SURFACE COATINGS VOL I-RAW MATERIALS AND THEIR USAGE. Prepared by the Oil and Colour Chemists' Association, Aus1ralia

Transcription

1 SURFACE COATINGS VOL I-RAW MATERIALS AND THEIR USAGE Prepared by the Oil and Colour Chemists' Association, Aus1ralia Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.

2 Springer Science+ Business Media Dordrecht 1983 Originally published by Chapman and Hall Ltd in 1983 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1983 ISBN DOI / ISBN (ebook) All rights reserved. No part ofthis book may be reprinted, or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3 Those mernbers oj OCCAA who have contributed to this book could not have done so without the understanding,jorbearance, advice and encouragement if their companies, colleagues and Jamilies, and it is to thern that we dedicate this work.

4 TEXTBOOK COMMITTEE MEMBERS J M Waldie Chairman; editorial revision D D Bonney Biographies R Drummond Editorial revision JA Foxton Editorial revision K Freeman Technical W W Gallagher Technical; major reviews J HaIe Technical D S Howie N S W Universiry Press G Liepins Index preparation B J Lourey Technical DM D Stewart Technical R E Walton Editorial revision I R Waples SI units RJ Willis Technical; Chairman, Technical Education Sub-committee

5 CONTENTS Foreword Priface I The Past, Present and Future of the Surface Coatings Industry 2 Introduction to Polymer Science 3 Vegetable Oils 4 Oleoresinous Media 5 Alkyd Resin Technology 6 Manufacture of Alkyd Resins 7 Applications of Alkyd Resins 8 Polyesters 9 Amino Resins 10 Phenolic Resins li Polyurethane Resins 12 Epoxy Resins 13 Water Dispersible Epoxy Coatings 14 Silicone Resins 15 Acrylic Solution Resins 16 Emulsion Polymerization Theory 17 Emulsion Properties I: Effect of Monomer Composition 18 Emulsion Properties 2: Effect ofwater Phase and Particle Size 19 Emulsion Proper ti es 3: Film Formation 20 Emulsion Polymers: Manufacture and Testing 21 Applications ofemulsion Polymers 22 Water-Reducible Resins 23 Water-Soluble Polymers 24 Solvents 25 Inorganic Pigments 26 Titanium Dioxide Pigments 27 Organic Pigments 28 Extender Pigments 29 Paint Driers 30 Paint Additives Contributors and Reviewers Appendix: Useful Data and Conversion Tables Index UZ UZt I v

6 FOREWORD Arising from an examination in 1969 of the education and trammg opportumtles for paint industry technicians, it was recognized that the various courses available at that time did not fully serve their needs. While a few large companies had developed in-house training arrangements, the many medium and smaller fi.rms in the raw material supply, paint manufacturing or paint user industries, were unable to provide their own comprehensive training programs. With a view to improving this situation, an advisory committee comprising ofrepresentatives of the Australian Paint Manufacturers' Federation and the Oil and Colour Chemists' Association Australia was established to liaise directly with the New South Wales Department of Technical and Further Education. As a result plans were developed for the introduction of a Special Course in 'Surface Coatings Technology' in 1971, conducted by the Sydney Technical College. The scope of the course was designed to cover all aspects of surface coatings technology ranging from raw materials and formulations to the production, testing, evaluation, application and use of finished products. The course proved to be highly successful and in 1973 a similar syllabus was introduced by the Melboume School of Painting, Decorating and Signcrafts in Victoria. In 1980, New Zealand followed suit with a similar course conducted by the Auckland Technical Institute. Following interest displayed in the initial course it was decided to publish the lectures. The book was weil received and, as predicted by the executive director of the Australian Paint Manufacturers' Federation, it served 'as a valuable guide and reference document for future students and other readers'. As a consequence of the comments and criticism of the first edition, it was decided to produce a second edition with a different approach. While it has again been designed to serve as a guide and a reference document for students, it is also intended to provide an up-to-date, in-depth treatment of all relevant areas of paint technology. To achieve this, many additional subject areas have been included, and Australian industry experts have provided the specialist chapters as weil as their technical editing expertise. It is hoped that the years of planning and effort will serve the needs of the paint and related industries. Brian J. Lourey President OCCAA VI

7 PREFACE Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some lew to be chewed and digested. Francis Bacon I would like to review briefly not only the scope of this second edition of Surjace Coatings, but also its background and preparation. The Technical Education sub-committee of the Australian Federal Committee of the Oil and Colour Chemists' Association, Australia (OCCAA) elected to start essentially from scratch rather than attempt revision of the previous edition. Approaches were therefore made to some sixty potential authors, judged to possess the necessary expertise to make the best possible contributions to the new book. As with many OCCAA initiatives, the response was extremely gratifying; it consisted of over 1500 typed pages covering basic surface coatings technology from the viewpoint of the Australian industry. The Textbook Editing Committee was co-opted with the responsibility of integrating the individual contributions for publication as a coherent textbook. Wherever practical, each chapter was initially submitted for a technical review, in order to reduce bias, omission and inappropriate emphasis. The assumption was that two experts are better than one, the only difficulty being the locati'pn of a second authority. Many reviewers considered changes unnecessary, reflecting the high qu;üity of the initial contributions; others recommended that substantial revision of several chapters was needed to adequately cover the topic. The wealth of constructive criticism has in our view improved the text immeasurably. Bibliographical details of all our contributors, as some recognition of those whose book this is, can be found on the pages following Chapter 30 of this volume. The next stage was to examine groups of inter-related chapters for duplication and omissions. This activity required a third technical reviewer, usually a Committee member. One particularly diligent committee member was required to appraise eleven major chapters in this way, and we appreciate the effort involved. Very few omissions were evident and repetition was minimal. The major problem was to convert a large number of individually written chapters into an acceptable textbook. An exhaustive editing process was involved, attempting to retain the character of the originals whilst adopting consistent format, conventional spellings and grammar, SI units, and overall presentation. The guidelines in the Australian Government Printing Service Style Manual were especially useful. The adoption of the preferred IUPAC spelling for sulfur and its compounds will please our North American readers but may off end traditionalists. Selection of preferred terms for synthetic polymer dispersions made by emulsion polymerization, and paintsbased thereon, was a contentious issue. Emulsion is widely used, especially by USA and UK connected companies; the large German companies prefer dispersion, and the terms latexes and latices also have proponents. Emulsion was finally adopted, based mainly on common usage. Latex paint was chosen as the only unambiguous name for this dass of paints. The widespread use of terms such as plastic paint, water paint, vinyl paint and PV A paint, is deprecated. Similarly the use of acrylic, urethane or silicone for products with negligible modification is considered deceptive. VII

8 Vlll SURFACE COATINGS The indexes were prepared professionally; and one of the committee team undertook the unenviable preliminary task ofkey-wording each chapter, for which we are most grateful. We are similarly indebted for the work done to ensure compliance with the SI units of measurement quoted in AS Note in particular the use of mass rather than weight, and density rather than speeifie gravity or weight per gallon. The retention of some obsolescent units, especially for viscosity, was considered unavoidable. The work is presented in two volumes, the first extensively reviewing the raw materials used in surface coatings, and the second the technology of the products that use them. Volume I will also be of considerable benefit to students, technologists and others in related industries such as inks, adhesives, ceramics, textiles and cosmetics, and raw material suppliers. It provides an excellent introduction to polymer science, pigments, solvents and additives. This edition reflects the movement towards aqueous systems: the chapters on alkyds have been reduced in this edition from six to three, and the four solvent chapters combined. Conversely the emulsion chapters have been doubled to six, and three new chapters on aqueous resins added. Volume 11, whilst retaining the basic manufacture, application and technology coverage, is based on completely updated contributions. There are additional chapters on lacquers, powder coatings, UV -cured coatings and decorative paint selection. Reflecting the increasing impact of computers, there are new chapters on automated colour matching and applications in resin and coating formulation. All readers, both in Australia and overseas, are reininded that Surface Coatings is very much an evolving dynamic text, written by your industry for your industry. Despite our collective best efforts, there may be errors remaining, and inadequate coverage of some topics due to advances in technology. Any suggestions for improvement should be sent to Mr Douglas Howie ofnew South Wales University Press, PO Box 1, Kensington, NSW, Australia Your co-operation will be invaluable. As Chairman ofthis Committee, I have had the opportunity to work with an outstanding group ofprofessionals, who by dedication, skill and sheer hard work have completed the present edition. I wish to express on behalf of the Association my very deep gratitude, and I ho pe that our readers will enjoy the same sense of satisfaction that has been the hallmark of this exciting project. J ohn M Waldie Chairman, Textbook Editing Committee