoration process to be fully controlled and optimised, as it provides a parameter that can be determined on the basis of measured numerical values rather than subjective impressions. Colour management usually does not work when: The colour profiles of the supplied images are incorrect The monitor is poorly calibrated or unsuitable for assessing colour The print process is not controlled and varies excessively The lighting conditions are not correct. The colour profile of the print process is incorrect or imprecise when the following situations occur in the production processes: Inadequate measuring instrument (spectrophotometer) Inadequate measuring technique Unsuitable or poorly configured profile creation software. The colour profile of the print process should be managed with the same acquisition technology so as to standardise the measuring techniques and to avoid problems deriving from the use of measuring instruments in the various production processes. 10. Acimac handbooks Edition

13 SOLUTIONS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR COLOUR MANAGEMENT The development of digital technology has prompted strong interest in the theme of colour management, although it has always been an important aspect of digital printing technology. Correct colour visualisation, linearisation and profiling of a printing device and effective colour management have always been important issues for people working with colours, whether in the ceramic or graphic arts sectors (fig. 1). ColourService has been focusing on colorimetric issues for more than 10 years and offers its services to the ceramic industry as a partner in the control and management of the ceramic digital laboratory. It can assist ceramic companies in choosing the best technologies for their businesses, offering services, hardware and consulting for colour management and digital file creation and for making best use of the new opportunities offered by digital decoration. ColourService has expertise in all the most advanced colour management technologies. Its past experience and the use of hi-tech proprietary solutions make it the ideal partner for ceramic companies, supporting them in their growth process and helping them in turn to acquire expertise in the field of digital ceramic printing. ColourService has sought to speed up and improve manageability of the delicate phase of research and renewal of the ceramic range by developing a number of dedicated solutions for the production cycle, from design through to engineering. It does everything it can to offer the best possible solutions to specific requirements, as described below. FIG. 1 - The ideal workfl ow according to Colour Service VISUAL COLOUR VIEWING SYSTEMS FIG. 5 - Single-light booth for production control in sorting department or laboratory Metamerism is a kind of defect in which a colour looks different depending on the light source it is exposed to (fig. 2). This may be a serious problem because a product studied and viewed in the laboratory may look very different on the glazing or sorting line, in the showroom or after being purchased by the customer. Metamerism can be discovered in good time by examining the spectrophotometer reflectance curve printout. It can be expressed by a numerical parameter or appraised visually using dedicated booths with variable lighting provided by ColourService. It is essential to have a station where the colour of a tile or other decorated object can be evaluated without environmental interference liable to distort the visual impression. Colouroom 20 is one such controlled luminosity station for observing and FIG. 2 - Example of the metameric effect. As the illuminant changes, some colours display a shift in tone FIG. 3 and 4 -Colouroom 20 multi-light booth viewed from inside. An immediate and simple comparison can be made between different colours produced on different materials Acimac handbooks Edition. 11

14 comparing models and decorations (fig. 3). It is a small booth equipped with various kinds of light source (including the European standard light source) to enable colour to be judged in a totally unambiguous fashion and to detect metamerism defects immediately (fig. 4). The sorting department of a ceramic company also needs to make comparisons between prototypes and production or between the benchmark and production and it may decide to make changes to dubious colour tones. In any case it is extremely useful to have a light box or light table (such as Colouroom 10) with a standard light source that can be used to make decisions about required action without external influences (fig. 5). FIG. 6 - Protojet 700, the cold printer supplied by Euromeccanica ColourService has solved the problem of breaking down the image to be reproduced on the tile into various levels and the procedure can now be performed almost automatically. This delicate operation is simplified through the use of a scanner that is capable of analysing FIG. 7 - The Twinvision hyperspectral scanner the spectral curve of each pixel making up the image to be reproduced. A dedicated software package divides the image into n necessary and sufficient layers to enable it to be recomposed with n applications of ink of a suitable colour. The Iride In Design software interface allows the necessary colours to be chosen from the available gamut. The BREAKDOWN OF THE IMAGE software is then associated with the recipe for the corresponding inks in order to produce the prototype tile, for either contact or non-contact decoration systems. The Iride In Design software can also be interfaced with the plotter or inkjet printer already in operation at the client ceramic company or with the cold process printer supplied by Euromeccanica, and in any case allows for rapid and faithful prototyping for the subsequent production cycle (fig. 6). The problem of faithful colour reproduction at the printing stage is an issue faced constantly by companies wishing to reproduce an original design with the greatest possible precision and repeatability in the ceramic production process. In the case of ceramic tiles, this is an even more complex problem owing to the fact that the object to be reproduced or decorated is fired in a kiln at a temperature of between 900 C and 1200 C, giving rise to chemical phenomena that are difficult to predict and manage. The solutions developed by ColourService were created specifically for the ceramic sector rather than a simple transposition of methods and equipment originally developed for other markets (paper or textiles). They are based on years of cooperation with universities and leading partner companies in the vision sector. TWINVISION TECHNICAL DATA (fig. 7) Max. scan area: 700 x 700 mm Max. thickness: 50 mm Max. object size: 750 x 750 x 50 mm Max. scan rate: 80 mm/sec Max. scan resolution: 7.4 x 7.4 µm Spectral range: nm Unit dimensions: 1850 x 1240 x 1200 (l x l x h) mm INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 12. Acimac handbooks Edition One of the major challenges of ColourService Information Technology department is to combine the company s business needs with its manufacturing infrastructure (fig. 8). The infrastructures and systems must therefore serve the business processes, which require: continuity and availability over time flexibility to adapt to changes ever shorter time to market. On the other hand, the complexity of data distribution and access together with production cost efficiency squeeze the company s IT budget, resulting in the need for an ever faster and more reliable return on investment. Well aware of this, the solutions and services developed by ColourService professionals allow ceramic producers to introduce complex solutions that are integrated into their own production system. From simply renewing the company s suite of computers through to the most complex private cloud architectures, ColourService provides various levels of support, and if required can even take over management of part of or the entire ICT infrastructure.

15 CONCLUSIONS The solutions and projects offered by ColourService aim to make the production process ever more reliable so as to meet key company objectives such as controlling costs and finished product quality and contribute to achieving ecofriendly products as part of a manufacturing philosophy based on a low environmental footprint. The biggest and most urgent challenges that ColourService faces for the future concern pre- and after-sales support. This means not only assisting technicians in preliminary studies and responding rapidly to customer requests, but above all being able to create bespoke projects tailored to the needs of individual customers. FIG. 8 - The installation of calibrated monitors in a graphic research laboratory has simplifi ed and speeded up research FIG. 9 - Schematic view of management of incoming projects from different devices using the Colour Service method THE SERVICES OFFERED BY COLOURSERVICE ColourService aims to provide major support for ceramic companies that have chosen digital printing, both as a supplier of technology and as a partner in the provision of services, which include.: Sale of spectral scanners complete with proprietary processing and ripping software Acquisition and preparation of third party fi les according to production specifi cations of individual customers Support during product engineering Creation of ceramic prototypes for trade fairs, presentations and sales meetings Consulting and selling of IT equipment for the digital laboratory (acquisition, management/processing hardware and printing) Consulting and selling of controlled lighting systems for showrooms, laboratories and quality control areas Colour reading instrument (spectrophotometer) calibration Courses and training on software and hardware. Acimac handbooks Edition. 13

16 Visualisation, control, profiling and colour management tools by Marco Sichi Euromeccanica has been specialising in decoration technologies for the ceramic sector since Prior to the advent of digital decoration, it operated in the field of conventional decoration systems based on flat screens and silicone rollers, offering grinding and paste preparation systems, batching systems and software, as well as applications for formulating ceramic screen printing pastes. In recent years the company has entered the digital decoration segment, supplying ceramic producers with prototyping software that allows them to verify the graphic appearance of tiles without the plant costs involved in actually producing them. It has devoted a great deal of effort to the search for suitable solutions in the field of colorimetry and ceramic colour management with the aim of identifying innovative solutions capable of improving and where possible simplifying existing systems. VISUALISATION AND CONTROL PERIPHERALS FIG. 1 - Monitor FIG. 2 - Monitor Correct colour viewing has always been a crucially important aspect of colour management. Without accurate colour representation, users processing and printing efforts will be little more than an exercise in trial and error. Following an in-depth study of the sector, Euromeccanica established close cooperation and marketing links with the Japanese firm Eizo, a producer of monitors specially designed for colour graphics work (fig. 1 and 2). But to view colours correctly, it is not sufficient to have a good quality monitor it must also be calibrated regularly to obtain a profile that takes account of the monitor s colorimetric characteristics and of the lighting conditions of the place where it is installed. For this purpose, Euromeccanica has long partnered with X-Rite, a leader in the field of instrumentation for colour measuring and management. The partnership began with the production of sphere spectrophotometers for quality control and colour formulation and continued with calibration and viewing systems. Euromeccanica is an authorised distributor of these instruments and a certified training and instrument calibration centre. source (such as daylight entering through a window) for comparing or choosing products or colours. It is essential to know exactly what type of lighting has been chosen and to be certain that it can be used over the entire operating cycle in different ambient, climatic or geographical conditions. Choosing the light source and using it as a reference for the entire ceramic production cycle (from the graphic design department to finished product sorting at the end of the cycle and through to the showroom) is essential for correct management of colour information (fig. 3 and 4). Euromeccanica is the official distributor for solutions that harmonise lighting conditions at all stages of the ceramic production process: from desktop to laboratory and sorting system light booths through to the construction of harmony rooms for showrooms. FIG Acimac handbooks Edition Besides viewing the image correctly on the monitor, it is also essential to view the finished piece correctly at the control stage. It is no longer satisfactory to use any kind of light or random light FIG. 4

17 INSTRUMENTS FOR CHECKING PRINTING PROBLEMS Inkjet technology is a relatively new development for the ceramic sector and the associated teething problems may give rise to printing defects. As in the case of the problems mentioned above, it is no longer necessary to correct defects manually as instruments are available on the market for obtaining reliable data for defect correction. A typical example is the problem of banding that can occur on some machines upon start-up or when changing heads, which can be entirely solved using a densimeter combined with a computer program that provides an immediate indication of the data that have to be corrected. SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SOLUTIONS FOR PROFILING Profiling is a crucial aspect of colour management. A precise knowledge of the printer s gamut and the ability to change the colours of a project ensure that optimal performance can be achieved in given working conditions. This is particularly important when conditions change to avoid having to make corrections by trial and error. The software/hardware solutions (measuring instruments and software) supplied by Euromeccanica can be used to create profiles for printing systems using either a traditional method (starting out from RGB or CMYK colours) or with the new multicolour plug-ins, allowing profiling to be performed with the actual colours that are present on the printer (fig. 5 and 6). A NEW COMPLETE SOLUTION FIG. 5 From an analysis of the needs of ceramic digital decoration, Euromeccanica has developed a new scanning and colour management system specifically designed for digital printers. This new solution is able to acquire high-resolution images and above all, thanks to the use of proprietary software, is able to perform file profiling based on gamuts developed via internally produced testcharts. The solution has been developed principally for the ceramic industry and is able to: digitalise traditionally developed projects; create new designs with natural raw materials or other materials (prints, fabrics, etc.); profile files originating from different input peripherals; re-profile files as characteristics change. This dedicated digital printing solution allows users to fully exploit the peripheral s print gamut and make a rapid comparison between all possible types of printing (different printers, different inks, glazes, firing cycles, etc.), adopting a scientific but very simple approach. The main advantages are: scientific method; simplicity; the possibility of determining immediately the product percentage that can be reproduced with the target system, both visually and statistically; possibility of making an immediate comparison between two different systems; possibility of keeping the printing process under control. The components The system has three main components: the hyperspectral scanner, the scanning software and the colour processing software. The scanner The hyperspectral scanner (fig. 7) was developed in collaboration with the University of Parma, a leader in the field of colour research. It was inspired by research aiming to obtain precise colour information in the field of artwork restoration. The scanner is able to acquire graphic and spectral information (in the visible spectrum from 400 to 700 nm) over an area of 700x700 mm with three types of resolution: low (160 dpi), medium (320 dpi) and high (630 dpi). It consists of a transmission spectrophotometer coupled with a CCD capable of acquiring extremely high resolution images. The sample to be scanned is lit by halogen lamps that illuminate a spherical cylinder (D/0 lighting). This kind of lighting was chosen because it has always been used in colour reading instruments FIG. 6 Acimac handbooks Edition. 15

18 FIG. 7 - Hyperspectral scanner FIG. 8 - Operation of the hyperspectral scanner in the ceramic sector (SP62 sphere spectrophotometer) and is also the most effective for avoiding reflections and light dispersion when scanning shiny or textured surfaces. The acquisition software The hyperspectral scanner is coupled with acquisition software that allows: control of scanning parameters; white and dark calibration; choice of type of resolution; data processing and saving; joining of a number of scanned sections to create large surface areas. The colour processing software The third component and the real heart of the system is the colour processing software, which performs all the following functions: generating and printing the calibration pages; creating the target printer gamut; importing spectral or graphic files; visual and statistical checking of out-ofgamut; visual and statistical comparison between two gamuts with the possibility of creating colour palettes for the two sets common or different colours; modification of colours in acquired file; printing of files according to required specifications. Operation of colour processing software The process is divided into two stages that can be considered as two separate applications. The part concerning high-resolution scanning of objects is available as a single package, likewise the use of scanners and software for profiling (a small dedicated scanner has been created for users interested in this specific function). PHASE 1 Phase 1 includes acquiring data on the printing system, generating testcharts and then reading them after printing and firing to create a gamut containing the set of reproducible colours (fig. 9 and 10). PHASE 2 Phase 2 involves acquiring an original design or loading the image via a tiff lab file originating from different peripherals. The target printer is also chosen. It will be immediately possible to obtain a graphic representation of the two gamuts (printer and object) and a visual/statistical representation of the non-reproducible colours (fig. 11 and 12). Colorimetric intent technology can now be used to alter the file in such a way as to reproduce the greatest possible quantity of FIG. 9/10 - The colour processing software: phase 1 FIG. 11/12/13 -The colour processing software: phase Acimac handbooks Edition

19 colour. The software automatically proposes the intent considered best for the selected type of object (fig. 13 and 14). When the result is considered correct, it will be possible to send it straight to the printer or save it in an exchange folder. The file is ready to be loaded on the machine; resolution, file format and layer separations are usercustomisable options when setting up the printer. FIG The colour processing software: phase 2 NOTE FIG. 15 -A graphic laboratory in ceramics Acimac handbooks Edition. 17

20 Digital decoration: product innovation or process innovation? Renewing the business model by Davide Corradini Digital printing is the latest, and in many ways a unique, technological innovation for the Italian ceramic tile industry and one that has become firmly established in the last two years. There are an estimated 120 digital printing machines now in operation in Italy, and this figure is expected to rise to more than 300 by the end of the current year. In this situation, the Italian ceramic industry and especially companies operating in the Modena and Sassuolo area must conduct a carefully analysis of the strategies behind the development of this innovative new decoration technology, which involves all players in the production chain, from ceramic producers to suppliers of plants, materials, software and design. To make such an analysis, it is necessary to have a clear picture of the current manufacturing scenario in Italy. In particular, this involves analysing the competitive forces involved in order to identify the strategies that producer companies must pursue to defend their competitiveness. THE STATE OF THE ITALIAN CERAMIC TILE INDUSTRY FIG. 1 - Tile production in Italy from 1994 to Source: Confi ndustria Ceramica 2010 The economic results for 2008 and 2009 have revealed a downward trend in production and sales volumes for the ceramic tile sector (fig. 1). This trend clearly indicates that the sector has entered a new phase of its life cycle distinguished by the following characteristics: Falling market demand Increased competition from products from other sectors (wood, glass, etc.) A search for maximum production efficiency Production delocalisation towards countries with lower production costs Closure/conversion of production facilities. These are typical characteristics of a phase of decline or very advanced maturity. To protect their competitiveness, companies must pursue a series of strategic objectives that differ according to the different stages in the chain of value. These can be subdivided according to Porter s scheme of differentiation or cost leadership. The following table sums up these strategies: TAB. 1 - COMPETITIVE STRATEGIES IN A MATURE MARKET Stages in the chain of value Differentiation strategies Cost reduction strategies Process inputs Delocalisation Relationship with suppliers Production Quality differentiation Product innovation Economies of scale Outsourcing Economies of variety Process innovation Distribution and sale Customer service Downstream integration Communication Transversal Geographical diversification Market presence/reputation Human resource management 18. Acimac handbooks Edition What role can digital printing play to support companies in their pursuit of these goals? Concentrating on the aspect of production, we can affirm that digital technology is a process innovation that serves to pursue goals of cost reduction. In this respect, inkjet printing brings a number of advantages, ranging from the possibility of reducing the number of colour tones in production to simpler management of screen printing materials and shorter product development times. Another important strategic goal that digital printing can help to achieve is the development of producer/supplier synergies, again with a view to process cost cutting. Inkjet printing requires a high degree

21 of standardisation of the production process and of the materials used, or at least this is the trend that has accompanied the introduction of this new decoration technology. This makes it necessary to strengthen interactions between ceramic producers and suppliers of materials, machinery and graphic design services to ensure that the various components are harmonised and together contribute to an overall reduction in production costs. But alongside cost cutting we also find strategies aimed at product differentiation. In this respect, inkjet printing is an exceptional tool for developing innovative aesthetic proposals. Suffice it to think of the high degree of graphic variability that can be achieved for each individual product, including the potential of non-contact printing, at the same time combining colour, graphic design and texture in combinations that until recently would have been unimaginable. The goals that can be pursued through the introduction of digital printing can be summed up as: Efficiency Innovation Competitiveness. SWOT ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY Using the SWOT diagram (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) to analyse the new technology, we can determine the key strengths and opportunities that it offers and also discover the weaknesses and threats that must be carefully avoided if we wish to prevent the enormous potential of inkjet technology from merely accelerating the process of decline of the Italian ceramic district. The following is a summary of the analysis, which for brevity lists just a few of the factors contained in the SWOT matrix. TAB. 2 - SWOT ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE CERAMIC INDUSTRY Strength Weaknesses New decorative potential Reduction in industrialisation times Reduction in storage costs of decoration materials Opportunities Product innovation Customisation of production batches Improved quality/price ratio Limited colour potential Absence of a textural or material content Introduction of new operating problems Threats Standardisation of fi nished product Risk of ink-jet driven rather than ink-jet added design Switching from a ceramic design to a graphic design The left hand side of the diagram has already been much discussed, so it will be more interesting to concentrate on the right hand side, starting out with the weaknesses. The first weakness is the limited colour potential. Although digital printing coupled with an adequate digital colour management system is able to create a wide range of colours from a limited number of inks, the colour gamut is far from infinite. Moreover, the gamut is limited by a series of parameters determined not only by the colours of the inks but also by the background and covering glazes, the firing cycles, the colour of the substrate, the printing machine and the colour profiling and management system adopted. This means that to achieve the maximum gamut it is necessary to assure a high degree of standardisation of all these variables at the expense of process flexibility. Conversely, the search for greater flexibility gives rise to operational and management complications. An example of this is the development of custom ink colours to meet each customer demands, which increases the number of warehouse articles and the number of colour profiles that need to be managed. A second weakness is the absence of material or textural content. Unlike screen printing, digital printing technology is unable to deposit a substantial quantity of material on the tile, so its contribution is limited to colour and graphic design. So digital printing by itself lacks one of the essential components of ceramic tiles, which are not only visually attractive but also have a strong tactile appeal. Last but not least, digital printing introduces new operating problems in that new tools and areas of expertise have to be acquired, such as those relating to digital colour management. And although digital printing does allow for greater colour uniformity during production, the finished product as we mentioned is influenced by a large number of process variables. As for threats, there are a number of important points that need to be stressed. Firstly, it s a very short step from process standardisation to Acimac handbooks Edition. 19

22 product standardisation. In order to stabilise process variables and achieve cost benefits, companies seek to rationalise the materials they use for decoration and harmonise their firing cycles. But this has the result of creating products with a low technological complexity that can easily be reverse engineered. In short, there is a risk that products will only be differentiated aesthetically by their graphic content, which is essentially the result of the digital management of printed images. In this scenario, product innovation or diversification would clearly be a threat rather than an opportunity because it would increase the competitiveness of emerging countries with low production costs which would be able to replicate Italian products with relative ease. Another threat that arises as the natural consequence of the excessive efforts to adapt the ceramic process to digital printing is that of a transition from ink-jet added to ink-jet driven product design. In other words, there is a risk of imposing the use of digital printing on all company activities, from design to sales. The production process must exploit the opportunities offered by inkjet printing rather than being constrained by it; aesthetic product design must be seen as a new tool, not the only tool available. Likewise from a commercial perspective, it is worth bearing in mind that a tile produced with digital printing is not a new product: it is still a tile. The innovation concerns the process, while the only innovation that affects the product is that of aesthetics. EMERGING NEEDS Clearly, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats listed above give rise to certain needs on the part of ceramic tile producer companies. In other words, companies need to exploit the strengths and opportunities of the new technology while avoiding the weaknesses and threats. It is worth analysing these needs in the light of the three key aspects of competitive strategies: innovation, efficiency and competitiveness. Given that digital printing is a process innovation, in order to innovate the aesthetic content of their products companies need to create new colour and surface solutions while making every effort to integrate digital printing effectively with conventional decoration techniques. As for efficiency, companies need to use digital printing to create products that are already in their catalogues in an attempt to cut production costs, but they also need to rapidly solve the new management problems created by digital printing. As regards competitiveness, a key factor for competing at a global level through skilful use of inkjet printing is that of cutting product development times so as to keep ahead of the competition and rapidly launch new series onto the market. Of course these new aesthetic offerings must be complex and difficult to imitate. To sum up, companies require a set of products/services that deliver: Quality, to support innovation Reliability, to exploit the cost efficiency benefits offered by inkjet printing Expertise, in other words the design capability necessary to secure a competitive advantage from digital technology. THE PROPOSALS OF GLAZE AND COLOUR COMPANIES A glaze and colour producer aiming to become a key partner for ceramic companies in addressing the challenge of digital printing must offer products and services that stand out in terms of quality, reliability and expertise. The quality of products is reflected in the development of new organic/ inorganic systems through a complex production process and huge research and development costs, given that an ink is far more than a mere mixture of a traditional finely ground pigment and a few organic additives. Inks are now widely recognised as highly delicate and complex physical systems that take several months to develop, after which they must be tested in cooperation with the machinery manufacturers. They must be optimised in terms of numerous quantitative and qualitative criteria including chemical and physical parameters, colour balance, gamut and durability, not to mention eco-compatibility. Conversely, to assure a high service quality, the glaze and colour company 20. Acimac handbooks Edition

23 must acquire new expertise in the field of colour management. However, this is a lengthy process because colorimetry is a complex science and also because digital colour management systems for ceramics are currently undergoing continuous development. To achieve reliability, the inks must be perfectly compatible, both chemically and physically, with the printing equipment and therefore have a low risk of malfunctions. A reliable service includes providing technical support tailored to the new areas of expertise required by digital technology. The expertise or design capacity of a glaze and colour company is reflected in its ability to offer inks that integrate perfectly with traditional ceramic materials and allow for wide versatility of use in creating various types of surface. This expertise is based on continuous internal research into the combination of inks with glazes, grits, screen printing pastes and so on. Last but not least, glaze and colour producers must be able to integrate new digital expertise with existing ceramic technologies to support customers in all stages from product design through to industrialisation. CINKS: THE RANGE OF OFFERINGS FROM COLOROBBIA Colorobbia s current range of offerings for digital printing consist of a set of products and services identified by the trademark CINKS. The CINKS range consists of 8 products: Al-Co cyan (for floor tiles) Si-Co cyan (for wall tiles) Red-Brown Brown Beige Yellow Black Pink With a view to ensuring continuous improvement, the research and development efforts for these inks are based on 4 main factors: search for the widest gamut the maximum flexibility of use of inks, which need to be suitable for all types of products stability for a period of 6 months from the time of manufacture, guaranteed by perfect equilibrium of the organic/inorganic mixture environmental safety: care for human health and the environment is crucially important for Colorobbia. CINKS are not subject to risk labels and do not require ADR/IMDG/ICAO labelling for transport. The service offered by Colorobbia forms part of a customer relationship management system. On the basis of the customer s requests, the orders management system coordinates various working groups internally in order to provide all-round support. This includes establishing close cooperation in the design and development of finished products and supporting customers in product industrialisation. For this purpose, Colorobbia has a digital printing technical support team that works worldwide in FIG. 2 - Structure of the CINKS service, built around customers needs Graphic design R&D in inks and traditional materials Project development Inkjet support team Customer Design Industrialisation Acimac handbooks Edition. 21

24 close partnership with research and development personnel to deliver solutions tailored to customers specific needs. In terms of human and material resources, the design support structure consists of a worldwide network of laboratories that employ graphic designers and ceramic technicians with expertise in digital colour management. It has a team of 12 ceramic technicians focusing on developing new finished product proposals and 12 plotters, along with hardware and software tools for rapid prototyping of finished products. To provide support during the product industrialisation stage, the company has set up a task force of 20 ceramic technicians to provide aftersales support in the digital sector. This support is available worldwide thanks to Colorobbia s 14 global branches. These figures give an idea of the growing investments made by Colorobbia with a view to becoming a key partner for its customers the world over in their process of adopting digital printing. FIG. 3 - The resources invested by Colorobbia in the CINKS service Network of 9 laboratories worldwide: ceramic graphic design technicians specialising in digital colour management. Team of 12 ceramic technicians focusing on continued aesthetic research. Team of 20 technicians providing after-sales support in digital printing. Global service guaranteed by 14 branches worldwide. 12 plotters for digital printing along with relevant hardware and software. Customer Design Industrialisation CONCLUSIONS 22. Acimac handbooks Edition Following this analysis of the current competitive scenario and the role of digital printing, we can draw some important conclusions. After being badly hit by the crisis of 2009 and under pressure from fierce international competition, the Italian ceramic tile producers are striving to gain a competitive advantage by cutting industrial costs and focusing on aesthetic product innovation. Inkjet technology is a process innovation that can help achieve these goals. But alongside its opportunities and strengths, inkjet technology also hides a number of weaknesses and threats. It is therefore essential to adopt a systemic approach to the introduction of this technology to avoid accentuating the potential risks. A systemic approach involves strengthening the relationship between producer and suppliers, who must collaborate through joint design of the finished product while striving to achieve the maximum production efficiency and to create products that cannot be imitated as a result of the unique Italian capacity for innovation. In such a scenario, the characteristics that a set of products/services offered by a glaze and colour producer must have are quality, reliability and expertise. Through its CINKS brand name, Colorobbia offers products and services with a high standard of quality and reliability backed by expertise and longstanding experience in the ceramic sector and aims to serve as a key partner in helping its customers meet the challenge posed by the introduction of digital technology.

25 NOTE Acimac handbooks Edition. 23

26 by Daniele Verucchi, Maurizio Cavedoni Whether we like it or not, digital decoration is now part of the ceramic industry so this technology must be understood and exploited to the full. The benefits it brings are undisputed and far outweigh any doubts that remain concerning product logistic management and limited colour gamut. The introduction of digital decoration has brought the following advantages: The option of performing small runs or even producing single pieces Pigmented ceramic inks Reduction in model design times and costs Reduction in warehouse stock of consumables and decorative products in general Printing on textured surfaces and on tile edges Elimination of breakages and aesthetic defects deriving from contact decoration The high degree of randomness of the high-definition graphic design (Figure 1). All these advantages make inkjet technology a genuine innovation. It was therefore a perfectly natural decision for INCO Industria Colori to include a new series of highperformance pigmented inks in its product range. This was made possible by the company s deep knowledge of the field, along with carefully selected investments in research, close cooperation with plant manufacturers and a strong focus on customers needs. However, these efforts would be pointless if the experience accumulated over the years were not shared with customers Fig. 1 Flat silk-print: 127 DPI and just one face Roto-print: 127/254 DPI and maximum three faces Inkjet-print: 360 DPI several faces INK COMPOSITION Fig. 2 - Composition of pigmented ceramic inks 24. Acimac hanbooks Edition A pigmented ceramic ink consists of a solid phase (20-45%) and a nonaqueous liquid phase mixed together perfectly homogeneously. The solid phase consists mainly of specially designed inorganic pigments (zircons, spinels, etc.) and serves to give the ink the requisite colour. The liquid phase consists of polar and nonpolar substances, stabilisers and dispersants and provides the ink with long-term stability against flocculation and sedimentation. It also determines certain chemical and physical properties (viscosity, surface tension and conductivity) that influence the formation of the drop during printing, given that drop size, speed and stability at any given frequency depend on these properties (Figure 2). There are two approaches to the synthesis of nanoparticles, the bottom-up process and the topdown process. The bottom-up process is an authentic process of chemical synthesis that adopts various techniques (coprecipitation, sol-gel process, microwave hydrothermal process, etc.) to form nanoparticles from the smallest units upwards atom by atom, molecule by molecule and so on. The top-down process instead produces nanoparticles by reducing the dimensions of larger sized particles by various techniques, one of which is high-energy grinding with microsphere mills. This is the technology most commonly adopted for the production of ceramic inks because the bottom-up process is excessively expensive for the ceramic sector and is mainly used for synthesising nanoparticles for coatings and electronics (Figure 3).

27 THE TOP-DOWN PROCESS Let s take a detailed look at the topdown process of high-energy milling. In this process, the homogeneous mixture of liquid phase and pigment is recirculated through a grinding chamber filled 80-90% with yttrium-stabilised zirconium oxide microspheres of diameter 0.20 mm. Inside the grinding chamber, a dedicated rotor imparts an extremely high peripheral velocity to the microspheres, thereby introducing energy to the milling process. The continuous passage of ink through the grinding chamber produces the desired submicronic particle size distribution (Figure 4). This process forms crystals of very small size (0.2 µm) compared to the dimensions of the pigment particles at the beginning of the process (3-5 µm) (Figure 5). Only oxides that are specially developed to withstand such an intense milling process are able to maintain a high colour yield and withstand the chemical action of glazes and the firing cycle. The inks prepared by means of this process of synthesis are susceptible to phenomena of instability deriving from the submicronic solid-solvent dispersions. This instability is often caused by a combination of two physical processes: 1. An increase in particle size (aggregates) due to flocculation; 2. The movement of particles inside samples, resulting in creaming or sedimentation. This instability may have a major impact on the quality of the finished product, giving rise to undesirable concentration gradients and therefore poor colour rendering and irreversible clogging of the print nozzles. Keeping the pigmented part of an ink in suspension in various conditions of storage and use is therefore the challenge that ceramic ink formulators face constantly. For this purpose, various additives are used to promote wettability of the pigment and to prevent phenomena of agglomeration and sedimentation (Figure 6). The instability that may be present in an ink can be monitored using an instrument called Turbiscan, which detects the phenomenon in just a few hours or days when a visual analysis may take weeks. This instrument (used at INCO research and development laboratories) allows the formulations to be optimised, the best additive chosen for maximum ink stability, and precise quality control to be performed on the various production runs. Fig. 3 - Top-down and bottom-up processes Fig. 5 - Comparison between particle size distributions of a traditional pigment for glaze colouring (Jet mill) and of an ink (High Speed) Fig. 6 - Instability of solid/solvent dispersions Fig. 4 - Production layout of pigmented ceramic inks MEASURING PRINCIPLE The central unit of the instrument consists of a detection head that moves vertically through a cylindrical glass cell with a flat bottom section where the ink is contained. The head contains a pulsed nearinfrared light source (=850 nm) and two synchronous detectors. The transmission detector receives the light that passes through the specimen, while the backscattering detector receives light scattered back from the specimen. The head analyses the specimen over its entire length (around 65 Acimac hanbooks Edition. 25

28 Fig. 7 - Turbiscan: backscattering Fig. 8 - Turbiscan: transmission mm), acquiring transmission and backscattering data every 40µm (which means 1,625 transmission and backscattering transmissions per scan) (figure 7 and 8). This instrument performs scans at various programmed times and superimposes all the profiles on a graph in order to detect instability. In a graph of a stable product, all the scans made over time lie more or less on a single curve (Figure 9), whereas an unstable specimen displays variations in the acquired profiles (Figure 10). On these graphs, the transmission and backscattering values are shown on the ordinate and the height of the cell containing the specimen on the abscissa. The following figures show an example of Turbiscan analysis of two ink specimens with a high degree of instability. Figure 11 shows that the backscattering levels increase in the zone corresponding to the bottom of the cell containing the specimen (zone on the left hand side of the graph) due to a concentration of particles in this zone of the cell (sedimentation). This concentration can be detected from the scans within the first few hours of monitoring even though no variations are evident to a visual inspection. Observing the right hand side of the graph (which corresponds to the upper zone of the cell), a reduction in backscattering can be noted due to a phenomenon of clarification of the specimen in this zone. Figure 12 shows the classic behaviour of a specimen in which the particles have a tendency to flocculate. The backscattering values can be seen to decrease progressively over time along the entire cell due to phenomena of particle aggregation, which make the specimen gradually more transparent to the light source. While sedimentation is reversible, flocculation is not and must be strictly avoided so as not to cause clogging of the print heads and consequently undesirable line defects on the printed tiles. Fig Sedimentation and clarifi cation phenomena Fig Flocculation phenomena Fig. 9 Fig. 10 STABILISATION OF PARTICLES AGAINST FLOCCULATION 26. Acimac hanbooks Edition Due to the large specific surface area created and the charges that are formed on the surface of individual particles, during milling these particles have the tendency to reaggregate and form agglomerates (a process referred to as flocculation). For this reason, in the top-down ink preparation process it is very

29 important to stabilise the particles so as to avoid the occurrence of flocculation phenomena over time. The particles can be stabilised against flocculation by two different methods, electrostatic and steric stabilisation. The first involves covering the particles with charges of the same sign which therefore repel each other. This is a complicated method because is it strongly dependent on ph and on the concentration of electrolytes that are placed in solution. The second method involves covering the particles with polymeric chains of appropriate length. The chains have an end section with an affinity with the particles of pigment which therefore bonds with them, and a terminal chain that acts as a physical separator/spacer between the particles. This is the method that is most widely used for the preparation of pigmented ceramic inks (Figure 13). Obtaining products that are less susceptible to sedimentation and flocculation is a very important qualitative goal for ink producers as these factors influence the shelf life of inks and their behaviour in printing machines, where the ink is maintained constantly at temperatures of between 40 C and 50 C (a highly stressful situation that accelerates the instability phenomena). Fig Steric (left) and electrostatic stabilisation CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PIGMENTED CERAMIC INKS Inkjet decoration in the ceramic sector uses printheads based prevalently on drop on demand (DOD) technology for ink deposition. This technology allows precise quantities of a functional ink to be deposited in the form of drops via application of a very short pressure pulse. The operating principle of drop jetting is to generate pressure waves in a tube filled with ink behind an orifice. At the end of the orifice, the meniscus of the liquid is maintained by surface tension. A piezoelectric system generates a pressure wave, which propagates against the fluid s surface tension forming a small droplet which is ejected from the nozzle. In suitable electrical conditions and with appropriate chemical and physical properties of the ink, the ejected liquid forms a single droplet. Inks with inappropriate rheological parameters will result in firing instability and drops with a very elongated tail. The length and lifetime of the drop tail influence the positioning precision and therefore resolution of the printing process. Inks are characterised by numerous chemical and physical properties, some of which (speed, size, consistency of the drop) significantly affect their ability to be fired through printheads using drop-on-demand technology. The first parameter that defines a pigmented ceramic ink is its particle size distribution. The average size of particles of ceramic pigmented inks is normally around nm and 100% of the particles are smaller than nm. Viscosity, surface tension and density are all factors that to some degree influence droplet formation. The pressure sound wave generated by the deformation of the piezoelectric element, which causes the droplet to be ejected from the printhead nozzle, is strongly dependent on viscosity. Using inks with as close to Newtonian behaviour as possible and with viscosity values of between 8-14cP (at the deposition temperature) ensures optimal droplet formation without the occurrence of undesirable satellite droplets (much smaller droplets located around the main droplet) which give rise to defects during printing. Surface tension also has a direct influence on droplet formation. High values of surface tension require a higher voltage to achieve a constant droplet speed, whereas low values may lead to breakage of the meniscus inside the nozzle. This may result in air entrapment, causing discontinuities in the ink flow and the consequent occurrence of line defects during printing. Values of between mn/m allow for good ink management during production. Density (values between g/cm3) does not directly influence droplet formation but does determine the speed of propagation of Fig. 14/15 - Correct jettability (above) and uncorrect jettability (below) Acimac hanbooks Edition. 27

30 the sound wave. Optimisation of the abovementioned parameters results in correct droplet formation as illustrated in Figure 14, which shows uniform droplet size and the absence of satellite droplets. Figure 15 shows an ink with nonoptimal behaviour in which the droplet size is fairly irregular and satellite formation occurs. THE COLOUR GAMUT Fig. 16 In spite of all the technological advances that have been made, the ceramic industry still has difficulties in obtaining a wide gamut at all temperatures for a reasonable cost. For purely technical reasons, it is difficult to obtain red and yellow tones that remain stable and intense when fired at a high temperature, so the resultant colour space is deformed, non-homogeneous and limited. It is a little like the colour palette that was available to prehistoric cave painters. The gamut available to these prehistoric artists lacked cold tones such as green and blue, so they were unable to portray trees, the sky or water. In today s ceramic industry, especially in the case of wall tiles fired at high temperature, the lack of red, lilac, purple and vivid green tones is particularly problematic. The process of grinding the pigments to the submicronic dimensions required for ink production is the main cause of this limitation. Praseodymium yellow crystals normally have fairly large dimensions and therefore must be reduced in size by means of the top-down process. Unfortunately this process breaks down and damages the chromophores responsible for colour production, making it necessary to increase the applied quantity, if possible with a double application bar. The crystals of inclusion pigments (iron red, orange and pink) are unable to withstand any kind of milling. In these cases the chromophore is contained inside fairly large capsules and any kind of mechanical size reduction would destroy them and result in them being dispersed in the substrate (glaze). The spinel structures of browns and blacks also exhibit problems when milled to the particles sizes required for inks. At these particle sizes, browns take on a tone that is much more orange than red, while blacks assume a green hue that is all too familiar to operators. For this reason, to obtain a wider gamut for obtaining graphic designs and products without the risk of a blue-green cast, it is necessary to use pigments that are specially designed and synthesised for submicronic grinding rather than the standard pigments that are routinely used for colouring glazes and screen printing pastes. Due to the technical issues associated with inorganic pigments, the colours cyan, magenta, yellow and black (CMYK) are in reality approximations. For this reason, cyan is actually a blue, whereas yellow is very pale and is substituted by yellow-ochres or strongly yellow beiges. And unless gold-based pigments are used, it will be necessary to substitute magenta with red browns or pink, which is also very pale and Fig Comparison between colour gamuts of paper printing inks and pigmented ceramic inks. 28. Acimac hanbooks Edition

31 strongly influenced by the nature of the glazes. The result is a very narrow colour gamut that is particularly limited in the zone of the reds, compared for example with that of paper printing as shown in Figure 17. An important contribution can be made by both the base glaze and the protective covering glaze layer. Through their compositions, both glazes must create an environment that is favourable to the production of ceramic colours. It is a well known fact that pigments generate colour most strongly in the presence of the same materials that make up their crystal structure. It is therefore natural that the presence of calcium carbonate and zinc oxide in compounds should autonomously enhance pink and brown pigmented inks. Unfortunately, when both raw materials are used together to create eutectic fluxes in high temperature glazes, zinc oxide does not generate an environment conducive to the production of pink or even of ochre. The only available solution is not to use free zinc oxide but to use it only as part of a vitreous compound. A zinc frit would be able to create a eutectic effect with calcium carbonate but at the same time would practically eliminate the adverse effects mentioned. INCO is well aware of the colour issues involved in the formulation of pigmented ceramic inks and has exploited its more than twenty years of experience in the synthesis of inorganic pigments to develop special crystals that are suited to the intense milling processes required for the production of pigmented inks. These research efforts have led to inks with high colour rendering and superior colorimetric parameters that allow for a wider colour gamut than would be obtained using traditional pigments for ceramic glaze decoration. INCO now offers ten inks covering a wide gamut together with three specific rheological lines for each type of printhead used on decorating machines (XAAR 1001, Spectra Dimatix and Seiko printheads). Fig Inco INX range NOTE Acimac hanbooks Edition. 29

32 Digital glazes for an entirely digital glazing and decoration process Esmalglass-Itaca Grupo The introduction of digital inkjet technology constitutes one of the most important advances in the ceramic tile industry s recent history. Following the advent of singlelayer roller kilns and the important development of rotary decoration systems with engraved silicone rollers, this latest advance represents an extraordinary innovation for the ceramic sector. Inkjet decoration is a historic development and one of the few technological innovations capable of helping ceramic floor and wall tile manufacturers improve their market position through differentiated products. It allows for greater flexibility and productivity of manufacturing facilities without increasing operating costs and at the same time makes for better warehouse management, meeting the need for production of small custom batches tailored to the needs of the market. Inkjet technology was first developed in the 1970s as a means of printing brand names and product codes. Over the years the technology evolved and expanded into other sectors, especially graphic arts. In 2000 the first prototype of an industrial machine was introduced into the ceramic sector. Enormous progress has been made over the last decade. The constant development of printheads, electronics, software and inks has allowed inkjet technology to become established in the ceramic sector. The last ten years can be divided into two basic periods. In the first period, which lasted until around 2006, the inkjet system used solely soluble inks. Very few machines were installed in this period given the severe limitations of the system, particularly concerning chromaticity, which was penalised by the soluble inks with their instability defects and high costs. But the second period saw a big leap forward, particularly with the introduction of pigmented inks. With these sets of inks, inkjet printers were already capable of printing a large portion of the colour space normally adopted in the ceramic industry and, importantly, with very competitive costs. The progress was further accelerated by the arrival of new players in the competitive arena: new machinery producers and new glaze and colour producers, all with the shared goal of offering the ceramic industry increasingly optimised solutions. CURRENT ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF INKJET TECHNOLOGY 30. Acimac hanbooks Edition The advantages of this technology such as high-definition and noncontact decoration, the possibility of adapting to any size and surface texture and decorating 100% of the surface, as well as the high graphic versatility deriving from the larger dimensions of the designs led to highly significant aesthetic improvements and enabled product lines to be developed for the high end of the market. However, this technology not only creates products with a competitive edge but also offers numerous advantages in terms of internal processes. A typical example is the reduction in the cost of new product development through a decrease in the number of tests, time invested and also the costs of consumables typical of conventional decoration. Technology also allows for greater flexibility and speed in changing the model, and likewise a considerable reduction in the number of colour tones produced, while considerably speeding up the entire production process. According to surveys conducted amongst users of this technology, all these advantages are obtained without increasing operating costs per square metre, and in many cases they are considerably reduced. The simplification and reduction in inventory due to the possibility of producing virtually on-demand and the smaller number of colours allow for a considerable improvement in the company s working capital. In short, it is one of the very few technologies capable of meeting the needs of the entire company and its management, from the production manager to the head of new product development, the sales director, the financial director and the general manager! However, digital technology displays a number of weaknesses or disadvantages, such as the limited colour gamut of inks compared to conventional decoration systems, the still limited robustness of these systems to withstand ceramic manufacturing environments, and the fact that it is not possible to increase the productivity of machines without sacrificing definition or making substantial investments to double up the printing bars. Colour rendering and ink consumption depend on the chemical composition of the glaze and the firing cycle, so the composition of the glazes must be optimised and the production variations must be minimised and controlled so as not to have to continually retouch graphic archives. Furthermore, until know the inks developed for this technology have been pigmented inks which had the

33 purpose of contributing digitally to the graphic design and aesthetics of the tile solely in terms of colour, which is obviously essential for product development. THE AIM OF THE ESMALGLASS-ITACA RESEARCH PROJECT But ceramic is not just colour or graphic design, it is also a play of materials, contrasts, tactile and visual sensations, luminosity and texture, and it is this that sets it apart from other surface covering materials. So why not exploit the enormous advantages of digital technology in applying materials and create a completely digital glazing line? This is the goal of the research project described in this presentation, which aims to develop glazes for application with digital systems that are capable of decorating and glazing simultaneously and in a synchronised fashion so as to apply material effects while enjoying all the advantages of digital systems. But the real innovation concerns the process given that for the first time it will be possible to produce a tile using entirely digital technology, extending to other ceramic materials the many advantages that digitalisation already offers in terms of colour and graphic design. RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH PROJECT: DPG DIGITAL GLAZES After years of study conducted by experts in injection technology and nanometric glazes, Esmalglass- Itaca is presenting the new family of Digital Printing Glazes (DPG). With this revolutionary digital solution it is possible for the first time to decorate a tile entirely with digital technology, from the initial engobe through to decoration and the final tile protection layer. This DPG family of digital glazes was designed and developed specifically for digital application using DOD (Drop On Demand) injection heads and offers new potential for the digital ceramic process. The family consists today of clear digital glazes (polished or matt), matt white digital glazes and polished digital glazes which are suitable for all existing manufacturing technologies. Clear DPG Digital Printing Glaze (polished or matt). Designed for use as the final protection layer on the tile and to create for the first time entirely digitally a covering design that is perfectly synchronised with the base design. FIG. 1 - Particle size distribution of a DPG glaze Matt White DPG Digital Printing Glaze. Designed for two separate uses, either as a white ink for creating decorations (e.g. veins on a dark background) or as a base for the tile or for enhancing the colour of digital inks. Polished DGP Digital Printing Glaze. Designed to create new decorative lights and brilliance effects. The DPG Digital Printing Glazes contain nanometric particles with a strictly controlled particle size distribution that deliver excellent physical stability as well as assuring excellent injection printhead performance, a critical factor in this research project. Proceeding from a micronic to a nanometric scale, a detailed investigation was conducted of the changes in the properties of the materials of both a vitreous and crystalline nature so as to design and optimise innovative compositions with good technical and aesthetic properties required for decorated ceramic products. FIG. 2/3 - Examples of tiles produced using White Matt DPG Digital Printing Glaze Acimac hanbooks Edition. 31

34 Furthermore, the maximum colour rendering of Esmalglass-Itaca pigmented inkjet inks is guaranteed. The DPG Digital Printing Glazes are rigorously formulated in such a way as to function in the best possible way with the specifications of industrial ceramic printers while respecting the environment. FIG. 4 - Distribution of applications (from right to left) from fi rst tile ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL GLAZING AND DECORATION WITH DIGITAL GLAZES DPG Esmalte digital brillo HCR Tintas digitales DPG Esmalte digital blanco mate Soporte tierra coloreada Aesthetic advantages Non-contact digital application for glazing low-reliefs Glazing right up to the edge of the tile without build-up Versatility in the glazing design Glazing with high print quality Ability to reproduce other techniques (double filling, double pressing, etc.) Little repetitiveness when glazing large sizes Rapid model development. This allows for: A high degree of differentiation Good reproducibility New creative scope for designers The ability to synchronise the glazing with reliefs and designs Production advantages Elimination of bottlenecks in glaze preparation Guaranteed use of glazes with high colour rendering Elimination of the phases of glaze preparation and advance checking Much shorter glazing lines Elimination of classic inkjet problems due to evaporation of water in glazes Reduction in downtimes for adjustments and cleaning Reduction in defects and excellent rheological control Elimination of glaze production peaks High production flexibility Increase in productivity Logistic advantages Possibility of producing batches consistent with market demand Reduction and simplification of stock Reduction in number of glazes to use Economic advantages Elimination of consumables Elimination of occupied spaces (glazing line and glaze preparation department) Reduction in glaze peak production Reduction in glaze preparation and control costs Improvement in efficiency and effectiveness of product development Increase in first choice percentages Greater productivity due to elimination of bottlenecks in: - Line preparation - Line settings - Reduction in cleaning times. 32. Acimac hanbooks Edition

35 CONCLUSIONS The Esmalglass-Itaca group has developed a family of innovative glazes for application with digital systems that allow for innovation in the ceramic tile manufacturing process by combining current inkjet decoration with digital glazing. This means it will be possible for the first time to produce a tile entirely with digital technology, extending to other ceramic materials the many advantages that digitalisation offers in terms of colour and graphic design. Digital inkjet technology is one of the most important innovations in the recent history of the ceramic industry. It has undergone constant development over the last decade, the considerable improvements allowing it to become established in the ceramic sector. The numerous advantages of industrial digital decoration with pigmented inks, such as the higher first choice percentage without incurring higher operating costs per square metre, and in many cases reducing them, have had very positive effects on overall company management. The inks developed for this technology have until know been pigmented inks which had the purpose of contributing digitally to the graphic design and aesthetics of the tile. But ceramic is not just colour or graphic design, it is also a play of materials that sets it apart from other surface covering materials. The innovation of digital glazes allows decoration and glazing to be performed simultaneously and in a synchronised fashion so as to deliver material effects to ceramic decoration and achieve a higher degree of differentiation. This allows all stages of decoration to be performed digitally, from the initial engobe application, to decoration itself, and finally the application of a protective glaze layer. The nanometric nature of glazes has enabled satisfactory results to be achieved in terms of stability and behaviour, allowing for application using inkjet type digital technologies. The process of glazing and decorating digitally in order to apply colour, graphic design and material to ceramic tiles not only maintains existing advantages but also brings new benefits such as synchronisation of glazing with relief and designs, much shorter glazing lines and elimination of classic inkjet problems deriving from the evaporation of water from glazes. The process innovation presented by Esmalglass-Itaca Grupo, which won the 2011 Alfa de Oro award from the Spanish Ceramic and Glass Society SECV, will provide new tools for product development, allowing for new production line layouts and new ceramic production plant management strategies and marketing logistics. In short, it will offer fresh potential to make the ceramic tile sector more competitive with respect to other types of surface coverings. NOTE Acimac hanbooks Edition. 33

36 The new range of Smaltink inks by Mirko Marastoni Digital printing technology represents a significant technical development for the ceramic sector and is opening up new scenarios in the field of decoration. Based on its experience in the production of traditional stains, Smalticeram has developed Smaltink, a complete series of inks for digital printing on ceramic substrates which offers more than 10 different shades for an extremely wide colour gamut. Smaltink dates from 2007, when Smalticeram embarked on a study in cooperation with university research centres to investigate the possibility of producing ceramic inks for digital decoration with the use of nanotechnologies. In spite of the positive laboratory results, the research activity was interrupted in 2008 due to the absence of process technologies capable of satisfying the large volumes required by the ceramic market. While building on the knowledge gained, it was necessary to identify different and alternative production processes for creating submicronic suspensions of ceramic pigments. With this in mind, the company broadened its research activities to include not just laboratory studies but also the design, development and construction of a real production system that would achieve two objectives: to produce hi-tech inks with characteristics superior to the standards reached in 2008; to keep the entire production process under control so as to be able to modify an ink at any stage of the process. As one of the very few manufacturers with production activities entirely in Italy, Smalticeram created a dedicated department, a research laboratory with more than 30 members of staff, largely involved in development, control and customer support for the new Smaltink range of digital printing inks that was launched onto the market at Cersaie From the 9 initial colours, the current Smaltink range includes 12 - white, black, magenta, yellow, cyan, blue, light blue, gold, beige, brown, intense brown Testa di moro, dark brown. Each of these is in turn subdivided into 4 series, series 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000, which differ in the chemical and physical characteristics of the ink as well as being specifically designed for the various printing technologies they are used with. For any type of printing (three-colour, four-colour or six-colour), Smaltink offers a very wide colour gamut as well as the opportunity to create new colours according to the needs of individual ceramic companies. Along with the widest gamut, Smaltink allows colours to be customised on request of individual tile producers in accordance with their operating conditions. The parameters of viscosity, density and surface tension, and most importantly colour tone, can be varied according to the type of inkjet printer the ink will be used with. Complete control over the technology and the entire production process is also fundamentally important in this respect. The key characteristics of the Smaltink range include: A particle size about 20-30% finer than other materials and, in spite of this, colour rendering characterised by brightness and intense, pure tones. Smalticeram was the first colour company to promote the production of black (absolutely FIG Particle size distribution of Black Ink SJ 1030NE 34. Acimac handbooks Edition

37 neutral and pure), white (as a brightness promoter and the first colour in printing) and gold (more covering and intense than the traditional yellow). A contribution to research into the brightest possible colours comes from the company s expertise in the production of ceramic oxides. As can be seen from fig. 1, the values of d50 (0.026 µm) and d90 (0.335 µm) are well below a micron, which makes for long-lasting rheological stability. Furthermore, the Gaussian shape of the curve allows for brightness and colour rendering. The possibility of altering viscosity means that the rheological parameters can be modified without affecting colour rendering or chemical compatibility. Excellent persistence of rheological characteristics and durability of well over 4 months during both product storage and usage. The Smaltink range has been designed with stability values such that in the event of a machine stoppage, a temporary halt in production or summer holidays it is not necessary to empty the printer, wash it and refill when resuming operation. Instead, it is more advantageous to leave the inks in the machine in terms of economics and production efficiency. Moreover, production experience in recent years has shown that inkjet printers offer the best performance and are able to improve many print quality issues when operating in a continuous cycle. A guaranteed ecofriendly product: Smaltink products are not labelled as harmful or dangerous and only the most environmentally friendly products possible are used in the production process; the maximum attention is also devoted to recycling of materials and waste disposal. Compatibility with all inkjet printers currently on the ceramic market; the Smaltink range is already approved or in the process of being approved by all the digital printing machine manufacturers. THE LABORATORY AND SERVICES Major investments have also been made in laboratory instruments in order to guarantee the maximum control over parameters (colour rendering, aesthetics, stability and brightness) and to eliminate problems of tone variations between batches. In addition to conventional instruments, the Smalticeram laboratory also has laser granulometers, a microviscosimeter, a rheometer, bubble tensiometers, conductivity meters and a Turbiscan. Alongside its research into inks, the Smalticeram graphic laboratory is equipped with advanced colour management systems and conducts graphic design research into new products. This is done not only in the Italian headquarters in Roteglia (province of Reggio Emilia), but also at the Smalticeram group s four foreign branches in Spain, Indonesia, South Africa and Brazil. Each of these branches conduct tests on all types of plotters currently available on the market and using various print heads (Xaar, Spectra, Seico) so as to offer a complete service in response to the different requirements and operating conditions of individual ceramic companies. MATERIALS AND SURFACES But ceramic is not just colour, it is a combination of elements shaped with fire, it is design and human imagination, but above all it is matter. The perfect cohesion between high-quality clay and vitreous materials creates a precious, hard-wearing product that furnishes and decorates the surfaces it is installed on. For this reason, Smalticeram went a step further than just developing an outstanding range of inks: it entirely rethought the materials on which these inks are to be applied, creating products specially designed to maximise cohesion between material and digital colour. Screen printing bases, neutral preparation bases, protective coatings, granulates and grits have been specially designed to bring out the colours of Smaltink or in specific cases to achieve controlled shade deviation. The popular PS, PO, GF, GS, MX and GR lines have been further enhanced to integrate perfectly with the new Smaltink technology. This results in new surfaces, either natural or mechanically processed using various honing/lapping techniques. Acimac handbooks Edition. 35

38 Making sense of inkjet technology for ceramic tile decoration by Terry O Keeffe, Bailey Smith, Henrik Lauridsen Decoration of ceramic tiles using inkjet production methods is a relatively new but increasingly important manufacturing process. Not long from now, a total of 1000 digital inkjet decorating lines will be installed and operational. Industry experts forecast rapid growth with as many as 25% of ceramic production lines worldwide going digital over the next 5-years. Accelerating the adoption of inkjet production methods are fast development cycles and the rapid identification and solving of industry specific challenges including; Development of jettable inks to meet ceramic tile market requirements. Printheads that can jet these inks reliably with minimal operator intervention. Achieving printhead performance to meet or exceed the kiln s throughput rate. System integrators with the expertise to combine the ink and printheads into a robust machine design for reliable printing performance. And the bringing together of printing recipes with design files to help end users achieve their quality targets. Overcoming these challenges has been a combined effort between many parties. Dimatix is working closely with its technical and commercial partners to ensure its printheads meet today s performance criteria but with a constant eye to the future. The future we envision is one of increasing speed and addressability with further improvements in overall reliability and ease of use. We expect this to entail even greater technological breakthroughs and innovation in printhead and ink design. COMPANY BACKGROUND FUJIFILM Dimatix, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of FUJIFILM Corporation and the world s leading supplier of piezoelectric drop-ondemand inkjet products used for industrial applications, is driving a revolution in inkjet technology to support a new generation of products used for print production, industrial product decoration, and materials deposition. FUJIFILM Holdings Corporation, Tokyo, Japan, brings continuous innovation and leading-edge products to a broad spectrum of industries, including electronic imaging, digital printing equipment, medical systems, life sciences, graphic arts, flat panel display materials, and office products, based on a vast portfolio of digital, optical, fine chemical and thin film coating technologies. In the year ended March 31, 2011, had global revenues of $25.8 billion and invested over $2.5 billion in research and development. The company applies its innovative inkjet technologies and fabrication techniques in the design and manufacture of inkjet printheads designed to jet a wide range of fluids in precise amounts onto all types of surfaces, including ceramic tiles. Our customers include OEMs, system integrators and organizations that use the company s state of the art inkjet products in building cutting-edge systems or devising manufacturing processes for application in diverse markets worldwide. We invest heavily in inkjet technology, maintaining one of the most capable inkjet R&D groups in the world, with over one third of its staff actively engaged in product engineering. Over many years, the company has been awarded numerous patents and has developed multiple generations of best-in-class drop-on-demand inkjet printheads. Founded as Spectra, Inc. in 1984, the company was renamed Dimatix in 2005 to reflect its expansion into digital materials deposition, and was acquired by FUJIFILM Corporation in FUJIFILM Dimatix is headquartered in Santa Clara, California and maintains product development and manufacturing facilities in Santa Clara, and Lebanon, New Hampshire. FUJIFILM DIMATIX PRINTHEADS MAIN TECHNOLOGIES 36. Acimac handbooks - Edition 2011 FUJIFILM Dimatix piezoelectric drop-on-demand inkjet printheads are recognized the world over for their ability to sustainably jet ink and many other fluids at high jetting frequencies without trading off drop placement accuracy. This precision at production speeds allows every jet on the printhead to operate at high throughput rates with exceptional drop placement accuracy. Known for their high duty cycles and long service life, the

39 company s printhead products also support the broadest range of ink and fluid types, enabling developers to design advanced systems that are fast, reliable and cost-effective. The following proprietary core technologies make FUJIFILM Dimatix piezoelectric inkjet products distinctive: Our non-shared wall, shear mode actuation of the piezoelectric material allows us to dedicate to each channel a piezoelectric actuator that is physically isolated from the fluid path. Separating the PZT actuators from often-aggressive jetting fluids allows our printheads to jet a wider variety of fluids used in diverse applications and markets. Our inherently low cross-talk enables all the jets on FUJIFILM Dimatix printheads to be individually addressable - able to fire droplets simultaneously and at high frequencies, straight and true to their intended targets. These critical design differences enable jetting system designs that are faster, more productive and more reliable. Our VersaDrop jetting technology enables each of several hundred nozzles in one or more printhead arrays to deliver from 10 to 200 picoliters (pl) in each drop of ink. In its simplest implementation, all the nozzles of a printhead or jet module could be programmed to fire the same size drop on every cycle, allowing a single system design to handle a wide range of common printing resolutions. VersaDrop technology also supports grayscale capability. By programming specific channels to fire different size drops at different times, the technology can be used to print job components requiring more tonal expression or Specialized Product Lines Materials Deposition Specialty Printing higher resolution while operating at the printer s rated speed. Our Si-MEMS technology uses MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS) fabrication techniques to develop printhead families that are significantly smaller and more versatile. These silicon MEMS-based printhead products provide more precise control over nozzle shape, and absolute position on the silicon die permits higher drop placement accuracy over greater throw distances. The robust silicon structure lends itself to solid, reliable operation and long service life - all of which are desirable attributes for building new printer architectures and opening up new applications. Printhead Attributes Individually tunable channels Drop sizes down to 1 picoliter Superb drop placement accuracy Chemically resistant Special nozzle coatings Application specific configurations Special nozzle coatings Large pigments jetting High temperature operation Tailored material set Custom waveforms Target Applications Color Filters Bio Medical Printed Electronics Laboratory and Development Tools Coding/Marking Ceramics Textile Screen Masking Industrial Decoration 3D Rapid Prototyping FIG. 1 -Dimatix Printhead Product lines, Attributes and Target Applications High Performance Graphics Versadrop capable Exceptional image quality High speed operation Single pass and scanning architectures Wide Format Labels Packaging General Purpose Universal Graphics Broad range of native drop sizes Repairable Multiple ink types Easy to integrate Reliable performance Wide Format Mailing Coating APPLICATION MATTERS Image quality can be defined as the visual rating of a printed object. Among other things, this rating takes into account an object s intended use. In other words, is the printed object to be observed at a long-viewing distance while driving quickly past like a billboard or viewed close-up and stationary like ceramic wall tile? Inkjet s versatility allows both requirements to be easily addressed. Inkjet does this by laying down individual droplets of ink on a substrate in a predefined location, called a pixel grid. These grids can be either very fine or very course or something in between but are optimized for the intended application. An observer s eye integrates these Acimac handbooks - Edition

40 droplets or pixels to create a visual representation of the original design. The quality of the final product can be further influenced by several other factors including the color gamut of the ink, and the relative smoothness of the substrate along with other factors surrounding machine design. INKJET IMAGE QUALITY CONSIDERATIONS IN GRAPHIC ARTS PRINTING Fig. 2: Graphics image with fi ne color graduations, bold colors and small text 38. Acimac handbooks - Edition 2011 In general, higher image quality is a function of increased addressability (or drop density), and ensuring there is sufficient ink coverage in the areas that require it while maximizing output productivity. Success is a function of meeting specific imaging criteria important to this application (see Figure 2) including that: 1. Small text is rendered properly. This is done by using small drops and precise drop placement. 2. Fine color graduations and tonal transitions are not abrupt. This is done by using by using small to large drops (the use of grayscale or variable drop size printheads) and /or by using many different colors. 3. Bold colors are fully saturated. This is done by using the proper drop overlap to ensure 100% or solid coverage on the substrate. Since inkjet images are produced by placing drops of ink at specific locations on a substrate, if the observer can see individual droplets, the image is said to have low addressability or low density of drops per unit area (Figure 3). Visually, the image is said to be grainy in appearance especially when the object is viewed at a close-up viewing distance. To reduce the appearance of Fig. 3: Large drop sizes for lower resolution Lower Resolution

41 image graininess, printheads with smaller drop sizes are used (Figure 3). However, smaller drops require more drops to fill the solid fill area. Small drops are less capable of hiding drop placement errors. Small drop printheads typically require better drop placement characteristics to produce improvements in image quality but the extra drops required for solid fill areas affect productivity by slowing down the overall print speed. Later it will be shown why Dimatix VersaDrop enabled printheads are not affected by this historical tradeoff. Fig. 4: Smaller drop sizes for higher resolution INKJET IMAGE QUALITY CONSIDERATIONS IN CERAMICS PRINTING In inkjet printing of ceramic tiles, smooth tonal graduations and bold colors are primary considerations as fine feature definition such as small text can be less important. The solid color printing does not require full coverage of the tile, but uniform coverage is important. This means that some white space from the bare tile or background color can be visible as long as it is uniform across the entire print width. However, variations in the amount of unfilled space are easily detected by the human eye, even when these differences are small. At the extreme, these variations produce banding or striping effects running in the process direction. Today, system developers have many more options from intermingling printheads with various drop sizes for greater flexibility and better system performance to the use of multiplepulse and grayscale options for improved image quality. Figure 5 shows printing of a ceramic type image. This image has subtle color variations (Area 1) and solid color coverage areas (Area 2). The challenge for the print systems designer is to be able to achieve both subtle color transitions and solid fill areas at full line speed. Higher Resolution Fig. 5: Typical ceramic image Bold colors: Area 2 Fine color graduations: Area 1 Acimac handbooks - Edition

42 CERAMIC INKJET PRINTING SYSTEMS DESIGN CONSIDERATION When designing a digital printing system, the choice of printhead characteristics and the number of printheads needed are significant determining factors in overall printer design. Described are several of the key printing system design considerations: image quality trade-offs, defining printhead characteristics, impact of intermingling printheads with various drop sizes for greater flexibility and how to calculate the number of printheads needed to meet the desired productivity of the printing system. IMAGE QUALITY SUMMARY The image quality requirements of ceramic tile inkjet decoration are defined by: The addressability or the number of ink dots to be dispensed per unit area (usually in units of dots per inch (dpi)). The relationship between drop spread on the tile surface and addressability. Understanding the errors that can affect addressability and constructing an error budget. How fast the printhead needs to dispense drops of ink to meet the target productivity. Choosing the right printhead and defining the final operating point. Optimizing the printhead and ceramic ink combination to function reliably at the final operating point. ADDRESSABILITY V. RESOLUTION Addressability and resolution are terms often used interchangeably to describe what is expected from the printing system. Addressability generally describes what the printing system has been designed to deliver while resolution is what is actually achieved. In some circumstances, these values can be different. The differences can be a result of the following: Drop volumes chosen that are far bigger than the addressability Drop placement errors that are as large as the addressability For example, with a printer platform addressability of 400 X 400 dpi, the resulting drop-to-drop spacing is 64 microns. Fig. 6: Various drop sizes with 400 dpi grid 400 dpi = 1/400 tra gocce = 1/ (400) X 25.4 mm = mm or 64 micron (µm) If the drop volume chosen results in a drop spread of 200 microns, too much overlap occurs resulting in degraded addressability. Figure 6 shows, an image requiring a gap between pixels. With the correct drop volume, this gap becomes visible, but it is completely blocked by the large 200 micron sizes drops. The small drop example below shows that there will be multiple gaps in the final print, which can create an undesirable (white line) effect. Using another example, if all of the printing systems errors are greater than 1/2 pixel, then the specified resolution of 400 dpi is also degraded (Fig. 7). 40. Acimac handbooks - Edition 2011

43 ESTIMATING DROP SPREAD Printing system addressability is very often defined first because it is typically established based upon the printhead cost budget target. The higher the addressability needed in the cross process direction, the more inkjet nozzles are required. So, when the desired addressability and a reasonable system error budget allocation have been established, the drop spread of the ink on the range of ceramic tiles targeted by the printer should be measured. This measurement should be done by printing at the desired process direction dotsper-inch (dpi) using measurements from many different nozzles and using several or preferably all of the colors used within the printing system. This suite of tests is used to ensure that a good statistical averaging is done to account for the smallest to largest drop spread. For simplicity, let s assume the drops of ink landing on the tile are round (Figg. 6 and 7) and full coverage of each pixel is required. Because we want to completely fill each pixel, the circle s size needs to be the square root of 2 multiplied by the pixel size, or roughly 40% greater than the size of the pixel. A 400 X 400 dpi results in drop spacing of 64 microns, with 40% overlap, this results in a 90 microns Fig. 7: Drop placement errors spot size. Spot size and line width are related, but are not generally equal. However, for averaging purposes it is better to use line width in any drop spread estimates. PRINTER ERROR BUDGET The drop spread example above describes the minimum spot size and line width required to fully address all of the pixels. These numbers assume the printhead and substrate are perfect with no errors. Since this is not truly the case, we must also factor print system errors in our calculation. Print system errors can originate from some or all of the following items: 1. Drop straightness or trajectory errors are angular and the associated positional errors increase as the distance between the printhead and substrate increases (figure 8). This is important in ceramic tile decoration because in many cases, to prevent tiles coming into contact with the printhead or when imaging onto relief tiles, printing occurs at relatively high standoff distances. Standoff is the distance from the substrate surface to the face of the printhead. In graphics printing, an ideal standoff distance is about 1mm, but for ceramics printing this can be from 2-5mm and up to 10mm in some cases. With an optimal design, single jet-outs can be compensated by over addressing of adjacent nozzles. But generally speaking, two adjacent nozzles that have failed may become a problem in single-pass printing systems designs if nozzle redundancy is not considered. These errors can lead to streaks in the image. 2. Printhead alignment errors originate from problems with aligning printheads within a cluster (Figure 9) and alignment between adjacent clusters (Figure 10). Printheads have their own specifications tolerances. Alignment procedure should be based upon a best fit approach. Once aligned, the mechanical mounting should Fig. 8: Drop straightness or jet trajectory errors Fig. 9: Alignment error between printheads and printhead clusters Acimac handbooks - Edition

44 Fig. 10: Head-tohead alignment errors within a printhead cluster Fig. 11: Web weave or tile weave and associated printing errors be stable over the entire operating temperature range. 3. Most material transport devices experience some degree of mechanical weave causing tiles to move sideto-side in the cross process direction. This is important because all adjacent nozzles within colors and from colorto-color are separated by some distance in the process direction. This means that adjacent pixels on a tile are printed at different times or when the tiles are at different locations on the transport device. If a tile moves in the cross process direction between these adjacent nozzle positions then the drops are no longer adjacent as a result of this mechanical weave. The amount of this web weave related motion depends upon many factors. Whether or not this motion is acceptable needs to be determined by image testing but this weave error will become critical if the maximum weave matches any of the adjacent printhead spacings. No matter how well the printheads may be aligned, imperfections caused by tile movement will be difficult to address unless the transport device can be adjusted. When this error is deemed unacceptable, redesign of the transport device is required. It is important to understand the contribution of each error source and to allocate a budget to each, using a statistical summation approach. For example, if the estimate for straightness, mechanical alignment and web weave errors are as follows: Jet straightness, 1 standard deviation of 3 mrad = 15 microns at 5mm standoff Mechanical alignment errors Head to head 10 microns Stitch errors 10 microns RMS estimate for all errors = ( ) = 21 microns This indicates that a reasonable total error budget of 21/64 or 33% of the pixel spacing should be manageable and not visible. If we include a reasonable web weave error estimate of 50 microns (assuming adjacent printheads match the weave period) then: RMS estimate for all errors = ( ) = 54 micron 42. Acimac handbooks - Edition 2011 As shown by this calculation, a somewhat small mechanical weave associated with the transport device can quickly monopolize the entire error budget and result in over 84% of the pixel spacing. This could be very apparent in the printed tile. The RMS estimate is the final part of the equation that is added to the drop spread size calculation as there must be enough spread to cover the dpi requirements plus more to compensate for all other errors. Constructing a simple calculator that allows variation in the process and cross process addressability and adjustment of each of the error estimates can be very useful for looking at the rate of solid fill. For the example above, we now add the RMS error estimate to the drop spread calculation:

45 Drop spread requirement = DPI requirement + RMS error estimate = 90 microns + 21 microns with no web weave = 111 microns = 90 microns + 54 microns with web weave = 144 microns It should be noted the example used assumes a goal of zero white space for full coverage areas. If some white space is acceptable, these numbers are different. Actual error budgets must be created based upon the target image model and image analysis. TARGET PRODUCTIVITY For ceramic printing, productivity is defined by the linear speed of the tiles processed through the kiln. It is preferable that the printing system s throughput specification not reduce or negatively impact overall line speed. If anything, it is more beneficial to have a wider performance envelope to accommodate other inevitable productivity enhancements. Productivity is typically measured in m 2 /hr. It is calculated by the product of linear speed (defined in m/hr) and the printing width. Typically, ceramics tile printing lines are on the order of 500, 700 or 1100mm widths. Once productivity and addressability are established, these numbers are used together to define the jetting speed of the printheads and aid in determining printhead selection. Jetting speed is defined in the following way: Jetting speed or number of drops per second from each nozzle = (Addressability) X (Linear speed) Since addressability is typically defined in dots-per-inch (dpi) and linear speed is defined in terms of meters / minute, to make the calculation work properly a common unit of measure is needed. Using the 400 dpi example, using a linear speed of 50 m/min, these values are converted as follows: 400 dpi = drops /m 50m/min = 0.83m/s Printhead jetting frequency in drops / s = drops x 0.83m Ms = Hz or Drops /second To complete the equation, we need to combine jetting frequency with the drop size selected with our drop spread calculation. Let s assume for this example that based upon our image testing, to achieve the 111micron drop spread, an 80ng drop is required. The multiplication of these two numbers gives us our target productivity number, which can be expressed in units of ngkhz. Printhead productivity = khz * 80ng = 1046 ng-khz Another useful calculation is to estimate the ink lay down per unit area. This is usually described in grams / m 2. The important numbers in this calculation are the drop mass of each drop and the dot density or number of drops deposited per m 2. In our example, the drop mass is 80ng or 80 x 10-9g, with 4002 drops per square inch. The latter is converted to m 2 resulting in a total of drops /m 2 or 248 x 106 drops / m 2 : The total ink lay down is therefore = 80 x 10-9 x 248 x 106 g/m 2 = 19.8 g/m 2 Acimac handbooks - Edition

46 PRINTHEAD SELECTION There are several considerations in determining optimal printhead selection. Using Figure 5 Area 2 as an example, an 80-picoliter (pl) drop size printhead may work well to provide the heavy ink coverage or color density required, but may not be suitable for the finer color graduations in Area 1. Alternatively, a printing system with a 30pL drop size printhead can provide the desired color graduation but may not achieve the required high ink density without increasing addressability. Increasing addressability can reduce printer productivity as it must slow down to address the higher density of dots. To achieve productivity requirements, one must either choose a high productivity printhead or increase the number of printheads in the system, potentially adding cost. These trade-offs need to be considered. VERSADROP TM CERAMIC TILE PRINTING Until recently, systems developers had to trade-off image quality for production speed. Now Dimatix printheads, in particular its Q-Class family, when combined with its VersaDrop jetting technology, delivers high-accuracy, variable-drop jetting without affecting device productivity. Using the example in Figure 5, a 30pL drop is required for fine detail in Area 1, but coverage for Area 2 may approach 20g/m 2 requiring significantly more ink. Using Dimatix VersaDrop jetting technology, one Q-Class printhead can meet both objectives by simultaneously ejecting 30pL drops for the finer color details and large 80pL drop sizes for bold colors. An advantage of VersaDrop is that it is not confined to operating simultaneously with several different drop sizes as described in the example above. Uniquely, VersaDrop can produce multiple fixed drop sizes (small, medium and large) in binary mode by combining drops at the nozzle before the full drop is formed. Binary mode can be used to create one drop size within a single image, while allowing the drop size to be changed for different print jobs based on desired image quality or substrate attributes. This allows the printing system to run in high-quality mode using small drop sizes, and then switch to high-productivity mode with a higher speed and lower resolution using larger drop sizes. VersaDrop operating modes include; Binary Single Drop-All nozzles use the same single pulsed voltage ejecting a single drop of fluid. Binary Multi-Drop- All nozzles use the same but multiple pulsed voltages to generate an approximately 2X or 3X increase in drop size. Grayscale Mode- Every nozzle uses either a 1X, 2X, 3X, or higher number of voltage pulses resulting in small, medium or large drops from any nozzle. VersaDrop helps optimize the printing system s addressability Fig. 12: VersaDrop Grayscale Operation Fig. 13: Spot patterns for two binary modes and grayscale operation Lower Resolution Higher Resolution Grayscale 44. Acimac handbooks - Edition 2011

47 and therefore its productivity. With a standard single drop size printhead, the ink spread on the substrate determines addressability. The following table shows typical drop volumes and range of addressability as it pertains to ceramic tile decoration. Printhead or Jetting Assembly Number of nozzles NOVA 256 Galaxy Galaxy Galaxy SL 128 SM 128 SE 128 Greyscale QS QS QS QE QE QE PQ PQ PQ TAB. 1: PRINTHEAD REFERENCE CHART Binary (B), Recommended Ink Compatibility multi-drop (MD) or Drop size (pl) addressability Grayscale (GS) Range for ceramics UV, Solvent, Aqueous and Ceramic B GALAXY UV, Solvent, Aqueous and Ceramic B UV, Solvent, Aqueous and Ceramic B UV, Solvent, Aqueous and Ceramic B S-CLASS UV, Solvent, Aqueous and Ceramic B UV, Solvent, Aqueous and Ceramic B UV, Solvent, Aqueous and Ceramic B Q-CLASS UV, Solvent, Aqueous and Ceramic B, MD & GS 10, 20 & UV, Solvent, Aqueous and Ceramic B, MD & GS 30, 50 & UV, Solvent, Aqueous and Ceramic B, MD & GS 80, 150 and EMERALD GRAYSCALE UV, Solvent, Aqueous and Ceramic B, MD & GS 10, 20 & UV, Solvent, Aqueous and Ceramic B, MD & GS 30, 50 & UV, Solvent, Aqueous and Ceramic B, MD & GS 80, 150 & POLARIS UV, Solvent, Aqueous and Ceramic B & MD 15, 25 & UV, Solvent, Aqueous and Ceramic B & MD 35, 55 & UV, Solvent, Aqueous and Ceramic B & MD 85, 155 & Worth noting are: 1. The typical way to represent printhead drop size is using drop mass. But since the specific gravity of ceramic inks typically ranges from 1.1 to 1.4 g/cc, and printheads are effectively volume pumping devices, the actual drop mass is higher and covers a wider range. 2. All of the Sapphire and Emerald printhead have 3 drop sizes Acimac handbooks - Edition

48 noted as they are designed for 4-level VersaDrop printing. The last level not indicated in this table is zero or no drop ejected and is a level that is required in all printing. 3. Addressability is defined by a range as different tile types will react to different inks resulting in different amounts of drop spread. 4. Grayscale printheads are usually based upon the largest drop size to define the solid fill requirement. In some cases it can also be associated with the next largest size allowing more coverage for light colors such as yellow, pink and white but generally require extra coverage. For example, if the printing system uses a QE-30 operating in single pulse binary mode at 40pl, the required addressability should be more like However, using VersaDrop, the largest drop volume size of 80pl dictates the addressability which results in an addressability between 100 and 300 dpi. This flexibility reduces the number of printheads required. DETERMINING THE OPTIMAL PRINTHEAD Determining the optimal printhead is the next step in the process. Expanding upon the examples used thus far and using the values in Table 1, we can now define the inkjet tile decoration printing system design as follows: TAB. 2: PRINTHEAD SOLUTIONS FOR CERAMIC TILE INKJET DECORATION Printer Process Direction Dpi Cross Process Linear speed Grayscale or variable drop size Y / N Drop sizes required m/min Yes 30, 50 and 80 Printhead possibilities QS-30 QE-30 PQ-35 Native dpi INK OPTIMIZATION The final step in the process is to ensure the ceramic ink formulation and printhead combination chosen will function according to the specified requirements. As this is another critical success factor. Dimatix supports this effort by working closely with the systems integrator and the ink developer to provide focused efforts in waveform development, advanced materials analysis and technical field support. WAVEFORM DEVELOPMENT 46. Acimac handbooks - Edition 2011 A waveform is the electrical signal that actuates the piezo crystal to fire the jet. Different waveforms create different drop sizes at varying drop velocities. Optimizing a waveform for each application ensures the highest level of success. All waveform development, whether for binary single drop or multi- drop fixed or grayscale requires information about the intended process. The key considerations include; Output mode, binary single drop, binary multi drop or Grayscale. Drop volume(s) required. Printhead jetting frequency defined by the linear speed and addressability. Ink operating parameters such as jetting temperature. Duty cycle defined as the

49 average amount of time each nozzle is running over a production run. For ceramic tile decoration this could be as low as 10-20% but it could be 60-70% utilization for denser images. The combination of printing frequency and duty cycle are important because this is the environment printheads are required to operate, and is how the combination of printhead and ceramic ink should be tested. Dimatix printheads have an open architecture that allows developers to employ waveforms of their own design and does not restrict jetting to fixed waveforms for inks that may be under development. Our technical staff provides fundamental training in waveform development techniques to integrators and ink developers so that they can continue to evolve these waveforms on their own as changes to the ink formulation, printing system, or process is made. Initial jetting of a new ink formulation can start by using a Dimatix supplied reference waveform set these can then can be adjusted or further enhanced to meet new ink properties and requirements. MATERIAL COMPATIBILITY To ensure long printhead life under operating conditions, it is critical all ink and maintenance fluids used within the printing system are compatible with the printhead selected. Dimatix supplies material test kits for this purpose. These kits are comprised of printhead components in sizes suitable for conducting ink immersion tests. Typically, at the conclusion of these tests, inspection of the printhead components occurs followed by bond strength pull tests. Compatibility testing can be either conducted by the system integrator and ink developer or with the support of Dimatix analytical labs. Additionally, components used within the ink delivery system should also be tested for compatibility as well. This is to ensure these materials will not decompose or swell up and cause blockages or leaks in the fluid delivery circuit. With higher standoff jetting, misting of inks can cause a buildup of ceramic ink all around the printhead and surrounding materials. It is important that testing include these components as well. In summary, the process of choosing the optimal printhead requires knowledge of the application, addressability, drop spread estimates, understanding of the total error budget, and concludes with waveform development and ink compatibility testing to ensure the printhead and ink combination meets all of the requirements. THE FUTURE OF CERAMIC TILE DECORATION The adoption of inkjet printing for ceramic tile decoration has increased dramatically over the last several years. Driving this rapid growth are the recognized advantages only offered by digital solutions such as quick turnaround time, shorter run-length, customization, and supply chain reengineering possibilities. Behind these developments is a coordinated effort between ink developers, systems integrators and printhead manufacturers to quickly address the current needs but with a view to the future. Looking forward the question becomes-how will the ceramics market evolve? We believe there are three areas that hold great promise. These include continued improvement in system s productivity, operability and greater flexibility offered by new ink formulations. Over time, the current trade-offs in line speed versus color saturation will become less acceptable as well as long start-up times and ongoing maintenance procedures that impact productivity. As this application matures beyond simple decoration to include spot glazing with the use of heavier pigment inks, ongoing technological developments will be required. Fujifilm Dimatix will continue to bring its considerable expertise and extensive resources to bear to ensure the future and long-term success of this important market. Acimac handbooks - Edition

50 by Davide Sorrentino, Mauro Bedini The ceramic industry is currently experiencing a major technological revolution in terms of tile decoration. As has already occurred in the textiles and printed media industries, the ceramic industry has likewise developed and begun to adopt digital inkjet decorating machines, ceramic printers that are capable of overcoming the problems posed by this technology while offering numerous advantages to producers. This form of non-contact printing is able to decorate complex surfaces while allowing for more flexible production management and a completely different storage rationale that is more consistent Inkjet technology in ceramic tile decoration with the needs of the market. However, unlike in other sectors, in the ceramic industry the decorated surface is subject to high temperatures, evaporation, dimensional variations and above all a thermal firing process that completely alters its characteristics. In order to keep pace with recent and future developments in ceramic decoration and to deliver the most effective solutions to production requirements that are increasingly oriented towards digital technology, Ingegneria Ceramica, one of the largest producers of glazing and decoration systems, and Sacmi, the leading player in the ceramic plant manufacturing sector, have decided to set up a joint venture company called In.Te.Sa. The first step taken by In.Te.Sa. was to create its own digital decorating machine called Colora HD, a compact, high-definition ceramic printer with small dimensions to facilitate installation on ceramic production lines and to allow the machine to be delivered complete and ready for use. Colora HD adopts design criteria that aim to solve the typical problems associated with inkjet printing in the ceramic sector, such as condensation, vapour, dust, clogged nozzles and ink sedimentation. Colora HD uses Xaar 1001 printheads which operate according to Drop On Demand technology. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TECHNOLOGY Fig. 1 Inkjet printing is a non-contact technology that decorates the substrate by emitting droplets of ink ( pl, 1 pl=10-12 l) through tiny nozzles on the printheads. This form of printing can be performed in different ways, essentially in Continuous or Drop On Demand modes (figure 1). The mode that has achieved the best results in the ceramic industry is Drop On Demand. Drop On Demand technology, meaning that droplets can be generated precisely when required, can be based on different methods: heat, piezoelectric, electrostatic or acoustic. The method that has become established in the ceramic industry is that of piezoelectric actuators. A piezoelectric element ( Piezo in Greek means pressure ) is a material that is capable of expanding or contracting when a specific electrical voltage is applied. The resultant movement allows the droplet of ink to be created and expelled. One of the most widely used piezoelectric materials is lead zirconate titanate, also known as PZT. Interestingly, the use of ceramic materials is also very widespread in the manufacture of piezoelectric elements (Figure 2). Various types of printhead are available according to the required droplet formation method. They can be divided into four Fig Acimac handbooks Edition

51 categories: Squeeze-tube, Bend, Push and Shear (figure 3). The piezoelectric elements can be activated using different methods and sequences so as to produce a drop only when required. A) In the Squeeze-tube method, two piezoelectric elements deform a suitably shaped tube. B) In the Bend method the piezoelectric element undergoes an arc-shaped deformation so as to expel the drop. C) In the Push method the piezoelectric element deforms and pushes the drop out through the nozzle. D) In the Shear design the material is polarised in such a way that the electrical impulse generates a shear deformation. In Shear mode the nozzles are positioned sequentially on the printhead plate. A row of nozzles performs printing at three different times. For the sake of simplicity, we can show an operating diagram indicating the 3 emission phases (photos 4 and 5). This latter case is that of the Xaar 1001 printheads used on Colora HD. An important consideration concerns the ink supply to the printhead. Some printheads are equipped with accumulation chambers called dampers that ensure that the correct quantity of ink is available at all times during use. Although this type of printhead usually has a good jetting frequency and drop volumes, it has drawbacks relating to the capacity of the tank and the tendency of the solvent-based inks used in the ceramic industry to sediment when not in use. To avoid this problem, the printheads must be regularly purged by performing non-productive printing cycles. Other types of printhead have a design that allows for continuous recirculation of the ink inside their structure. This prevents sedimentation and assures a consistent and continuous supply of ink, thereby overcoming the limitations imposed by the internal damper. However, to operate correctly these printheads must be supplied with ink by a more efficient system equipped with a delivery and return circuit that not only allows the ink to be kept continuously moving but also guarantees the pressures, flowrates and temperatures required for correct drop formation. In addition to the above-mentioned parameters, the supply circuit must also control the meniscus (figure 6), i.e. the position of the ink in the nozzle zone. To avoid printing problems, the ink pressure must be carefully controlled and maintained at a slightly negative value in this zone. Excess pressure may lead to incorrect drop formation, causing drops to fragment during jetting and deposit incorrectly on the surface of the printheads and the print table. The opposite situation, i.e. excessively negative pressure, may create droplet formation difficulties resulting in the presence of banding or serious loss of detail in the image. The solution proposed by Colora HD is based on a circuit designed to guarantee correct ink supply over time and equipped with a user interface that is easy to use and set up (photo 7 and 7bis ). The ink supply system is also responsible for accurate operating temperature control (normally between 37 C and 45 C). It must be possible to heat the ink rapidly and maintain it at a constant temperature. Inadequate temperatures may create printing problems due to incorrect drop formation and variations in the ink s rheological characteristics. Furthermore, incorrect operating temperatures may lead to sedimentation inside the circuit. For this reason, Colora HD is designed in such a way as to prevent the occurrence of problematic sedimentation phenomena by avoiding angular-shaped tanks or distributors and ensuring that inks Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Fig. 6 are constantly agitated. However, these precautions are not sufficient and it is important to ensure collaboration between ink suppliers and plant manufacturers. At present there are three main families of inks which differ essentially in terms of their constituent organic mixtures, which together with the additives and mixtures of pigments used determine their rheological characteristics. The importance of control and management of the functional parameters of the inks by their respective manufacturers is crucial for the quality, stability and continuity of printing. Photo 8 shows an ink analysis. Fig. 7 Fig. 7 bis Acimac handbooks Edition. 49

52 www. intesa.sacmi.it Fig. 8 Fig. 9 To achieve the requisite print quality and a good level of productivity, ceramic inks must have suitable characteristics of density, viscosity and surface tension. It is extremely important that these characteristics remain constant over time and as temperature varies. For these reasons, knowledge, control and full cooperation between machinery manufacturers and ink suppliers are essential factors for obtaining a printer/ink combination capable of solving problems that may arise in the various application conditions in the ceramic industry. A digital decorating machine must be built from carefully chosen materials. The printheads can be used only with inks certified by the producer company or its representatives whereas all other construction materials making up the machine s structure must be checked for chemical compatibility. For this purpose, the machinery producers normally draw up suitable procedures that may take several months to complete and involve loading the inks into the machine and performing the relevant checks in terms of quality, stability and productivity of the printer/ink combination. These procedures, carried through jointly by the ink producer and the machinery manufacturer, are essential for meeting customers expectations and for the successful startup of production. For this reason, In.Te.Sa. has produced its own approval protocol and meticulously follows these delicate phases prior to the start-up of the decorating machine (Photo 9). COLORA HD 50. Acimac handbooks Edition Print management system The print management system used on Colora HD adopts Xaar technology. The main components are the following (photo 10): PSU: Power supply unit (4) for XUSB unit. XUSB: drive electronics unit (1) that serves to memorise the graphic design, synchronise it and send it to the printhead drive cards. Personality Card: a unit (2) that receives the print data from the XUSB and generates the printhead driving signals. Xaar 1001 printhead: printing unit (3). After being created and processed with Colora software (Photo 11), the print project is sent via a specific connection (5) to the XUSB units (1), which interpret and subdivide the information and send it to the various personality cards (2). The information is then processed to create specific signals capable of generating the correct voltages for the printheads (3). The XUSB units also have a print clock function based on the synchronisation signals generated by sensors that communicate the exact position of the pieces on the conveyor belt (6). The belt must be suitably designed and built to ensure that this information corresponds precisely to the real position of the piece. For this reason, Colora HD uses toothed belts that guarantee the mechanical precision necessary for high-quality printing.

53 Fig. 10 Fig. 11 Waveform and drop formation As we have said, the drop is formed by applying a suitable voltage waveform to the piezoelectric elements. A waveform is the variation over time of the electrical voltage applied to the printhead. In general there are many different types of waveform, such as sine wave, square, ramp, sawtooth and triangular (photo 12). One frequently used waveform is the square wave, where the signal has a positive value for a given time and a value of zero for an identical period of time. In this case the duty cycle is 50%. This kind of waveform is widely used in electronic circuits as a clock signal. If the duty cycle is not 50%, in other words the duration of the positive signal is different from the duration of the zero signal, the waveform is said to be rectangular. A variant of these two waveforms is that of the pulse, in which a short interval with a positive signal alternates with a longer interval with zero signal (photo 13). These examples are the basic waveforms generated by the control electronics to drive the piezoelectric elements of the printheads. Using these pulses it is possible to obtain different drop volumes suited to the various ink formulations. One of the areas in which the players involved in developing digital decoration systems have concentrated their efforts is that of identifying waveforms capable of correctly forming the drop. Whereas printheads operating in binary mode generate a single type of large drop, printheads operating in greyscale modulate the emission frequency in such a way that it is possible to obtain a larger drop from the combination of the various subdrops. For example, the Xaar 1001 printheads used on Colora HD use a basic droplet of 6 pl to create the various levels (eight including nonemission). These subdrops then combine as they travel through the air to form a single drop with a size of up to 42 pl (photo 14). The use of the correct number of grey levels requires an optimisation process that must take account of variables such as print quality, the desired intensities and productivity. For these reasons, in the ceramic sector these issues have been addressed in cooperation with the ink manufacturers so as to create suitable waveforms for optimising production. The choice of waveform is determined by the technological characteristics of ceramic materials. The firing process often causes lower intensities Fig. 14 consisting of low-volume drops to disappear. Moreover, the tendency of these drops to be highly volatile makes it difficult to use them continuously. Furthermore, by developing appropriate waveforms it is possible to simplify important aspects such as operating stability with respect to changes in applied voltage: a suitable waveform may allow an ink to operate with the same quality over a voltage range of ± 3 volt. Moreover, the use of high greyscale levels corresponding to small drop volumes may give rise to phenomena that adversely affect print quality and the productivity of the decorating machine/ink combination. It is essential to study these phenomena. The instrument normally used is the Drop Watcher (photo 15), a microscope equipped with a stroboscope that is able to photograph the drops Fig. 12 Fig. 13 Acimac handbooks Edition. 51

54 www. intesa.sacmi.it Fig. 15 Fig. 16 during their movement and to determine the jetting frequency, the angle of ejection and effective volume. This instrument provides useful information on correct droplet formation (desired volume, correct trajectory and the absence of defects such as satellites or mist which would cause print defects, etc.). Fig. 17 As we have said, a greyscale drop is formed as it travels through the air. The subdrops combine as they travel to form a single drop of larger dimensions (Photo 16). At a certain point these drops take on their final form and the occurrence of formation problems would create undesirable trails with droplets ending up offtrajectory, resulting in a severe decline in quality. These drops are called satellites (Photo 17). The first step is to analyse printing with the different inks to assess linearity, dimensional uniformity and the presence of satellites while altering the application parameters such as waveforms and voltages for the same applied temperature or meniscus (Photo 18). Fig. 18 Fig Acimac handbooks Edition Correct behaviour of the inks can also be determined

55 by observing special files created to inform the user of the arrangement of the dots and the construction of the greyscale. These files are normally used at an industrial level to observe the typical defects of the technology: non-printed lines, clogged nozzles, deviations and major problems with the control electronics (Photo 19). This type of file, together with printing of the production designs, can help to even out the printing intensity of the various colour bars (Photo 20). Dithering and print quality Another fundamentally important aspect for achieving good printing quality is effective management of the deposited dots. For this reason the images are re-elaborated to increase the resolution perceived by the human eye and particularly in applications such as the ceramic industry where the effective definition is not particularly high to make the images more attractive in terms of tonal variation. This process, known as dithering or error diffusion, generally obtains the images that are to be printed by redistributing the pixels with respect to their original position (Photo 21). There are various types of dithering algorithm, the most widely used being that of Floyd Steinberg. Given the importance of this aspect for the effective print quality, In.Te.Sa. has developed its own dithering algorithm which can be applied independently to the various channels. This feature enables Colora HD to combine the advantages of a dithering algorithm with the use of different print modes, from binary through to eight greyscale levels for individual channels. This way the lower-performance ceramic colours (such as yellows) and the colours used to provide details (such as whites and blacks) can be used in binary mode and combined with other colours used in greyscale mode. This serves to improve the productivity of the digital decorating machine and to facilitate the work of technicians during new project development. It therefore marks another step forward in terms of greater versatility of digital decorating machines. Considering the limited colour gamut that current technology is able to provide, many tile producers are requesting the use of a larger number of colours and the ability to manage them independently. In spite of this, some decorating machines produce only in binary and some companies are maintaining the CMYK approach, at most adding white as a fifth colour. It is up to the technician to learn how to use this tool to achieve the best possible results (Photo 22). Colora HD is designed to meet customers needs in terms of simplicity of use and maintenance as well as colour management. The machine has a flexible, modular structure consisting of up to eight extractable colour modules according to customers requirements. The bar self-centring system allows for rapid bar extraction and ensures correct repositioning in the machine after maintenance work. This allows production to be resumed rapidly (Photo 23). Fig. 20 Fig. 21 Fig. 22 Fig. 23 Acimac handbooks Edition. 53

56 www. intesa.sacmi.it Fig. 24 Fig. 25 Fig. 26 Fig. 27 Fig Acimac handbooks Edition The production stage Printing quality in the ceramic industry is influenced by the material s unique technological characteristics. The substrates to be decorated may have characteristics that make them very difficult to treat. For example, green tiles leaving the dryer have temperatures of around C, decreasing as the tiles move along the line. The application of glazes, screen printing decorations and the transport systems make these temperatures necessary to prevent the tile bodies from breaking during transit. The digital printing machine is normally located in a zone where the tiles reach temperatures of between 50 C and 60 C. These temperatures are not ideal for good printing as after a few minutes of production they are liable to give rise to severe condensation, or even worse, nozzle plate contamination. All digital decorating machine producers advice setting up the line in such a way that the tiles arrive at the machine infeed at temperatures in the region of 45 C to considerably reduce the t between the tile and the print table. Colora HD s ability to control the temperature of the print table and the ink by means of the sensors present in the delivery and return circuits and in the print table allows for optimal management of machine performance. Furthermore, traditional decoration applications involve formulations that include the presence of water (e.g. engobes, glazes, screen printing pastes, etc.). This water is subject to evaporation, which, due to the non-polar nature of ceramic inks and the characteristics of the printheads, may give rise to problems such as banding, interruption of printing or damage to electronics. It is therefore necessary to prevent evaporation. Fans, intakes and dryer exit temperature regulation are important tools that can help to reduce this kind of problem (Photo 24). For the same reason, additive producers have developed primers capable of temporarily preventing evaporation from the tiles. Some companies have also proposed various methods (air conditioning, water, etc.) for temporarily reducing the surface temperature of the tile bodies. The machine is fitted with useful features such as extraction systems on the print table. The purpose of this is to isolate the colour bars so as to avoid contamination between incompatible colours and to prevent nebulised vapours/inks from depositing on the print table and forming droplets that might make it necessary to halt production. Colora HD has its own system for extraction between the bars that is specially designed to minimise the above-mentioned problems. During production, impurities inevitably tend to deposit on the print table over time and eventuality affect the quality of decoration. These impurities must therefore be removed by means of suitable cleaning procedures. Colora HD offers a fully automatic, usersettable system capable of achieving the quality standards required by customers (Photo 25). Another fundamental aspect for achieving the requisite application conditions and for maintaining the functionality of the digital decorating machine over time is that of controlling the environment in which the machine is installed. Digital decoration is susceptible to the influence of dust and humidity. Dust can clog the printhead nozzles externally and create problems with the printing electronics, while humidity can create problems due to the incompatibility between inks, printheads and water (Photo 26). For these reasons, correct environmental conditions are essential and the only way of maintaining them is to install the machine inside a purpose-designed cabinet. The atmosphere inside the cabinet should preferably be air conditioned to guarantee optimal levels of temperature and humidity, and a slight positive pressure should be maintained to prevent dust from entering the cabinet. This kind of solution is widely used in manufacturing facilities the world over (Photo 27). Undesired contact between the tiles and the printheads may lead to deformations and/or clogging of the nozzles, irreversibly deviating the trajectory of the ink drops. A frequent occurrence during production is the overlap of tiles which may damage the print table as they advance. For this reason, a number of manufacturers include specific protection systems. Colora HD is equipped with a system for detecting overlapping tiles that when necessary causes the print unit to lift temporarily without halting production. Correct start-up begins with correct positioning of the digital decorating machine on the line. In.Te.Sa. is able to support customers at all stages of introducing Colora HD into the

57 production process. Meeting market needs also means decorating large-format tiles. For this reason, Colora HD is also available with printing widths of 900 mm, 1400 mm and 1700 mm (Photo 29). Fig. 29 Production management also involves the use of colour management systems that support customers through all stages of the production process, from conception through to quality control. For this purpose, In.Te.Sa. offers a proprietary system called CRONO (see the article published on page 4). NOTE Acimac handbooks Edition. 55

58 by Alberto Ghisellini Advantages of digital printing in the ceramic decoration process The introduction of digital printing has brought a number of benefits for the ceramic decoration process. While initially noted for its aesthetic results, the real strength of this innovation is now recognised as being its ability to cut costs through production control and flexibility. But what are the advantages of digital printing over traditional decoration? Non-contact printing: this characteristic makes it possible to print on textured surfaces and over previous applications without having to take account of these applications or the humidity of the surface. Digital quality of images: the introduction of ever higher performance printing systems and new inks capable of expanding the available colour space has allowed for the increasingly realistic reproduction of designs such as natural stone and wood. Graphic design development: the possibility of creating a considerable number of images per project and the uniqueness of products are characteristics that cannot be achieved with traditional technology. Speed of development and reproducibility of products that was unimaginable prior to the introduction of digital technology. Tone stability resulting in reduction in warehouse stock. Simplification of logistics in terms of previously used glazes and screen printing pastes, which are replaced by 3, 4 or 5 base colours, as well as the screens, rollers and transducers used to transfer images in traditional technology. This results in both logistic and economic benefits given the absence of component wear and the waste and obsolescence of the screen printing pastes used in the past. Speed of product changeover: with these printing systems it is possible to change product type in under two minutes, provided other applications on the line do not need to be modified. This leads to a reduction in the minimum batch size without sustaining higher production costs and resulting in the maximum production plant flexibility. Higher productivity due to the intrinsic characteristics of printing technology such as speed, reproducibility and stability. The first choice percentage that can be achieved with this technology is extremely high. Naturally the chosen printing system must consider the high speed on the decoration line so as not to risk a falloff in productivity. Low operating costs: using the printing system in accordance with the manufacturer s specifications allows maximum production efficiency to be maintained along with low maintenance costs. In particular, the temperature of the item to be printed must be kept within an established range so as to avoid an excessive number of stoppages to reset the system. Furthermore, the formation of condensation in the lower part of the piezoelectric element due to the temperature differential between the printing unit and the tile may over time damage the nozzles of the piezoelectric element. The hygroscopicity of the inks must also be considered as the ink s tendency to incorporate water can cause serious problems. The temperature and vapour levels must therefore be kept within the values specified by the manufacturer. Low ink consumption: with the aid of effective colour management systems it is possible to optimise consumption so as to create the widest range of products using just a few grams of ink per square metre. For more than ten years, Kerajet has been working towards the introduction of digital decoration in the ceramic production process. The know-how passed on to its customers derives from ongoing research into all aspects of the digital printing process, including printing systems, inks, colour management software, technical support and graphic design. The experience and expertise it has gained enable the company to develop proprietary or integrated solutions for the utmost freedom and customisation, thereby delivering flexible solutions that meet real production requirements. The 270 completed digital installations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solutions. Fig. 1 COLOUR MANAGEMENT 56. Acimac handbooks Edition Colour management is an aspect of the utmost importance for printing. But unlike traditional graphic arts printing, ceramic decoration is followed by a firing stage that can alter the colour rendering of pigmented inks. The colour space available for reproducing an image is therefore very limited. The image 1 shows two gamuts. SRGB is the wider colour space normally used in graphic arts, whereas the much narrower gamut is that of a three-colour ceramic profile. In image 2 too, the gamut of a multicolour ceramic profile (C Br P Y Bg) is very limited compared to the Adobe RGB colour space. In image 3, comparing the CMYK colour space available for paper

59 printing with a ceramic three-colour space, the limits of reproducibility of certain colours are very evident. Furthermore, the wide degree of variability in the ceramic production process hinders photographic reproducibility. This variability arises from the fact that there are a number of factors in ceramic production that are difficult to maintain constant, including substrate composition, glaze formulation and quantity, and firing cycle. SUBSTRATE All the materials in the body are difficult to control in terms of nature, characteristics and quantities. Even introducing strict controls it is difficult to maintain them constant over time, which jeopardises product reproducibility (fig. 4). PRE-PRINTING APPLICATIONS Here too it is difficult to keep their formulation constant. Components are often changed for both technical and commercial reasons, and variations in these applications considerably impacts the end result of printing (fig. 5). FIRING CYCLE This phase is very important for the colour development of the inks used in digital decoration, and even small differences in temperature or firing times can lead to considerable variations in colour (fig. 6). Further potential variables include configuration and colour sequences, ink suppliers, glazing line speed and printing parameters. To be able to manage all these variables successfully it is necessary to correctly identify the current situation by associating a specific profile with a given time. The ceramic profile is therefore a precise picture of a given situation that considers all the abovementioned variables (fig. 7). The profile is generated by printing a chart (consisting of base colours and their combinations) that respects the colour sequence, the belt speed and the other printing parameters. This must be done using the body, glaze and engobe effectively used at that given time and performing a real firing cycle. The patches that make up the chart are subsequently measured using a spectrophotometer and the measured colorimetric data are processed by a software package capable of generating an ICC profile. The ICC profile of the RGB file (e.g. the file of a stone surface) and the generated profile are processed by an additional software converter that also offers a preview of the result that can be achieved. At this stage the designer can make any necessary changes using Photoshop, avoiding the need for numerous costly trial runs. WORKFLOW The use of a correct workflow, tools Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Glaze Glaze Engobe Salting Engobe Fig. 7 Salting Printing: belt speed longitudinal resolution colour sequence Firing cycle Fig. 5 Salting Fig. 8 and colour management software together with reliable, highperformance printers enables Kerajet to deliver high-quality printing and reproducibility (fig. 8) and to: Standardise the various sizes Standardise the various products (double firing, single firing, porcelain tile) Standardise the various types of printer Replace ink suppliers Increase the colour modules Reduce ink consumption to create the same graphic design. Fig. 6 Acimac handbooks Edition. 57

60 KERAJET PROPOSALS FOR COLOUR MANAGEMENT Kerajet-ColorStore colour management systems can drastically cut times, resources and materials previous used for testing. Just a few actions are required to send a set of graphic images to production. This is largely a result of the reliable colour proofing system. What is viewed on the monitor or printed on paper is very similar to the final result after firing. This means it is sufficient to perform a colour proof following corrections to the graphic design without having to actually perform decoration and firing each time. The Kerajet-ColorStore colour management systems allow for: maximum exploitation of the colour properties of inks significantly higher quality total control over colours higher productivity high performance speed and versatility (print on demand) considerably shorter processing times and fewer waste materials fewer print proofs and firing operations lower ink consumption product reproducibility guaranteed correct use of the printing system without approximations thanks to a professional colour management technology production control and management. This enables the maximum benefit to be obtained from the characteristics of speed, productivity and versatility of digital systems such as those of Kerajet. The system can be applied to all inks, bodies, glazes, etc. KERAPROFILER AND KERACONVERTER Fig. 9 Fig. 10 KERAprofiler and KERAconverter are software packages designed for creating specific colour profiles for ceramic inkjet printing systems and for the conversion and separation of graphic designs used in the ceramic sector. KERAprofiler and KERAconverter give ceramic companies, graphic design firms and glaze and colour producers the opportunity to create colour profiles with complete autonomy. The software packages are based on colour libraries created exclusively with ceramic inks for Kerajet printing machines using an exclusive conversion engine. This allows for the maximum colorimetric quality during the separation of designs for ceramic printing. Colour profiles are based on the ICC standard so as to fully exploit advantages such as faithful simulation on both monitor and paper, the end result subsequent to firing, the possibility of making further colour corrections to already separated designs, a significant reduction in printing proofs, etc. The main advantages of KERAprofiler are: better colour separation of the designs high-quality colour profiles possibility of faithfully simulating the end result subsequent to firing on the monitor (soft-proofing) and on paper (hard-proofing) possibility of making further colour corrections/adjustments directly on the separated graphic file with the use of post-firing simulation a significant reduction in materials and times needed during intermediate tests. The main advantages of KERAconverter are: the possibility of converting previous production runs (including those performed with traditional systems) to digital systems subsequent to verification of original graphic files, use of a proprietary conversion engine and rendering intents specifically designed for ceramic inkjet systems. 58. Acimac handbooks Edition autonomous creation of colour profiles maximum colour rendering of the inks used Profile management KERAprofiler can be used to

61 generate colour profiles based on the ICC standard for various types of printing: Three-colour Four-colour Multicolour (with and without black as base colour and only for the Multicolor RIP Tiffout module). KERAprofiler is also able to generate prevalently four-colour profiles on the basis of spectral data obtained from third-party software or from ICC colour profiles generated with other software. In this latter case, KERAprofiler does not edit the existing profile but simply extrapolates the existing spectral data contained in the ICC profile and then generates the profile according to its own algorithms (fig. 9 and 10). Testcharts and testchart reading KERAprofiler generally uses proprietary testcharts for reading spectral data. These testcharts were developed mainly for X-RIte EyeOne io reading systems and are available for both single patch and strip mode reading. This latter mode is an important innovation as it allows a testchart to be read in under 3 minutes. This function is available only for dedicated ColorStore testcharts included in the software (fig. 11). of factors liable to influence the quality of the end result and thereby guarantee the maximum colour fidelity according to the inks and the base glaze used (fig. 12). Black channel (K) generation Like all four-colour profile generation software packages, KERAprofiler has the functions and parameters necessary for black channel (K) generation. The classic commands for black ink management are therefore available, such as: K-Max, K-Min, TAC, GCR, etc. (fig. 13). Conversion management KERAconverter allows for optimal management of all parameters necessary for performing a colour conversion from an RGB or CMYK source space to a CMY or CMYK output space. These include: Configuration name Path of folder where converted designs are saved Definition of RGB and CMYK source spaces Maintaining any incorporated profiles Definition of output space Black point compensation Embedded profile Rendering intent. Fig. 11 Fig. 12 Colour libraries KERAprofiler uses different colour libraries according to the type of graphic design and colour and type of base glaze. It is a well-known fact that one of the main characteristics of ceramic printing is that base glazes of different colour and intensity are used according to the type of product to be produced. This leads to colour quality problems during graphic design conversion, the problems becoming more serious the further the base glaze deviates from theoretical paper white. Specific settings that can be customised during profile generation allow KERAprofiler to take account The converted graphic files are automatically saved in a folder set by the user. It is possible to create an infinite number of conversion configurations and to have 8 conversion slots in the main window. Product conversions One of the important functions of KERAconverter is to convert or adapt products already created with other inkjet technologies. This is very useful when changing ink supplier or printhead technology (e.g. from binary to greyscale), or when it is necessary to repeat a product made in the past with a Fig. 13 Fig. 14 Acimac handbooks Edition. 59

62 Fig. 15 Fig Acimac handbooks Edition completely different machine from the one that is to be used for the new production run. T h i s function is subject to a number of constraints that must be taken into consideration, including colour model, original graphic designs, difference between old and new inks, differences between old and new machines (fig. 14 and 15). RIP Tiffout Rip Tiffout is a postscript RIP designed by ColorStore exclusively for the ceramic inkjet printing sector and is able to generate 1 Bit halftone files for exclusive use with Kerajet plotter printers. Thanks to the use of proprietary screens, Rip Tiffout converts the continuous-tone graphic tiles to 1 Bit halftone files to ensure correct printing with the various Kerajet solutions. Rip Tiffout is a modular type RIP, i.e. it offers the opportunity of integrating a number of modules with the standard version according to each company s specific requirements. Some of these modules are innovative solutions for the ceramic sector, such as the Multicolor and Tone Tuner module (fig. 16). Multicolor The RIP s Multicolor module is a major innovation in the ceramic inkjet printing sector in terms of multicolour printing. The main advantage of this module is the capability of managing multicolour printing in-machine while maintaining the graphic files in CMY or CMYK mode. It does not use a Spot Color or Multichannel type mode as these colour management modes tend to be highly problematical. The Multicolor module uses the same print driver technology as normal paper inkjet printers or plotters. They have from 5 to 12 colour cartridges but the graphic files are maintained in RGB or CMYK thanks to the print driver responsible for separation of the various colours. This is a fundamental aspect in a workflow for ceramic inkjet printing systems. Keeping the graphic files in CMY or CMYK mode means maintaining all the benefits and advantages of a colour management system based on ICC profiles. Furthermore, the fact that 6 inks are used for printing means that the operator does not have to make any adjustment during either profile generation or graphic design management. The only difference for the graphic design operator is that a much wider colour space is available, giving much greater margins for colour correction of converted graphic files and greater creative freedom. Linearizzazione The linearisation module is contained in some print drivers for Kerajet printers. It is a tool for calibrating ceramic printers or plotters and is essential for optimising the printer and the workflow as it is able to place the printer in a known and repeatable state. This is a significant factor for maintaining process stability, reconversion and remote proofing. Remote Proofing The Remote Proofing function has always been part of the linearisation module and is used to standardise two or more printers, for example to ensure that two or more printers (possibility with the same characteristics) deliver the same colour results during printing, or to standardise two production runs on the same printer. Cost Manager Cost Manager is a module that is capable of calculating ink consumption and cost per square metre of any project prior to printing. The Cost Manager module takes account of all the parameters set by the user and required for the calculation (number of colours, resolution, cost of colour per kg, etc.). Tone Tuner Intended mainly for production purposes, Tone Tuner is able to rapidly resolve tone variation problems that arise during production. It is sufficient to establish a correction value and the RIP generates 11 different tonal versions of the graphic design. The tonal modification corresponding to the reference is applied to a single face or all faces of the design, depending on requirements. This module is also very useful for graphic design operators in the intermediate proof stage, allowing them to rapidly perform colour centring of a given reference sample or obtain an immediate response in a process of tonal variation. KERAverifier This module is an invaluable tool for checking the stability of the production process (firing, glaze, etc.). The procedure is quick to perform and involves reading two small test strips to check for variations in the production flow. The KERAverifier module provides all the necessary colorimetric data and the corresponding colour variations. In this case it is easy to determine what has changed from one print to another or from one production run to another. KERAproofer KERAproofer uses a normal plotter

63 or inkjet printer to make a paper printout of the graphic file intended for the ceramic inkjet printing. This provides an extremely accurate simulation of the end result of firing and the precise colour of the base glaze. This module is an essential tool for graphic design operators as it allows them to save time in intermediate proofing and firing. The ceramic inkjet printer, glazed tiles and the firing kiln are not always available. It is not necessary to perform the inkjet print on the ceramic substrate until the paper print correctly simulates the desired result. The KERAproofer module is available for various printer or plotter sizes, from 17 upwards, independently of the brand. It is also available in stand-alone mode for colour proofing on paper for companies that do not use Kerajet printers. KERAJET PRINTING SYSTEMS K700X: single-step industrial printer for decoration of ceramic floor and wall tiles. K700S-K1000S: single-step industrial printer for decoration of ceramic floor and wall tiles. Pk200: multi-pass plotter for decoration of field tiles and trim pieces and for creating prototypes. KF 1200 S: single-step and multi-pass industrial printer for large formats. SIDE PRINT: single-step industrial printer for vertical decoration of trim pieces. TEST JET: laboratory instrument for checking ink operation. The main difference between the single-pass systems presented is their use of different print units, the XAAR 1001 and SEIKO GS II. This difference should be taken into consideration when choosing the most suitable system for printing requirements. While some characteristics are similar (such as dimensions, software, the possibility of interpreting a design in binary or greyscale mode, print quality, user interface, double row printing and general functions), the systems offer different performances when decorating many products, especially where it is necessary to deposit a large quantity of ink or for high speeds on the glazing line, or when it is necessary to create a particularly intense product. This means that the higher performance printing system will not only be a good choice for the production of small sizes but will also offer a degree of freedom and greater opportunities in the decoration of large formats (fig. 17 and 18). Fig. 17 Fig. 18 Acimac handbooks Edition. 61

64 K700X PRINTER The K700X printer is suitable for installations with a moderate decoration speed on the glazing line and where a high level of colour deposition is not required. TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS Printing technology: DOD (drop on demand) Variable drop volume: from 6 to 42 pl usable in binary mode (choosing a given drop volume to create a graphic design) or with 4 levels of grey according to the intensity of the source file Variable printing width: from minimum printing width of 282 mm consisting of 4 printheads per colour module to maximum printing width of 705 mm consisting of 10 printheads per colour module Possible configurations: From 3 to 6 independent colour modules with relevant feeding and recirculation circuits to allow for the use of 6 different colours Graphic design management: Three-colour, four-colour, multicolour depending on the colour modules installed on the machine Maximum printing length: 54,000 mm corresponding to graphic memory capacity Transversal printing definition: 360 dpi for each colour module Longitudinal print definition: varies according to piece infeed speed 864 dpi - 10 m/min. in binary mode 42 pl or GS 4 (maximum deposition) 360 dpi - 24 m/min. in binary mode 42 pl or GS 4 (maximum deposition) Maximum thickness of piece to be printed: 40 mm Image loading time: under 2 minutes for a file of length 10 m; this corresponds to the product change time provided the applications on the glazing line are not changed. Cleaning and ink recovery: Automatic standby cleaning system for print units with ink kept recirculating Automatic on-run printhead cleaning system taking less than 20 seconds Inks used: Pigmented inks and soluble salts from various approved suppliers Dimensions: 1,700 x 1,470 x 3,700 mm K700S - K1000S PRINTERS The K700S and K1000S printers (SEIKO GS print units) allow for highspeed production and are able to deliver a sufficient quantity of colour to create very intense products. TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS Printing technology: DOD (drop on demand) Variable drop volume: from 15 to 105 pl usable in binary mode (choosing a given drop volume to create a graphic design) or with 4 levels of grey according to the intensity of the source file Variable printing width: from minimum printing width of 287 mm consisting of 8 printheads per colour module to maximum printing width of 1077 mm (K1000) consisting of 30 printheads per colour module Possible configurations: From 3 to 5 independent colour modules with relevant feeding and recirculation circuits to allow for the use of 5 different colours Graphic design management: Threecolour, four-colour, multicolour depending on the colour modules installed on the machine Maximum printing length: 54,000 mm corresponding to graphic memory capacity Transversal printing definition: 360 dpi for each colour module Longitudinal print definition: varies according to piece infeed speed 1016 dpi - 24 m/min. in binary mode 30 pl or GS dpi - 31 m/min. in binary mode 30 pl or GS 3 Fig Acimac handbooks Edition

65 554 dpi - 43 m/min. in binary mode 30 pl or GS dpi - 50 m/min. in binary mode 30 pl or GS 3 Maximum printing speed: 70 m/min. Maximum thickness of piece to be printed: 40 mm Image loading time: under 2 minutes for a file of length 10 m; this corresponds to the product change time provided the applications on the glazing line are not changed. Cleaning and ink recovery: Automatic standby cleaning system for print units with ink kept recirculating Automatic on-run printhead cleaning system taking less than 15 seconds Inks used: Pigmented inks and soluble salts from various approved suppliers Dimensions: 1,700 x 1,470 x 3,700 mm version K700S 2,100 x 1,470 x 3,700 mm version K1000S Fig. 20 Fig. 21 Fig. 22 Fig Pk200S, Seiko GS II printhead Fig PK 200S Plotter PK200S PLOTTER The plotter Pk200S is the ideal solution for the production of trim pieces and accents. It is also able to faithfully simulate the working conditions of singlestep printers, making it an important tool for research and development of products of any kind. TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS Variable drop volume: from 15 to 105 pl usable in binary mode (choosing a given drop volume to create a graphic design) or with 4 levels of grey according to the intensity of the source file Maximum printable size: 800x1980 mm standard version; customisable with print table up to 1200x3600 mm Configurability: 6 print units with relevant feeding and recirculation circuits to allow for the use of 6 different colours Graphic design management: Threecolour, four-colour, multicolour depending on the number of colours installed on the machine Productivity: varies according to desired print quality; e.g. 360 dpi x 508 dpi standard quality, 25 sq.m/h Image loading time: 1 min. for a 1980x800 mm file Cleaning and ink recovery: Automatic standby cleaning system for print units with ink kept recirculating Maximum thickness of piece to be printed: 150 mm Inks used: Pigmented inks and soluble salts from various approved suppliers. Dimensions: 3,200 x 1,800 x 1,200 mm Acimac handbooks Edition. 63

66 PRODUCTION COMPARISONS The following are some examples of the various products that can be obtained with different printing systems at various line speeds and the corresponding colour deposition required to create them. Printing system used Printer 360 dpi 360 dpi Resolution Xaar 1001 Seiko GS Print unit 4 colour modules 4 colour modules Configuration 4 moduli colore 4 moduli colore Fig Examples of products that can be obtained with a speed of 20 metres per minute on the glazing line Fig Examples of products that can be obtained with a speed of 24 metres per minute on the glazing line Fig Examples of products that can be obtained with a speed of 32 metres per minute on the glazing line Fig Examples of products that can be obtained with a speed of 40 metres per minute on the glazing line NOTE 64. Acimac handbooks Edition

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68 Innovative solutions for inkjet printing machines by Francesco Casoni Projecta Engineering has developed a full range of products for digital decoration with the aim of exploring all the new creative horizons that this technology has opened up in terms of aesthetic product development. For this purpose, all the mechanical, electrical and electronic components with the exception of the digital printhead have been designed, developed and manufactured internally. This is the best way of retaining complete control over the printing process and ink management while developing systems capable of working with any type of ceramic product in terms of size and surface texture. The heart of the system is the world-leading Xaar way digital printhead. This printhead was chosen firstly for its exclusive ink recirculation system and secondly because it offers the best graphic resolution for ceramic decoration media (360 dpi). Its use, together with a proprietary patented feeding system that is able to exploit the unique ink recirculation system, eliminates all problems relating to operation of the nozzles and consequent defects on the decorated surfaces. This eliminates both impurities (unfiltered particles) and feeding gaps (air bubbles), guaranteeing a process of dynamic feeding and an unlimited ink flow, which is particularly useful when the printhead is subject to continued operating stress such as when printing solid areas of colour. The management software for the digital printhead control module is also proprietary, allowing its performance characteristics to be optimised for the ceramic sector. The machine is able to operate with variable volume droplets ( greyscale mode) with 8 levels of between 6 and 42 picolitres. The greyscale system allows for the highest level of graphic definition. Projecta Engineering s machines are currently built to enable operation with up to 6 colours (with the exception of the Digiplot plotter, which is available with up to 8 colours), but the software is ready to manage up to 12 colours. THE RANGE OF PRINTERS 66. Acimac handbooks Edition The system from Projecta Engineering is both integrated and open. It covers a broad range of sizes (it can be used to decorate tiles up to a width of 1120 mm) and integrates with other solutions (including the Digiplot plotter, the patented Compact and Compact Moving machines for trim pieces designed to handle complex geometries and surface textures, and the Ink Tester control system). Furthermore, a constantly evolving validation system means that the machine is compatible with all inks supplied by the leading glaze and colour producers on the market. It also offers enormous creative potential to graphic design firms, many of whom have adopted the Digiplot development system. Keramagic 700 and Keramagic Maxi differ only in terms of their maximum printing widths. Keramagic Compact offers the same performance but with much smaller overall dimensions and a Type of machine Maximum printing width (mm) Keramagic Keramagic Maxi 1260 Keramagic Compact 350 Keramagic Moving 350 Digiplot 1400 x 700 Ink-Tester 70 narrower printing width. Keramagic Moving was developed to decorate any kind of concave or convex surface thanks to the printhead tilt capability. Digiplot is a laboratory plotter that can faithfully reproduce the same print options as Keramagic using a single-pass print mode. Ink-Tester is a simple and reliable system for colour testing. Keramagic also adopts other innovative software and hardware solutions that speed up and simplify maintenance operations, drastically reducing the overlap line effect, improving colour uniformity and eliminating the white line defect typically caused by nozzle clogging. Designed in accordance with the SITI-BT Group s GREENERGY criteria, Keramagic uses a greyscale system together with feeding recirculation management to achieve considerable ink savings. Compared to its direct competitors, the machine has a considerably lower installed power and therefore lower energy requirements. This enables it to be fitted with an uninterruptable power supply to overcome the risk of power failures, a solution that cannot be adopted on other digital machines.

69 KERAMAGIC This inkjet digital printing machine adopts drop-on-demand technology specifically designed for printing on ceramic tiles using pigmented and non-pigmented inks and non-waterbased solutions and suspensions. The basic principle that makes this printer especially effective for printing on ceramic tiles is that the ink or colour is kept constantly in circulation through the printhead, allowing the ink to keep out anything that might block the individual nozzle (polluting particles, agglomerates and air bubbles), thus helping to maintain the suspension and avoiding and/or drastically reducing unnecessary production shutdowns. This circulation is obtained using a specific hydraulic system, and the polluting particles are eliminated using a battery of filters. This digital printer has two main innovative features: the 360 dpi printing resolution, the possibility of setting the size of the drop at 8 levels of grey, thus achieving photographic printing quality with excellent shade contrast. The standard used is four colour printing (CMYK), while the electronics and the software have been implemented for the use of printing modes with up to eight colours. In order to exploit the printer s potential to the full, it was necessary to design and construct a powerful microcontrolled electronic system, a control Fig. 1 - Keramagic KERAMAGIC: TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS Resolution 360 dpi cross-section (physical); longitudinal 360 dpi at 24 m/min. Printing speed from 1 to 48 m/min. (with resolution of 360 dpi and 8 grey levels the maximum speed is 24 m/min) Type of printing standard four colour or multicolour drop-on-demand inkjet Grey levels 8 levels Printhead make and model Xaar 1001 Belt transport brushless motor with optical encoder and reducer with zero backlash Head height and movement control stepper motor Motor control driver programmable intelligent digital Power supply 400 Vac three-phase 50Hz+N+E Required power 5 kw at 400 Vac Compressed air fi ltered min. 6 bar Belt width 750 mm MATERIALS Loadbearing structure mixed, painted carbon steel and AISI 304 stainless steel Belt movement structure AISI 304 stainless steel Conveyor belt acid-resistant polyurethane with polyester/aramid composite Colour tray carbon steel and RAL 7035 painted iron Feet and supporting structure AISI 304 stainless steel Protective casing polycarbonate and AISI 304 stainless steel Electric boards AISI 304 stainless steel with IP56/65 protection rating OVERALL DIMENSIONS (APPROXIMATE) Length 3600 mm (up to 4 colours); 4100 mm (up to 6 colours) Width 1700 mm Height 2200 mm Weight 1300 kg Fig. 2 - Keramagic for large sizes Fig. 3 - Keramagic for large sizes Acimac handbooks Edition. 67

70 software with an operator interface and a simple mechanical system, all designed to allow the KeraMagic to provide outstanding technical performance while at the same time making it extremely easy to operate. Standard versions KeraMagic KM700: print width from 70 to 700 mm, 10 printheads per colour. KeraMagic KM1120: print width from 70 to 1120 mm, 16 printheads per colour. Picture below - Keramagic Compact Moving 68. Acimac handbooks Edition KERAMAGIC COMPACT AND KERAMAGIC COMPACT MOVING Digital inkjet printing machines with drop on demand technology, delivering the same technical and design characteristics and performance as KeraMagic. Keramagic Compact is specifically designed for printing on small-size ceramic tiles such as skirtings, borders and accents. The special version KeraMagic Compact Moving was developed for printing on trim pieces and non-flat surfaces. In a single pass it is able to decorate bullnoses, rounded liners, etc. The printheads can be shifted in order to adjust the spray angle to the surface of the piece, so the printhead can be moved as close as possible to the piece. Standard versions KeraMagic Compact KMC210/4 expandable to KMC210/6 KeraMagic Compact KMC280/4 expandable to KMC280/6 KeraMagic Compact KMC350/4 KERAMAGIC COMPACT: TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS Resolution 360 dpi cross-section (physical); longitudinal 360 dpi at 24 m/min. Printing speed from 1 to 48 m/min. (with resolution of 360 dpi and 8 grey levels the maximum speed is 24 m/min.) Type of printing standard four colour or multicolour drop-on-demand inkjet Grey levels 8 levels Printhead make and model Xaar 1001 Belt transport brushless motor with optical encoder and reducer with zero backlash Head height and movement control stepper motor Motor control driver programmable intelligent digital Power supply 400 Vac three-phase 50Hz+N+E Required power 5 kw at 400 Vac Compressed air fi ltered min. 6 bar Belt width 650 mm MATERIALS Loadbearing structure mixed, painted carbon steel and AISI 304 stainless steel Belt movement structure AISI 304 stainless steel Conveyor belt acid-resistant polyurethane with polyester/aramid composite Colour tray carbon steel and RAL 7035 painted iron Feet and supporting structure AISI 304 stainless steel Protective casing polycarbonate and AISI 304 stainless steel Electric boards AISI 304 stainless steel with IP56/65 protection rating OVERALL DIMENSIONS (APPROXIMATE) Length 2600/2800 mm Width 1500 mm Height 2200 mm Weight 1000 kg

71 expandable to KMC350/6 KeraMagic Compact KMC210/4/M expandable to KMC210/6/M KeraMagic Compact KMC280/4/M expandable to KMC280/6/M KeraMagic Compact KMC350/4/M expandable to KMC350/6/M. DIGIPLOT AND INK TESTER Digiplot is a laboratory plotter that can faithfully reproduce the same print options as Keramagic using single-pass print mode. Ink Tester is a specific system for identifying the physical and chemical parameters of Inkjet colours. Thanks to the targeted use of a single printhead, this machine offers similar performance to machines used for industrial production, at an acceptable cost. Both machines replicate the construction and design characteristics of Keramagic (use of pigmented and nonpigmented inks, nonaqueous solutions and suspensions; ink or colour kept constantly circulating through the printing head, 360 dpi print resolution, possibility of managing drop size in 8 grey levels, electronics and software adapted for use of up to eight colour printing). DIGIPLOT: TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS Print area 700x1400 mm Resolution 360 dpi Printing speed Max. 15 m/min at 360 dpi and 8 grey levels Type of printing standard four colour or multicolour drop-on-demand inkjet Grey levels 8 levels Printhead make and model Xaar 1001 Axes brushless motor with optical encoder Head height and movement control stepper motor Motor control driver programmable intelligent digital Power supply 400 Vac three-phase 50Hz+N+E Required power 3 kw at 400 Vac Compressed air fi ltered min. 6 bar Digiplot MATERIALS Loadbearing structure Table structure Protective casing Electric boards mixed, painted carbon steel and AISI 304 stainless steel Aluminium polycarbonate and AISI 304 stainless steel painted carbon steel with IP56/65 protection rating OVERALL DIMENSIONS (APPROXIMATE) DG /4-6 colour Length mm 2410 mm 3250 Width mm 2100 mm 2100 Height mm 1180 mm 1180 Work table height mm 800 mm 800 Weight kg 1000 kg 1100 DG /8 colour Acimac handbooks Edition. 69

72 Projecta Engineering laboratory INKTESTER: TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS Print area 70 mm Resolution 360 dpi Printing speed Max. 24 m/min at 360 dpi and 8 grey levels Type of printing inkjet drop on demand single colour Grey levels 8 levels Printhead make and model Xaar 1001 Belt transport brushless motor with optical encoder and reducer with zero backlash Belt width 220 mm Head height and movement control manual Motor control driver 230 Vac single-phase 50Hz + E Power supply 1 kw at 230 Vac Required power fi ltered min. 6 bar COMPRESSED AIR Supporting structure RAL 7032 painted carbon steel Electrical board painted carbon steel with IP56/65 protection rating OVERALL DIMENSIONS (APPROXIMATE) Length mm 1500 Width mm 500 Work table height mm 1000 Weight kg 100 NOTE 70. Acimac handbooks Edition

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74 by Paolo Monari Process innovation, the key to digital technology Digital technology is developing constantly and has rapidly become the most advanced technique for ceramic decoration. At the present time, the goal of System Ceramics is to understand which aspects need to be focused on in order to optimise the technology s productivity while pursuing continuous research into process innovation with a view to changing the parameters themselves. All process innovations are based on an analysis of the advantages and limitations of a new technology. We shall look at both. Advantages of digital technology include: High print definition Fast and cheaper prototyping Decoration of textured surfaces Graphic variability (number of faces) Flexibility in production changeovers (small on-demand batches). The disadvantages or limitations of digital technology include: Limitations in colour gamut Limited deposition of material Difficulties in rapid ink changing Productivity/speed Narrower working range throughout entire production process Machine cost Standardisation of finished product. COMPARISON BETWEEN TRADITIONAL DECORATION TECHNOLOGY (ROTOCOLOR) AND DIGITAL DECORATION TECHNOLOGY TAB. 1 ROTOCOLOR DIGITAL Cost of MACHINE purchase (variable) 1 3 Cost of INKS Average quantity of applied ink 9 1 Cost of new model PROTOTYPING 3 1 Cost of ANNUAL MAINTENANCE 1 2 Only by correctly adding together the various COSTS is it possible to obtain an estimate of the cost per m 2 using the two technologies to produce the same type of tile. FIG. 1 - Check Point System 72. Acimac handbooks Edition A comparison between conventional decoration technology (Rotocolor) and digital decoration technology reveals a number of differences which are worth examining. a) Cost per m 2 of totally digital production Table 1 shows that the various costs of the two decoration technologies must be added together correctly in order to obtain an estimate for the respective costs per square metre when producing the same type of tile. b) First choice percentage Apart from optimal colour stability, there is no universal agreement regarding the first choice percentages leaving the sorting stage. Digital technology still suffers from the problem of banding on the finished product, making it necessary to correct the software used by automatic vision and selection systems. Tiles with banding visible at a distance of cm are normally downgraded (at least in the case of floor tiles). So while digital technology has increased the percentage of first choice tiles by a few percentage points, at the same time the automatic sorting criteria have been altered. c) Productivity Digital machines currently work continuously and perform automatic scheduled purges and/or cleaning at a frequency that depends on the criticality of the product. The possibility of using automatic cleaning cycles allows stoppages and the need for human intervention to be minimised. However, it is still necessary to check the unfired product visually for the presence of lines, bands or drips. Here too, the alternative to human inspection is an automatic prefiring vision system, such as Check-Point from System (Fig. 1).

75 In general, however, in digital decoration the print speed is inversely proportional to print definition. Example: Medium print resolution of 200x400 dpi = print speed of 36 metres/minute. Maximum print resolution of 200x600 dpi = print speed of 24 metres/minute. So when talking about digital decoration it is more accurate to talk about production flexibility than productivity in absolute terms (Table 2). d) Repeatability over time Digital decoration introduces new operating problems such as the difficulty of digital colour management. Digital machines deliver excellent performance in terms of colour stability within a single production cycle. However, much more serious problems arise concerning the repeatability of a product over time, not so much due to printing differences of the digital machine as the influence of all the other parameters of the production cycle: tile temperature and moisture content; density, viscosity and weight of engobe and/or glaze; application and weight of final protection layers (patches, grits, etc.) firing cycle (kiln). It is difficult to maintain certain production parameters within a narrow working range, often making it necessary to make continuous graphic alterations to the digital file in order to bring a given model back to the correct colour tone. DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY To sum up, in order to decorate effectively it is necessary to optimise: productivity yield aesthetic quality repeatability colour range flexibility (batch breakdown) innovation production costs. The points about which there is a lack of agreement on digital decoration are: production cost per m 2, first choice percentage (yield) productivity / repeatability colour gamut deposition of material. There is a tendency at present to adapt the entire production process to the requirements of digital printing without considering the fact that to stabilise digital productivity an innovation of the entire process is needed. All the process parameters that vary upstream and downstream of digital decoration and which have a strong influence on the final aesthetic result are not currently digitalised and therefore cannot be easily controlled. System believes that technology will develop successfully only if it is capable of bringing digital and analogue processes together more effectively so as to achieve greater control and working range tolerance. For this purpose, the new digital machine from System, the Rotodigit NG, has been designed with the versatility of various types of printheads so as to be able to apply greater quantities of ink and thereby facilitate the management of decoration within the normal variability of the production process. The characteristics of Rotodigit NG are: Only stand-alone machine New transport system with increased stability Transversal resolution = 200 dpi Longitudinal resolution = dpi PH exits PH exits PH exits Fig. 2 - Rotodigit NG Fig. 3 - Rotodigit NG TAB. 2 - PRODUCTIVITY OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY Transport speed = 24 metres/min. Pcs/min m 2 /min. m 2 /hour m 2 /shift NO STOPS 30x30 cm 52 4, x60 cm 24 8, x60 cm 30 5, Drop volume = from 30 to 200 picolitres Configurability Freedom to choose number of installable colour bars (from 1 to a maximum of 6 bars) Type of printheads: dpi = greyscale (4 levels) with pl drops FLEXIBILITY PRODUCTIVITY? Acimac handbooks Edition. 73

76 FIG. 4 - System image RIP dpi = greyscale (4 levels) with pl drops Maximum working speed = 50 metres/minute Ink recirculation Automatic printhead cleaning system Semiautomatic bar cleaning system with solvent Proprietary electronics: the printhead firing control electronics was developed internally and autonomously, allowing any type of printhead to be installed on the machine in the future Proprietary ink characterisation, allowing the waveforms to be optimised according to the characteristics of individual inks so as to achieve the best ink quality A proprietary raster image processor (RIP) that allows the graphic processing system to be customised (fig. 4). are: 1) Productivity 2) Wide colour gamut (due to the higher 200 dpi resolution and the larger quantity of discharged ink) 3) Synchronism with Rotocolor. Doubling the transversal resolution (200 dpi) and using a colour bar with 200 pl drop (yellow ink) considerably widens the gamut with the creation of numerous green tones through superimposition (fig. 8 and 9). Fig. 8 FIG. 5 and 6 Guided RIP: image software processing The following are optional: 1) use of the 4-level grey scale printing system with various drop distribution modes 2) use of the printing system with various binary drop distribution modes 3) use of mixed greyscale/binary printing system according to the type of ink used, maintaining the option of using various drop distribution modes. Fig x400 DPI C = 80 pl M = 80 pl Y = 80 pl K = 80 pl Fig. 7 - Rotodigit NG 74. Acimac handbooks Edition The image processing software automatically generates a job ticket containing all the print file technical information, making it possible to calculate the percentage graphic coverage of each colour and consequently the consumption of each ink loaded in the individual bars for a given type of design (figs. 5 and 6). THE ADVANTAGES OF ROTODIGIT NG The advantages of Rotodigit NG 200x400 DPI C = 80 pl M = 80 pl Y = 150 pl K = 80 pl

77 PRODUCTS CREATED WITH ROTODIGIT NG The following images show some products created with Rotodigit NG Fig Colour folder Acimac handbooks Edition. 75

78 The development of inkjet technology: flexibility and productivity by Pedro Benito Alcántara Cretaprint, a company that has been specialising in the production of decoration machinery for the ceramic sector since it was set up in 1997, delivers competitive and innovative solutions for digital printing developed in close cooperation with tile producer companies, to whom it also offers after-sales technical support, training and consulting. Innovation, creativity, reliability, quality of machinery, customer orientation and above all a team of high specialised technicians faithful to the company philosophy make Cretaprint a key international player in its sector. Fig. 1 FLEXIBILITY AND PRODUCTIVITY Cretaprint offers a wide range of products for ceramic inkjet printing that meet the individual needs of all companies. Cretaprinter, with a print width of up to 1120 mm, and Cretacompact, with a maximum width of 700 mm, are both modular machines that allow the number of colours and the print width to be chosen. These machines are designed so that both the print width and the number of bars to be adjusted in the future. The modular design delivers great flexibility, enabling ceramic companies to adapt the machines as their needs change over time. Inkjet technology has established a strong position in the ceramic market due to the significant advantages it offers, but the new Cretaprint solutions focus mainly on higher productivity and have the following technical characteristics: Modularity: from 3 to 8 bars CRETACOMPACT CRETAPRINTER 76. Acimac handbooks Edition Fig. 2

79 Open ink system Three-colour and six-colour printing Binary and greyscale modes Individual temperature control bar Electronic printhead alignment (software) Centring precision (max. 0.3 mm) Stable recirculation system Higher ink viscosity Double suction for each bar (suction between the bars). DOUBLE TILE PRINTING By maintaining a focus on production facilities and their effective day-today operations, Cretaprint is able to develop new products that meet specific production requirements. This has led to the development of Double Tile Printing, a new digital printing solution for the ceramic sector that allows two tiles with different dimensions and designs to be printed simultaneously with a single machine, ideal for multi-format printing. Double Tile Printing allows full use to be made of the machine s potential, especially the entire print width, increasing the rate of production without reducing print resolution. This brings a number of advantages, including: A single machine installation and start-up procedure for both lines. A single operator controls both lines. Single quality control for both lines. Lower energy costs. Lower maintenance costs. A single networked computer system for the two lines, which cuts operating times. Lower investments as it is unnecessary to purchase 2 printers. It is unnecessary to change format permanently on the printer. Minimises inactive times as it is possible to operate on one line while performing tests on the other. The lines are independent, so if necessary it is possible to operate on just one line. Changing one line: the central guide can be shifted to one side so the print width is not lost. FIG. 3 - Example of tile printing with 2 different sizes and designs These advantages bring the following results: Faster payback on investment More flexible production Higher productivity: Resolution is maintained and printed area increased when both lines operate simultaneously. Integration of the special guide for printing two pieces of different sizes at the same time involves a loss of just 40 mm of print width. This width can be 20 mm on one printhead and 20 mm on another, as shown in figure 4, or 40 mm on a single printhead. It should be noted however that the central guide can be shifted at any time in order to exploit the entire print width, in which case it is possible to print pieces up to 1120 mm in width. This assures highly versatile and flexible production. FIG. 4 FIG. 5 Acimac handbooks Edition. 77

80 CRETAVISION In the Cretavision system each model design can be associated with different reliefs on a series of pieces. This allows a given design to be adapted perfectly to the relief of the piece, regardless of the order in which the pieces enter the system. This module uses artificial vision hardware installed at the entrance to the machine to recognise and identify the various types of relief on the pieces and to print the design associated with each of them. To use this printing system, two processes to be performed for each model. Firstly, the artificial vision system must be taught to recognise and identify each of the reliefs. Secondly, the model must be configured with the Cretavision print mode and each design associated with one of the identified reliefs. FIG. 6 - Example of Cretavision printing To perform the relief recognition and identification process correctly, the system must be run in precisely the same way as when the machine is in operation: Belt in operation and at the desired speed for production Centring guide positioned at the entrance for correct printing of pieces Operation selector on Automatic No model loaded in the system for subsequent printing (otherwise the pieces will be recognised and printed by the machine). FIG. 7 Camera Camera inspection area Laser Laser beam Piece detector 78. Acimac handbooks Edition

81 VARIABLE-DATA PRINTING (VDP) Cretaprint has implemented a form of on-demand printing in which images may be changed from one printed piece to the next, without stopping or slowing down the printing process and using information from a database or external file. The technique is a direct outgrowth of digital printing, which harnesses computer databases and digital print devices and highly effective software to create high-quality, full colour tiles. There are two main operational modes to VDP. In one methodology, the image template and the variable information are both sent to the Raster Image Processor (RIP) which combines the two to produce each unique document. The other methodology is to combine the static and variable elements prior to printing, using specialized VDP software applications. These applications produce an optimized print stream, such as PostScript and PPML, which organize the print stream efficiently so that the static elements are only processed once by the RIP. There are several levels of variable printing. The most basic level involves changing the name on each copy. More complicated variable data printing uses versioning, where there may be differing amounts of customization. Finally there is full variability printing, where each image can be altered. All three types of variable data printing begin with a basic design that indicates which sections can be altered and a database of information that fills in the changeable fields. The returns for variable printing vary from double the normal return at the basic level to times the return for fully variable jobs. This naturally depends on content and the relevancy of that content, but the technique presents an effective tool for increasing ROI. This new form of printing is able to eliminate repetitive motifs and can decorate 700 square metres without duplicating two tiles. All this is done in real time without having to stop the machine. CRETAPLOTTER Cretaplotter is an inkjet plotter for sample preparation, creation of ceramic designs and production of trim pieces that has established a strong market position due to its high degree of reliability. Its characteristics include: Reliable ink system Precise movements Software allowing for high-level applications Up to 8 colours are available for a wider colour gamut, and it can operate with a conveyor belt to increase its speed with respect to that of other plotters. MECHANICS AND INK SYSTEM Cretaplotter is mounted on a rugged industrial bench complete with antivibration system to eliminate factors liable to adversely affect print quality. It consists of a system of highprecision linear axes that allow for high-quality printing. The movement of the heads on the X-Y-Z axes has a maximum error margin of ± 0.02 mm, which prevents white strips or overlapping of passes. It allows a high degree of accessibility to all components, including both the ink system and the heads. The ink system is reliable and requires a minimum ink volume of just 300 ml, making it suitable for the needs of colour producers who require minimal volumes to test new formulas, in which case it allows for cost savings. The available ink volume can be increased using external tanks (up to 8 litres) for cases in which ink consumption is high or colour is not changed continuously. This assures a stable system while keeping the ink in perfect condition. SOFTWARE Cretaprint has designed a simple and intuitive software package that facilitates model changing. The parameters of the model in progress can be modified without interrupting the printing process and it is not necessary to activate a Stop-Start procedure to begin printing the model with the changes made. It also allows movements to be made in manual mode in the desired zone so as to perform controlled cleaning, maintenance or servicing of the printing system. The end user has full control over the printing module, which he can operate using a joystick. PRINTING TRIM PIECES The possibility of integrating a conveyor belt makes Cretaplotter unique on the market, allowing for normal mode single pass printing. This new function minimises the investment required to print trim pieces as it is not necessary to purchase another machine. Acimac handbooks Edition. 79

82 It delivers the same characteristics as Cretaprinter and Cretacompact. MULTIPLE PRINT MODES Cretaplotter has various print modes designed to meet the real needs of producers in the various stages of the production process. With conveyor belt: Prints the complete design in a single pass. In single pass mode the plotter is the fastest on the market. Multipass: In this mode the number of passes to be performed for printing can be chosen. One, two or four passes can be performed. This system completely eliminates banding and achieves excellent results. Simulation: Simulation print mode can be used to verify that the machine is calibrated effectively and is able to determine energy consumption to a high degree of precision. SINGLE PASS PRINT OPTION WITH CONVEYOR BELT Normal: The same section of the designs is printed on each piece. The section may be part of the design or the complete design. Incremental: Various sections of the same design are printed and calculated incrementally with respect to the position of the previous section. Random: Sections of a given design are printed randomly. It is possible to define the minimum distances between the sections in order to avoid very similar pieces. Grid: The design is divided into sections according to a grid of rows and columns. Each tile is printed with one of the grid elements and the complete design is printed as a mosaic. Manual: The sections of each design that are to be printed are specified manually. For each design, a series of dimensions for the starting point of the section are indicated, up to a maximum of 100 dimensions. Cretavision: Relief recognition system. This operates in a similar way to Manual mode, but in this case the indicated sections are associated with the artificial vision system, which identifies the various reliefs on the pieces. MULTIPASS PRINT OPTIONS Cretaplotter can perform 1, 2 or 4 print passes. Regardless of the number of passes, the quantity of ink used does not change, in other words the number of passes does not affect the quantity of injected ink and consequently the print intensity: 1 pass: Each line is printed by a single injector. High print speed. 2 passes: Each line can be printed by two different injectors. If one of the injectors is clogged, the strip will be concealed because half of the line will be printed (the half printed by the non-clogged injector). 4 passes: Each line can be printed by four different injectors. If one injector is clogged, three quarters of the line will be printed so that strips and banding will not be appreciable. DISABLING INJECTORS AND PRINTING WITHOUT BANDING WITH VARIOUS PASSES The software created by Cretaprint for the plotter allows injectors to be disabled so as to improve print quality. By means of a simple test it is capable of detecting which injectors can be disabled. After detection, it is possible to select one or more of these injectors and then disable them and print with more than one pass. The software automatically detects whether a line can be printed with one printer active and another disabled and prints the entire line with the active injector. Through some simple actions it is possible to guarantee banding-free printing with excellent results. SERVICE As well as delivering reliable and highquality machines with performance characteristics that allow for greater flexibility and productivity, Cretaprint also offers high-quality technical support. This consists of both internet support via the Call Center and local support in many countries. Direct contact between producer companies and the Cretaprint team of engineers allows the machines to be constantly monitored and problems solved rapidly, thereby improving productivity. 80. Acimac handbooks Edition

83 NOTE Acimac handbooks Edition. 81

84 omniadvert.com countries of origin of visitors of turnover of represented sector, foreign visitors of recent innovations presented at the fair THE FUTURE OF CERAMICS 23 th International Exhibition of Technology and Supplies for the Ceramic and Brick Industries organized by in cooperation with

85 Euro 10 IVA assolta dall'editore